December

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Disemba 1. Kulolu suku kumongameli we-1948 Costa Rica umemezele ukuthi inhloso yezwe ukuqeda ibutho layo. UMongameli uJose Figueres Ferrar wamemezela lo moya omusha wezwe enkulumweni yakhe ngalolo suku evela endlunkulu yamasosha esizwe, iCuartel Bellavista, eSan Jose. Ngesenzo esingokomfanekiso uphethe inkulumo yakhe ngokushaya imbobo odongeni nokunikeza okhiye besikhungo ungqongqoshe wezemfundo. Namuhla lesi sikhungo sangaphambili samasosha siyimnyuziyamu yobuciko kazwelonke. UFerrar uthe, "sekuyisikhathi sokuthi iCosta Rica ibuyele esikhundleni sayo sendabuko sokuba nothisha abaningi kunamasosha." Imali ebisetshenziselwe ezempi, manje ayisetshenziswanga imfundo kuphela, kepha ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imizamo yamasiko, izinsizakalo zenhlalo, imvelo, kanye nombutho wamaphoyisa ohlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kwasekhaya. Umphumela uba ukuthi abantu baseCosta Ricans banezinga lokufunda nokubhala elingama-96%, isikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyi-79.3 - isikhundla sezwe esingcono kakhulu kunaleso se-United States - amapaki omphakathi nezindawo ezingcwele ezivikela ikota yawo wonke umhlaba, ingqalasizinda yamandla asuselwe ngokuphelele ezintweni ezivuselelekayo, futhi ikleliswe kunombolo 1 yi-Happy Planet Index uma iqhathaniswa nezinga le-108 yi-United States. Ngenkathi amazwe amaningi azungeze iCosta Rica eqhubeka nokutshala imali ezimalini futhi ebambe iqhaza ezingxabanweni zangaphakathi nezomngcele, iCosta Rica ayikaze. Kuyisibonelo esiphilayo sokuthi enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokugwema impi ukungayilungiseleli eyodwa. Mhlawumbe abanye bethu kufanele bajoyine "iSwitzerland yaseMelika Ephakathi" futhi bamemezele namuhla njengoba beno "Usuku Lokuqeda Izempi."

Disemba 2. Ngalolu suku ku-1914 Karl Liebknecht wanikela ngokuvota kuphela empini ephalamende laseJalimane. U-Liebknecht wayezelwe e-1871 eLeipzig njengowesibili kwamadodana amahlanu. Uyise wayelungu eliyisisekelo le-Social Democratic Party (noma i-SPD). Lapho ebhapathiziwe, uKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels babengabasekeli bakhe babhapathizwa. U-Liebknecht washada kabili, umkakhe wesibili waseRashiya, futhi wayenabantwana abathathu. Ku-1897, uLieebknecht wafunda umthetho nomnotho futhi waphumelela magna cum laude eBerlin. Inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuvikela uMarxism. ULieebknecht wayeyingxenye ehamba phambili ekuphikisaneni neWWI. Ku-1908, ngenkathi eboshiwe imibhalo yakhe yokulwa nempi, wakhethwa ePhalamende lasePrussia. Ngemuva kokuvotela isikweletu sempi ukuze kukhishwe impi ngo-Agasti 1914 - isinqumo esisekelwe ebuqotho eqenjini lakhe - uLieebknecht, ngoDisemba 2^nd, yilo kuphela ilunga leReichstag lokuvota ngokumelene nokuboleka imali eminye yempi. Ku-1916, waxoshwa ku-SPD futhi wasungulwa noRosa Luxemburg nabanye abantu I-Spartacus League okwasakaza izincwadi eziguquguqukayo. Uboshwe ngesikhathi sokubonakaliswa kwezempi, uLieebknecht ugwetshwe ngokudlwengula iminyaka emine ejele, lapho ehlala khona kuze kuxolelwe ngo-Okthoba 1918. Ku-9^th kaNovemba wamemezela Freie Sozialistische Republik (Free Socialist Republic) kusuka ebhaleni leBerlin Stadtschloss. Ngemuva kokuhlukunyezwa kukaSpartacus nokuhlukunyezwa kwamakhulu amakhulu, ku-15^th kaJanuwari uLiebknecht noLuxemburg baboshwa babulawa ngamalungu e-SPD. U-Liebknecht wayengomunye wosopolitiki abambalwa abagxeka ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu embusweni wase-Ottoman.

Disemba 3. Ngalolu suku ku-1997 isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kwemayini yomhlaba sisayinwe. Lolu usuku oluhle okufanele lufune ukuthi amazwe ambalwa asele angabonakali asayine futhi awamukele. I-Preamble to Ban Ban inhloso yayo eyinhloko: "Inqume ukuqeda ukuhlupheka nokulimala okubangelwa abavukuzi abaphikisana nabasebenzi ababulala noma baqede abantu abaningi ngesonto, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi ezingenacala futhi ezingenakuzivikela ikakhulukazi izingane ..." E-Ottawa , ECanada, abameleli bamazwe e-125 bahlangana noNgqongqoshe wezezizwe waseCanada uLloyd Axworthy, kanye noNdunankulu uJean Chretien ukuba basayine isivumelwano sokuvimbela lezi zikhali ezinomgomo wazo owaziwa ngokuthi "wokuqothulwa ngokuhamba kancane." Izimpi ezivela empi yangaphambilini zahlala emazweni akwa-69 ku-1997 , ukuqhubeka nokwesabisa kwempi. Umkhankaso wokuqeda lo bhubhane waqala eminyakeni eyisithupha ngaphambi kweKomiti Yezwe Yomhlaba Olubomvu, kanye nomholi wamalungelo aseMelika uJody Williams owasungula iMkhankaso Yomhlaba Wonke Yokuvimbela Imithi, futhi wasekelwa yiNkosana Diana yaseWales. Amazwe ahlomile ahlanganisa i-United States neRussia enqaba ukusayina lesi sivumelwano. Ephendula, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle u-Axworthy wathi esinye isizathu sokususa izimayini kwakuwukukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo emazweni afana ne-Afghanistan. UDkt. Julius Toth weqembu lamazwe omhlaba wezokwelapha uDokotela Ongafani Nama-Borders wathi: "Kubalulekile kulawo mazwe ukuba aphinde acabangisise izisusa zabo zokungayisayina. Uma bekwazi ukunikeza izingane ukuthi kufanele ngibhekane nazo lapho ngisebenza emazweni anama-amputees kanye nezisulu zalezi zimayini ... bekungcono ukuthi bafike ngesizathu esihle kakhulu sokungahlali emgqeni. "

Disemba 4. Ngalolu suku ku-1915, uHenry Ford wahamba waya eYurophu evela eHoboken, eNew Jersey, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Peace Ship. Ukuhambisana nabashushisi bezokuthula be-63 nabangqongqoshe be-54, injongo yakhe yayingeyona into engapheli ukuqeda ukubonakala kwezeMpi Yezwe I. Njengoba i-Ford yabona, impi eqhubekayo emigodini ayizange ibe nemikhawulo kodwa ukufa kwezinsizwa nokuzuza kwabadala . Ezimisele ukwenza okuthile ngakho, uhlele ukuhamba ngomkhumbi waya e-Oslo, eNorway futhi, ukusuka lapho, wahlela ukuhlela ingqungquthela yezwe laseYurophu elingathathi hlangothi eThe Hague elizokwenza ukuba abaholi bezizwe ezinokuthula benze ukuthula. Ngaphakathi emkhunjini, noma kunjalo, ukubumbana ngokushesha kwahlukana. Izindaba zikaMengameli Wilson ukubiza ukwakha abasebenzi kanye nezikhali ebutho lase-US elibambe iqhaza ngokumelene nezishoshovu ezinkulu. Khona-ke, lapho umkhumbi ufika e-Oslo ngoDisemba 19, izishoshovu zathola abambalwa abaxhasi ababamukelayo. Ngosuku lukaKhisimusi, i-Ford ibonakala ibona ukuloba phansi odongeni futhi yabulala ngokuthula i-Peace Ship crusade. Efuna ukugula, weqa uhambo oluhleliwe oluya eStockholm wayesehamba ngomkhumbi ekhaya. Ekugcineni, uhambo lokuthula lwama-Ford lwalubiza imali engama-dollar ayizigidigidi futhi kwamtholela kancane kodwa ukuhleka usulu. Noma kunjalo, kungase kubuzwe ukuthi ngabe ubuwula obuvela kuye bubekwa kahle. Ingabe ilale neFord, eyaziveza ukuthi ayihluleki empini yokuphila? Noma ngabaholi baseYurophu abathumele amasosha wezigidi ezingu-11 ekufeni kwabo empini engenaso isizathu esicacile noma injongo?

Disemba 5. Ngalolu suku ku-1955 i-Montgomery Bus Boycott yaqala. Unobhala wesahluko sendawo seNational Association for the Advancement of Colors People (NAACP) Rosa Parks, isakhamuzi esihlonishwayo sedolobha elihlukaniswe kakhulu e-Alabama, wenqabile ukunikela ngesihlalo sakhe sebhasi kumgibeli omhlophe ezinsukwini ezine ezedlule. Waboshwa. Okungenani amaphesenti angama-90 ezakhamizi ezimnyama zaseMontgomery zahlala ngaphandle kwamabhasi, futhi ukuduba kwenziwa izindaba zomhlaba wonke. Ukuduba bekudidiyelwe yiMontgomery Improvement Association kanye nomongameli wayo, uMartin Luther King Jr. Lokhu bekungu "Usuku Lwezinsuku" zakhe. Emhlanganweni ngemuva kokuboshwa kukaNkk. Parks, uKing uthe, ngendlela okuzoba yindlela yakhe yokukhuluma ajwayelekile, ukuthi "bazosebenza ngokuzimisela okukhulu nangokuzethemba ukuthola ubulungiswa emabhasini," nokuthi uma bephutha, iNkantolo Ephakeme kanye UMthethosisekelo ubungalungile, futhi "Uma sinephutha, uNkulunkulu uSomandla unephutha." Imibhikisho nokuduba kudonse izinsuku ezingama-381. UKing ulahlwe yicala lokuphazamisa ibhizinisi elisemthethweni ngesikhathi kuhlelwa ukuhamba ngezimoto; ikhaya lakhe laqhunyiswa ngamabhomu. Ukuduba kuphele ngesinqumo seNkantolo eNkulu yase-US sokuthi ukucwaswa kwamabhasi omphakathi akuhambisani nomthethosisekelo. Ukuduba kweMontgomery kukhombisile ukuthi umbhikisho omkhulu ongenalo udlame ungaphonsela inselelo ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga futhi ubeyisibonelo kweminye imikhankaso yaseningizimu eyalandela. UKing uthe, "UKristu usibonisile indlela, kanti uGandhi waseNdiya ukhombisile ukuthi ingasebenza." INkosi iqhubekile nokusiza ukuhola ukusetshenziswa okuningi okuphumelelayo kwezenzo ezingenabudlova. Ukuduba kuyisibonelo esivelele sokuthi isenzo esingenalo udlame singaletha kanjani ushintsho oluhlala njalo lapho udlame lungakwazi.

Disemba 6. Kulolu suku ku-1904 uTheodore Roosevelt eyongezwe eMfundweni yaseMonroe. I-Monroe Doctrine yayikhulunywe nguMongameli James Monroe ku-1823, embikweni wakhe wonyaka kuCongress. Ekhathazekile ngokuthi iSpain ingase ithathe amakholomu ayo aseNingizimu Melika, neFrance ijoyine, yamemezela ukuthi i-Western Hemisphere izovikela i-United States, futhi noma yimuphi umzamo waseYurophu wokulawula noma yikuphi isizwe saseLatin America kungabhekwa njengesenzo esinonya ngokumelene ne-United States. Nakuba okokuqala kwakuyisitatimende esincane, lokhu kwaba yitshe legumbi lomthetho wase-US wangaphandle, ikakhulukazi uma uMongameli Theodore Roosevelt engeza iRoosevelt Corollary ekuphenduleni inkinga eVenezuela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-United States ingangenela ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu namazwe aseLatin America ukuphoqa izimangalo zaseYurophu, kunokuvumela abaseYurophu ukuba benze kanjalo ngqo. URovelvelt uthi i-US yayilungele ukuba "amandla omhlaba wonke" ukuqeda izingxabano. Kusukela manje, i-Monroe Doctrine yayizoqondwa njengokuthi kungenelela ukungenela kwe-US, hhayi nje ukuvimbela ukungenela kwe-Europe eLatin America. Lokhu kulungiswa kwasetshenziswe izikhathi eziningi eminyakeni elandelayo ye-20 e-Caribbean nase-Central America. Kwalahlwa yi-1934 nguMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt, kodwa akukaze kwenzeke. I-Monroe Doctrine isetshenziswe njalo emashumini eminyaka, njengoba i-United States ibulale, ihlasela, yenza kube lula ukushaya, nokuqeqesha abaqeqeshiwe. I-Monroe Doctrine icacisiwe kuze kube yilolu suku ngabaholi base-US abanenjongo yokuqothula noma ukulawula ohulumeni eningizimu. Futhi kuqondwa eLatin America njengendlela yokumisa impi yama-imperialist yokuphakama nokubusa.

Disemba 7. Ngalolu suku ku-1941, amasosha aseJapane ahlasele ama-US asePhilippines naseHawaii ePearl Harbor. Ukungena empini kwakungewona umbono omusha eRoosevelt White House. U-FDR uzame ukuqamba amanga kubantu base-US mayelana nemikhumbi yase-US kuhlanganise ne- Greer futhi Kerny, ebikade isiza izindiza zaseBrithani zilandelela imikhumbi-ngwenya yaseJalimane, kepha uRoosevelt azenza sengathi ihlaselwe ngokungenacala. URoosevelt waphinde waqamba amanga wathi wayenemephu eyimfihlo yamaNazi ehlela ukunqoba iNingizimu Melika, kanye necebo eliyimfihlo lamaNazi lokufaka zonke izinkolo esikhundleni sobuNazi. Futhi-ke, abantu base-United States abawuthenganga umqondo wokuya kwenye impi kuze kube yiPearl Harbour, ngaleso sikhathi uRoosevelt wayesevele esungule uhlaka, wavula i-National Guard, wenza i-Navy enkulu ezilwandle ezimbili, wathengisa ababhubhisi abadala eNgilandi ngenhloso yokuqasha izisekelo zayo eCaribbean naseBermuda, futhi - ezinsukwini nje eziyi-11 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa obekungalindelekile, futhi ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuba i-FDR ikulindele - wayala ngasese ukwenziwa kohlu lwawo wonke amaJapane namaJapane- Umuntu waseMelika e-United States. Ngo-Agasti 18 uChurchill wayetshele iKhabhinethi yakhe ukuthi, "UMengameli wayethe uzolwa kodwa akazukuyimemezela," futhi "konke kwakumele kwenziwe ukuze kuphoqwe isigameko." Imali, izindiza, abaqeqeshi nabashayeli bezindiza banikezwa iChina. Kwavinjelwa ezomnotho eJapan. Ukuba khona kwamasosha ase-US kwandisiwe emhlabeni wonke iPacific. NgoNovemba 15th, uMphathi Wezempi uGeorge Marshall watshela abezindaba, "Silungiselela impi yokuhlasela neJapan."

Disemba 8. Ngalolu suku ku-1941, i-Congresswoman uJeannette Rankin yenza ukuvota kuphela ngokumelene ne-US ukungena empini Yezwe II. UJeanette Rankin wazalelwa eMontana ngo-1880, engowokuqala ezinganeni eziyisikhombisa. Ufundele ezenhlalakahle eNew York futhi washeshe waba ngumhleli wabafazi besifazane. Ebuyela eMontana, waqhubeka nokusebenzela abesifazane besifazane, futhi wagijimela ukhetho njengeProgressive Republican. Ngo-1916 waba ngowesifazane wokuqala nowukuphela kwakhe eNdlu Yabamele. Ivoti lakhe lokuqala eNdlu laliphikisana nokungena kweMelika eMpini Yezwe I. Iqiniso lokuthi wayengeyedwa lalishaywa indiva. Wanyundelwa ngokuthiwa wayengenawo umthethosisekelo wezepolitiki ngenxa yokuthi wayengowesifazane. Ehlulwe ngo-1918, wachitha iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili eyalandela esebenzela izinhlangano zokuthula futhi waphila impilo elula, yokuzimela. Ngo-1940, eneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, waphinde wanqoba ukhetho njengeRiphabhulikhi. Ukuvotela kwakhe yedwa "ngokumelene nokulwa nempi eJapan kwafika ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ePearl Harbour okwaphendula umphakathi waseMelika owawukade uzihlukanisa nabanye mayelana nokungena empini. Kamuva wabhala ukuthi ukufakwa kwezijeziso eJapan ngo-1940 kwakushukumisa, kwenziwa ngethemba lokuhlaselwa, umbono owamukelwa kabanzi manje. Umphakathi wamhlubuka. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, wahoxa kunokuba abhekane nokuvotela impi ngeJalimane ne-Italy. Akaphindelanga wagijimela iCongress kodwa waqhubeka nokuba yisishoshovu, waya eNdiya lapho akholelwa khona ukuthi uMahatma Gandhi wathembisa ngemodeli yokuthula komhlaba. Waphikisana ngokuqinile neMpi yaseVietnam. URankin ushone eneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nantathu ngo-1973.

Disemba 9. Kulolu suku ku-1961 Nazi I-SS Colonel Adolf Eichmann watholakala enecala lobugebengu bezempi ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Ngo-1934 wayeqokwe ukuba asebenze ophikweni olubhekene nezindaba zamaJuda. Umsebenzi wakhe bekungukusiza ukubulala amaJuda nezinye izinhloso, futhi ubephethe umsebenzi wezinto zokwakha "isisombululo sokugcina" Wayephethe kahle kakhulu ukuhlonza, ukuhlangana kanye nokuthuthwa kwamaJuda lapho eya khona e-Auschwitz nakwamanye amakamu okubulawa. Kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi “umklami wokuQothulwa Kwesizwe.” Yize u-Eichmann athunjwa amasosha ase-US ekupheleni kwempi, weqa ngo-1946 futhi wachitha iminyaka eMiddle East. Ngo-1958, yena nomndeni wakhe bahlala e-Argentina. U-Israyeli wayekhathazekile ngesizukulwane esakhulela kulelo zwe elisha ngaphandle kolwazi oluqondile ngokuQothulwa Kwesizwe futhi wayekhathazekile ngokubafundisa kanye nomhlaba wonke ngakho. Abasebenzeli bemfihlo base-Israel babopha u-Eichmann e-Argentina ngokungemthetho ngo-1960 bamyisa kwa-Israyeli ukuyothethwa icala phambi kwamajaji amathathu akhethekile. Ukuboshwa okuyimpikiswano nokuqulwa kwecala izinyanga ezine kwaholela ekubikeni kukaHannah Arendt ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi ukuvalwa kobubi. U-Eichmann uphikile ukuthi wenza amacala, wathi ihhovisi lakhe beliphethe ezokuthutha kuphela, nokuthi ubengumphathi nje kuphela kulandela imiyalo. U-Eichmann utholwe enecala lobugebengu bempi namacala abhekiswe esintwini. Isikhalazo senqatshwa; wabulawa ngokulengiswa ngoJuni 1, 1962. U-Adolph Eichmann uyisibonelo emhlabeni sezihluku zobuhlanga nezimpi.

Disemba 10. Ngalolu suku ku-1948, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamukele Isimemezelo Sezizwe Zamalungelo Abantu. Lokho kwenza lolu suku lwamaLungelo eSintu. Isimemezelo sasiphenduka ekuhlaselweni kweMpi Yezwe II. I-UN Commission Yamalungelo Abantu, eholwa ngu-Eleanor Roosevelt, yabhala le dokhumenti eminyakeni emibili. Kwakuyisitatimende sokuqala samazwe omhlaba ukusebenzisa igama elithi "amalungelo omuntu." Isimemezelo samaLungelo esintu sinezihloko ze-30 ezibeka ohlwini oluthile amalungelo abambiswano, ezombangazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle, namasiko, ezibonisa izimiso zenkululeko, isithunzi nokuthula kweZizwe Ezihlangene . Ngokwesibonelo, ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuphila, kanye nokuvinjelwa kobugqila nokuhlukunyezwa, ilungelo lokukhululeka kwengqondo, imibono, inkolo, unembeza, nokuhlangana okunokuthula. Yadluliselwa ngaphandle kwezwe eliphikisanayo, kodwa izibambiso ezivela e-USSR, eCzechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, ePoland, eSaudi Arabia naseNingizimu Afrika. Izizwe ezigunyazayo zazizwa ziphazamisa ubukhosi bazo, futhi imibono yeSoviet yafaka imali enkulu emnothweni nakwezenhlalo ngenkathi i-capitalist West yabeka ukubaluleka kwamalungelo omphakathi kanye nezombangazwe. Ngokuqaphela amalungelo ezomnotho, lesi simemezelo sithi "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuphila ngendlela eyanele impilo yakhe nenhlalakahle yakhe kanye nomndeni wakhe." Ekugcineni, le dokhumenti yaba yinto engahambisani nayo futhi ibhekwa , hhayi njengomthetho, kodwa njengendlela yokuziphatha futhi njengendlela evamile yokufeza bonke abantu nezizwe. Amalungelo asetshenziselwe izivumelwano, izivumelwano zezomnotho, umthetho wesigodi wamalungelo abantu, kanye nezombusazwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Disemba 11. Ngalolu suku ku-1981, ukubulawa okubi kunazo zonke emlandweni wanamuhla waseLatin America kwenzeka e-El Salvador. Ababulali babeqeqeshwe futhi basekelwa nguhulumeni wase-United States, owayephikisana nohulumeni abangamanxele nabazimele ngaphansi kwesibhengezo sokusindisa umhlaba kubukhomanisi. E-El Salvador i-United States yanikeza uhulumeni wengcindezelo izikhali, imali, kanye nokwesekwa kwezepolitiki ngemali ebiza isigidi esisodwa samadola ngosuku. Ukusebenza e-El Mozote ekude kwenziwa yibutho eliphakeme le-Atlacatl elaliqeqeshelwe lokho okwakuthiwa yilabo abaphikisana nokuvukela umbuso e-US Army School of the Americas. Izisulu kwakungabashokobezi nama-campesinos ababephethe izindawo eziningi ezisemaphandleni. Amasosha e-Atlacatl aphenya ngemibuzo ngokuhlelekile, ahlukumeza abulala amadoda, abe esethatha abesifazane, ebadubula ngemuva kokubadlwengula, ashaya izisu zabesifazane abakhulelwe. Basike imiphimbo yezingane, bazilengisa ezihlahleni, bashisa nezindlu. Kwabulawa abantu abangamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, izingane eziningi. Ofakazi abambalwa babaleka. Kungakapheli amasonto ayisithupha kamuva, izithombe zezidumbu zashicilelwa eNew York naseWashington. Izwe laseMelika belazi kodwa lingenzi lutho. Umthetho wokuxolelwa e-El Salvador waphazamisa uphenyo eminyakeni elandelayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yokumbiwa kwesidumbu, ngo-Okthoba 2012, ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngemuva kwe-El Mozote, iNkantolo ye-UN yaseMelika yathola i-El Salvador inecala lokubulawa kwabantu, lokukufihla, nokwehluleka ukuphenya ngemuva kwalokho. Isinxephezelo semindeni esindile sasincane. Eminyakeni eyalandela, i-El Salvador yaba nezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokubulawa kwabantu emhlabeni. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokunikela ngesikhathi sokutadisha nokuphikisana nokwesabisa kokungenelela kwamasosha kwamanje kwamanye amazwe.

December 12. Ngalolu suku ku-1982, abesifazane base-30,000 baxhuma izandla ukuze bazungeza ngokuphelele umjikelezo wamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye wesisekelo sezempi se-US e-Greenham Common eBerkshire, eNgilandi. Inhloso yabo yokuzibiza ukuthi "ukuthobela isisekelo," ngaleyo ndlela "ukuphikisana nodlame ngothando." I-Greenham Common base, evuliwe ku-1942, yayisetshenziswe yiBrithani Royal Air Force kanye ne-US Army Air Force phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili . Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi eyalandela, yayibolekiswe e-US ukuze isetshenziswe yi-US Strategic Air Command. Ku-1975, iSoviet Union yasebenzisa imicibisholo ye-intercontinental ballistic enezikhali ezizimele ezingenasici lapho inhlangano ye-NATO ibona isongelo ekuvikelekeni kweWestern Europe. Ephendula, i-NATO yenza uhlelo lokuhambisa okungaphezu kwe-500 nuclear cruise esekelwe emhlabathini kanye nemicibisholo e-Western Europe nge-1983, kufaka phakathi imicibisholo ye-96 e-Greenham Common. Ukuboniswa kwabesifazane bokuqala ngokumelene ne-NATO plan kwenzeka ngo-1981, lapho abesifazane be-36 beya eGreenham Common kusuka eCardiff, eWales. Lapho ithemba labo liphikisana nalolu hlelo neziphathimandla zazinganakwa, abesifazane baboshelwa ocingweni olusenyakatho, bamisa i-Peace Camp lapho, futhi baqala lokho okwaba yimbhikisho emlandweni we-19 emelene nezikhali zenuzi. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-Greenham Common base basezempi yavalwa ngoSeptemba 1992. Noma kunjalo, ukubonakaliswa okuqhubekayo lapho kwenziwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabesifazane kuhlala kuphawulekayo. Ngesikhathi sokukhathazeka kwezikhali zenuzi ezivuselelwe kabusha, kusikhumbuza ukuthi ukuphikisana kwemibuthano yokubambisana ngokuphila kuhlinzeka ngezindlela ezinamandla zokukhomba amaphrojekthi aphikisana nempilo yombuso wezempi / wezezimboni.

Disemba 13. Ngalolu suku ku-1937 amabutho aseJapane adlwengula futhi agxilisa okungenani abesifazane nabamantombazane base-20,000 baseShayina. Amabutho aseJapane athumba iNanjing, ngaleso sikhathi inhloko-dolobha yaseChina. Kwaphela amasonto ayisithupha babulala izakhamuzi kanye namabutho futhi baphanga imizi. Badlwengula phakathi kwe-20,000 nabesifazane be-80,000 nabantwana, banquma omama abakhulelwe abavulekile, nabesifazane abathandekayo abanezintambo nama-bayonethi. Inani lokufa aliqinisekisiwe, kuze kufike ku-300,000. Imibhalo yabhujiswa, kanti ubugebengu namanje kuyisizathu sokungezwani phakathi kweJapane neChina. Ukusetshenziswa kokudlwengula nokudlwengula ngocansi njengezikhali zempi kuye kwabhalwa emibuthanweni eminingi ehlomile ehlanganisa eBangladesh, eCambodia, eCyprus, eHaiti, eLiberia, eSomalia, e-Uganda, eBosnia, eHerzegovina naseCroatia naseNingizimu Melika. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa ngokohlanga. E-Rwanda, amantombazane asekhulile asekhulelwe ayededelwa imindeni yawo kanye nemiphakathi. Abanye bashiya izingane zabo; abanye bazibulala. Ukudlwengula kuphazamisa umphakathi ngendlela yokuthi izikhali ezimbalwa zingakwazi, futhi ukwephulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kugxila emindenini yonke. Amantombazane nabesifazane ngezinye izikhathi baphoqelelwa ukudayisa ubufebe nokuhweba, noma ukuhlinzeka ngocansi ngokubuyisela izinhlinzeko, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuhambisana nohulumeni kanye neziphathimandla zempi. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abesifazane bavalelwa futhi baphoqeleka ukuba banelise amandla. Abesifazane abaningi base-Asia nabo bahlanganyela ebufebeni ngesikhathi seVietnam. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kubangela inkinga enkulu emakamu ababaleki kanye nababaleki. Izivivinyo zaseNuremberg zilahla ukudlwengula njengecala elibhekiswe kubantu; uhulumeni kumele abizwe ukuba agcizelele imithetho nemigomo yokuziphatha nokunikeza ukwelulekwa kanye nezinye izinsizakalo izisulu.

Disemba 14. Kulolu suku ku-1962, i-1971, i-1978, i-1979, ne-1980, ukuhlolwa kwebhomu lenyukliya kwenziwa e-United States, e-China nase-USSR. Lolu suku luyisampula esingahleliwe ekhethiwe kusukela ekuhlolweni kwenanikliya eyaziwayo. Kusukela ku-1945 kuya ku-2017, kwakukhona izivivinyo ze-bhomu ze-2,624 emhlabeni jikelele. Amabhomu enyukliya yokuqala adilizwa yi-United States eNagasaki naseHiroshima, eJapane, e-1945, kulokho okwamanje kubonakala sengathi yizivivinyo zakuqala zenyukliya, ngoba akekho owazi kahle ukuthi ziyoba namandla kangakanani. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu ababulawe futhi balimala eHiroshima yi-150,000 noNagasaki, i-75,000. Inkathi yokukhula kwenuzi zenu kulandela iMpi Yezwe II. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-United States neSoviet Union baye baba nobukhulu emncintiswaneni wezandla zenuzi. I-US iye yenze izivivinyo ze-1,054 zenyukliya, ilandelwa yi-USSR eye yenze izivivinyo ze-727, neFrance nge-217. Izivivinyo zenziwe futhi yi-UK, Pakistan, North Korea, naseNdiya. U-Israyeli naye waziwa ukuthi unezikhali zenuzi, nakuba engakaze avume ngokusemthethweni, futhi izikhulu zase-United States ngokuvamile zihambisana nalolu daba. Amandla kwezikhali zenuzi iye yanda kakhulu, kusukela amabhomu e-athomu kuya emabhomu ase-hydrogen, kanye nemikhosi yenyukliya. Namuhla, amabhomu enuzi anezikhathi ze-3,000 ezinamandla njengoba ibhomu liwehla eHiroshima. Inhlangano enamandla enamandla elwa nuclear iye yabangela izivumelwane zokungavumelani nokunciphisa, kuhlanganise neNuclear Nonproliferation Treaty ye-1970 neNuclear Ban Treaty eyaqala ukuqoqa ukuqinisekiswa ku-2017. Ngokudabukisayo, izizwe ezihlaselwe ngezikhali zenuzi azange zisekele ukuvinjelwa, futhi ukunakekelwa kwezindaba kuye kwasuka emncintiswaneni wabo oqhubekayo wezikhali.

Disemba 15. Kulolu suku ku-1791 umThethosivivinywa wamaLungelo we-US uqinisekisiwe. E-United States yilolu suku lweBill Bill of Rights. Kwakukhona ingxabano enkulu mayelana nokubhala futhi kugcizelela uMthethosisekelo, ochaza uhlaka lukahulumeni, kodwa ekugcineni lwaqala ukusebenza ku-1789, ngokuqonda ukuthi uMthethosivivinywa wamaLungelo uzofakwa. UMthethosisekelo ungaguqulwa ngokuqinisekiswa yi-third-fourths yamazwe. Izichibiyelo zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthethosisekelo we-United States yiMithetho Yelungelo Lwamalungelo, eqinisekisiwe eminyakeni emibili emva kokusungulwa koMthethosisekelo. Olunye Ushintsho olwaziwa yilokuqala, oluvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, ucindezela, inhlangano kanye nenkolo. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwesiBili kuye kwavela ekubeni nelungelo lokuzibamba izibhamu, kodwa ekuqaleni kwaqondana nelungelo lamazwe ukuhlela amabutho. Ukuhlelwa kokuqala koMchibiyelo wesiBili kwakuhlanganisa nokuvinjelwa ebuthweni likazwelonke lokumisa (futhi kutholakala emkhawulweni weminyaka emibili ebuthweni eliqukethwe embhalweni oyinhloko womThethosisekelo). Imidwebo yayihlanganisa nokulawulwa komphakathi phezu kwezempi, nelungelo lokunqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Ukubaluleka kwezimbangi kwakunezinhlangothi ezimbili: ukweba umhlaba kumaMelika aseMelika, nokuphoqelela ubugqila. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwahlelwa ukubhekisela emabutjhini wombuso, kunamabutho wesifundazwe, ekuthomeni kwamazwe avumela ubugqila, abameleli babo besaba bobabili ukuhlubuka kwesigqila kanye nokukhululwa kwesigqila ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi wezempi wezempi. Ukuchitshiyelwa KwesiThathu kuvimbela noma ubani ukuba anqobe amasosha emakhaya abo, umkhuba owenziwe ungasasebenzi ngamakhulu ezinsizakalo zamasosha ezihlala njalo. Amalungiselelo Okwesine kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye, njengokuQala, avikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni kukahulumeni, kodwa aphulwa njalo.

Disemba 16. Ngalolu suku ku-1966 Isivumelwano Samazwe Emalungelo Ezimboni Nezopolitiki (ICCPR) samukelwa yi-UN General Assembly. Iqala ukusebenza ku-1976. Kusukela ngoDisemba 2018, amazwe e-172 ayesamukele isivumelwano. Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Emphakathini Wezomnotho NamaCultural, Isimemezelo Sonke Semalungelo Abantu, kanye ne-ICCPR zibizwa ngokuzihlanganisa njengeBhidi Lomhlaba Wonke Wamalungelo. I-ICCPR isebenza kuzo zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni kanye nama-agent, nabo bonke ohulumeni basekhaya nabasekhaya. Isigaba 2 siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ahlonishwe ku-ICCPR azotholakala kuwo wonke umuntu kulawo mazwe asekele isivumelwano. Isigaba 3 siqinisekisa amalungelo afanayo amadoda nabesifazane. Phakathi kwamanye amalungelo avikelwe yi-ICCPR yilezi: amalungelo okuphila, ukukhululeka ekuhlukunyezweni, inkululeko ebugqilini, emhlanganweni ozothula, ukuphepha komuntu, inkululeko yokunyakaza, ukulingana phambi kwenkantolo, nokulingwa okulungile. Amakhotho amabili okuzikhethela athi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuzwakala yiKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu, futhi aphelise isigwebo sokufa. IKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu ihlola imibiko iphinde ibhekane nokukhathazeka nezincomo zayo ezweni. IKomidi iphinda ishicilele amazwana jikelele ngokuhunyushwa kwayo. I-American Civil Liberties Union ithumele uhlu lwezinkinga ngoJanuwari 2019 eKomitini mayelana nokuphulwa e-United States, njenge: ukulwa komngcele waseMelika-Mexico, ukusetshenziselwa kwamandla okudalwa kwamanye amazwe ekubulaweni okuhloswe, ukubhekwa kweSikhungo Sezokuvikela, ukugcinwa kwedwa, kanye nesigwebo sokufa. Lolu usuku oluhle lokufunda kabanzi mayelana ne-ICCPR futhi ukubandakanyeka ngokukusekela.

Disemba 17. Kulolu suku ku-2010, ukuzivocavoca kuka-Mohamed Bouazizi eTunisia kwaqala i-Arab Spring. UBouazizi wazalelwa e1984 emndenini ompofu onezingane eziyisikhombisa nobaba omncane ogulayo. Usebenze kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi njengomthengisi wasemgwaqweni futhi wayeka isikole ukuze ondle umndeni wakhe, ehola cishe amaRandi ayi-140 ngenyanga ethengisa umkhiqizo angena kuwo ezikweletini. Wayedume kakhulu, edumile, futhi ephana ngemikhiqizo yamahhala yabampofu. Amaphoyisa ayemhlukumeza futhi elindele ukugwazelwa. Imibiko ngesenzo sakhe iyashayisana, kepha umndeni wakhe uthi amaphoyisa ayefuna ukubona imvume yomthengisi wakhe, ayengayidingi ukuyithengisa enqoleni. Isikhulu sesifazane samshaya ngempama ebusweni, samkhafulela ngamathe, sathatha imishini yakhe sathuka uyise oshonile. Abasizi bakhe bamshaya. Owesifazane emhlambalaza wenza ukuhlazeka kwakhe kwaba kubi kakhulu. Uzamile ukubona umphathi, kodwa wenqatshwa. Ekhungatheke ngokuphelele, wazithela ngophethiloli, wazithungela ngomlilo. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kamuva, washona. Kanye nemibhikisho eyayithukuthele emgwaqweni, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu bahambela umngcwabo wakhe. Uphenyo luphele lapho isikhulu sowesifazane ebesisithuka siboshwa. Amaqembu afuna ukususwa kombuso kamengameli okhohlakele, uBen Ali, emandleni kusukela ngo-1987. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ukucindezela imibhikisho kwadonsa ukugxekwa kwamazwe omhlaba, kwathi ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngemuva kokushona kukaBouazizi, uBen Ali waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye phansi ahambe nomndeni wakhe. Imibhikisho yaqhubeka ngombuso omusha. Imibhikisho engenalo udlame eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Arab Spring yasabalala yonkana iMiddle East, nabantu abaningi bemasha kunanoma isiphi isikhathi emlandweni wayo. Lolu usuku oluhle lokuhlela ukumelana nokungabi nodlame kokungabi nabulungisa.

Disemba 18. Kulolu suku ku-2011, i-United States kuthiwa iphelile impi yayo e-Iraq, engakapheli ngempela, futhi eyayihlala ngendlela eyodwa noma enye kusukela ngonyaka we-1990. UMengameli we-US uGeorge W. Bush usayine isivumelwano sokuthi amasosha ase-US asuswe e-Iraq ngo-2011, futhi eseqale ukuwasusa ku-2008. Umlandeli wakhe njengoMengameli, uBarack Obama, usemkhankaso wokuqeda impi e-Iraq futhi ukwandisa ukuthi ku-Afghanistan. Waqhubeka nengxenye yesibili yaleso sithembiso, amabutho amathathu e-Afghanistan e-Afghanistan. U-Obama wazama ukugcina izinkulungwane zamabutho e-Iraq ngaphesheya kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe kodwa kuphela uma iPhalamende lase-Iraq lingabanika ukuzivikela ngenxa yanoma yibuphi ubugebengu abangase bawenze. IPhalamende inqabe. U-Obama uphambukise amabutho amaningi, kodwa ngemuva kokuphindaphinda kwakhe wathumela izinkulungwane zamabutho emuva, naphezu kokuntuleka kokuzivikela kobugebengu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi izimpikiswano ezakhiwe yingxenye yempi eyasungulwa ku-2003, impi ye-2011 eLibya, futhi ukulwa nokusekela kwabacindezeli besifundazwe kanye nezihlubuki eSiriya kwaholela ekuhlukunyezweni okwengeziwe nokuphakama kweqembu elibizwa nge-ISIS elalikhonza njenge isizathu sokwanda kwamabutho ase-US eSiriya nase-Iraq. Impi eholwa yi-US e-Iraq eminyakeni emithathu ngemuva kokuba i-2003 ibulale ama-Iraq angaphezu kwesigidi, ngokusho kocwaningo olubi olwenziwe, lwabhubhisa ingqalasizinda eyisisekelo, lenza izifo zesifo, izinkinga zababaleki, ukubhujiswa kwemvelo, kanye nokubulawa komphakathi, ukubulawa komphakathi. I-United States yathululela ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu kuya ezindleko eziqondile zempi ngonyaka ngamunye emva kwe-2001, ehlukumeza ngokwayo amaphekula aseSepthemba 11th ayengayiphupha kuphela.

Disemba 19. Ngalolu suku ngo-1776 uThomas Paine washicilela indaba yakhe yokuqala ye- "American Crisis". Iqala “Lezi yizikhathi ezivivinya imiphefumulo yamadoda” futhi yaba ngeyokuqala kwezincwajana zakhe eziyi-16 phakathi kuka-1776 no-1783 ngesikhathi seMelika Revolution. Wayefike ePennsylvania evela eNgilandi ngo-1774, ikakhulukazi engafundile, futhi wabhala futhi wathengisa ama-eseyi avikela umqondo we-republic. Wazonda igunya nganoma iyiphi indlela, wasola “ubushiqela bokubusa kwaseBrithani” futhi wasekela inguquko njengempi enobulungisa nengcwele. Ucele ukwebiwa kumaLoyalists, wakhuthaza ukulengiswa kwabo, wancoma nodlame lwamaviyo ezigelekeqe olwenziwa emasosheni aseBrithani. UPaine uziveze ngamagama alula kakhulu, nokwenzela inkulumo-ze ekahle yempi. Wenqaba ubunzima, wathi, “Angikaze ngicaphune; isizathu ukuthi, ngihlala ngicabanga. ” Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukusola kwakhe abanye ongqondongqondo kubonisa ukuntula kwakhe imfundo. Wabuyela eGreat Britain ngo-1787 kodwa umcabango wakhe awuzange wamukelwe. Ukwesekela kwakhe ngentshiseko i-French Revolution kwakusho ukuthi ubekwe icala lokuhlambalaza futhi waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke eNgilandi aye eFrance ngaphambi kokuba aboshwe futhi aquliswe icala. IFrance yawela ezinxushunxushwini, ebunzimeni, nasempini, kwathi uPaine waboshwa ngesikhathi seTerror kodwa wagcina ekhethelwe iNational Convention ngo-1792. Ngo-1802, uThomas Jefferson wamema uPaine ukuba abuyele e-United States. UPaine ubenemibono eqhubekayo kakhulu kuhulumeni, ezabasebenzi, ezomnotho, nenkolo - ezitholela izitha eziningi. UPaine ushone eNew York City ngo-1809 futhi uvame ukubalwa phakathi koFata Abasungula base-United States. Lolu wusuku lokulifunda unengqondo ebucayi.

Disemba 20. Ngalolu suku ku-1989 ama-United States ahlasele iPanama. Ukuhlasela, ngaphansi kukaMongameli uGeorge HW Bush, kuthiwa yi-Operation Just Cause, kwasetshenziswa amasosha e-26,000, futhi kwakuyimpi enkulu kakhulu e-US kusukela empini yeVietnam. Imigomo ebekiwe kwakungukubuyisela ku-kamongameli uGuillermo Endara, okhethwe yizigidi eziyishumi zamadola aseMelika, futhi ngubani owabe esekhokhiswe yiNcwadi kaNoriega, futhi waboshwa uNoriega ngezinkokhiso zokuhweba izidakamizwa. U-Noriega wayeyilungu le-CIA elikhokhelwe amashumi amabili eminyaka, kodwa ukulalela kwakhe i-United States bekuye kwashintsha. Ukugqugquzela ukuhlasela kwakuhlanganisa ukugcina ukulawula kwe-US ePanama Canal, ukugcina izinsizakusebenza zase-US, ukusekela abaphikisi base-US aseNicaragua nakwezinye izindawo, ukudweba uMongameli Bush njengomholi we-macho esikhundleni sokuthi wimp, ukuthengisa izikhali, okuthiwa yiVietnam Syndrome, okusho ukungafuni komphakathi wase-US ukusekela izimpi eziningi eziyingozi. Kuze kube yi-4,000 yamaPanamani afela kulokhu "ukugijima owomile" weGulf War kamuva. I-Panama ithuthukise umnotho owenziwe ngezithakazelo ngokusekelwe ezokuvakasha, emkhakheni wezinsizakalo, ePanama Canal, emiphakathini ehlala emhlalaphansi, ebhukwini le-flagship, izinkampani zokuvuselela intela ezinkampanini zokwakha zakwamanye amazwe kanye nabatshalizimali, amabhange angaphandle, izindleko eziphansi zokuphila kanye nenani elikhulayo lomhlaba. I-Panama yaziwa ngokukhishwa kwemali, inkohlakalo yezombusazwe, kanye ne-cocaine transhipments. Kukhona ukungasebenzi kwemisebenzi, nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu obukhulu, ne-40% yabantu ngaphansi kobuphofu. Abantu bahlala ezindlini ezingenele futhi abanokufinyelela okuncane kokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha noma ukudla okunempilo. Lolu usuku oluhle lokucabanga ukuthi ubani ozuza impango yempi futhi obhekene nemiphumela.

Disemba 21. Ngalolu suku ku-1940, ukuhlela ukuqhuma umlilo kweTokyo yi-United States kuvunyelwane neChina. Emasontweni amabili enamahloni onyakeni ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan ePearl Harbour, uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali waseChina uSoong noColonel Claire Chennault, owathatha umhlalaphansi wase-US Army, bahlangane egumbini lokudlela likaNobhala Wezezimali wase-US uHenry Morgenthau behlela ukuhlela ukuqhuma komlilo kwenhloko-dolobha yaseJapan. UColonel, obesebenzela amaShayina, ubelokhu ebanxusa ukuthi basebenzise abashayeli bezindiza baseMelika ukuqhumisa ngebhomu iTokyo kusukela okungenani ngo-1937. UMorgenthau uthe angakhipha amadoda emsebenzini e-US Army Air Corps uma amaShayina engabakhokhela u- $ 1,000 ngenyanga . USoong wavuma. I-US inikeze iChina izindiza nabaqeqeshi, bese kuba abashayeli bezindiza. Kepha ukuqhunyiswa komlilo kweTokyo akwenzekanga kwaze kwaba sebusuku bangoMashi 9-10, 1945. Kusetshenziswe amabhomu omlilo, futhi isiphepho somlilo esacekela phansi sabhubhisa amakhilomitha-skwele angu-16 edolobheni, sabulala abantu abalinganiselwa ku-100,000 XNUMX, sashiya abantu abayizigidi bengenamakhaya . Kwakuwukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okucekela phansi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, okubhubhisa kakhulu kuneDresden, noma ngisho namabhomu e-athomu asetshenziswa eJapan kamuva ngalowo nyaka. Lapho ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki kuthole ukunakwa okukhulu nokulahlwa, ukubhujiswa kwe-US kwamadolobha aseJapan angaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha ngaphambi kwalelo bhomu kube kuncane. Amabhomu amadolobha abelokhu emaphakathi ezimpini zase-US kusukela lapho. Umphumela uba izisulu eziningi kepha abambalwa abalimala e-US. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokucabanga ngokubaluleka kwezimpilo zabantu ezingezona zase-US.

Disemba 22. Ngalolu suku ngo-1847, uCongressman Abraham Lincoln waphonsela inselelo isinqumo sikaMongameli James K. Polk ngempi eyayiseMexico. UPolk wayegcizelele ukuthi iMexico yayiqale impi "ngokuchitha igazi laseMelika enhlabathini yaseMelika." ULincoln ufuna ukukhonjiswa lapho kwakwenzeke khona impi futhi wathi amasosha ase-US ahlasele indawo eyimpikiswano eyayiseMexico ngokusemthethweni. Ubuye wagxeka uPolk "ngenkohliso enkulu" mayelana nemvelaphi yempi nokuzama ukwengeza endaweni yase-US. U-Lincoln uvote ephikisana nesinqumo esithi impi ilungile, kwathi ngemuva konyaka wasekela esadlula kancane, wamemezela ukuthi impi ayihambisani nomthethosisekelo. Ngonyaka olandelayo impi yaphethwa ngeSivumelwano SaseGuadalupe-Hidalgo. Lesi sivumelwano saphoqa uhulumeni waseMexico ukuthi avume ukuthathwa kwe-Alta California neSanta Fe de Nuevo Mexico yiMelika. Lokhu kungeze amakhilomitha-skwele angama-525,000 endaweni yase-US, kufaka phakathi umhlaba owenza konke noma izingxenye ze-Arizona, California, Colorado, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, ne-Wyoming. Izwe laseMelika likhokhe isinxephezelo esingu- $ 15 million futhi lasula isikweletu esingu- $ 3.5 million. IMexico iyavuma ukulahleka kweTexas futhi yamukela iRio Grande njengomngcele wayo osenyakatho. Ukunwetshwa okukhulu kwezwe lase-United States kwenzeka ngesikhathi kuhlanganiswa iTexas eTexas ngo-1845, ukuxoxisana kweSivumelwano Sase-Oregon neGreat Britain ngo-1846, kanye nokuphethwa kweMpi yaseMexico naseMelika. Impi ibhekwe e-US njengokunqoba, kepha yagxekwa ngokulimala kwabantu, izindleko zemali, kanye nokuhlukumeza. Ukuphikisana kukaLincoln nempi kwakungavimbi ukungena kwakhe eWhite House, lapho, njengabongameli abaningi, ayishiya khona.

Disemba 23. Kulolu suku kumongameli we-1947 uTruman waxoxela i-1,523 ye-15,805 ye-World War II abaqashi bokuqamba. Amapardoni bebelokhu bekungumthetho wamakhosi namakhosi. E-United States ku-1787, eMkhandlwini we-Constitutional Convention, amandla okuxolela anikezwe uMongameli waseMelika. Ku-1940, uMthetho Wokukhethwa Nokuzikhethela Wasevisi wenziwa. Bonke abantu phakathi kweminyaka yobudala i-21 ne-45 kwadingeka babhalise ukulungiswa. Ngemuva kwempi, inani lamadoda ababoshiwe ngenxa yokwenqaba ukungeniswa, ukungabhalisi, noma ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nokuhlolwa okuncane ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa yezinkolelo zibalwa nge-6,086. Inani lokushiya lalingacacile, kodwa ku-1944, i-Army ibhale isilinganiso sezinhlelo ze-63 kuwo wonke amadoda we-1,000 emsebenzini osebenzayo. UTruman wenqaba ukunikeza isibopho sokuxolela wonke umuntu, futhi esikhundleni salokho silandela umkhuba weMpi Yezwe Lokuqala: ukuthethelelwa okukhethiwe. Umthelela wokuxolelwa kungaba ukubuyisela amalungelo agcwele amalungelo nezombangazwe. Ku-1946, uTuruman wabiza ibhodi elungu lamalungu amathathu ukubukeza amacala abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Ibhodi lincoma ukuxolela kuphela izikhulu zokubhalisa ze-1,523. Leli bhodi lathi akukho pardons elungile kulabo "abazibeka njengabahlakaniphileyo futhi abanamandla ngaphezu komphakathi ukunquma umsebenzi wabo wokuzovikela isizwe." Ku-1948, u-Eleanor Roosevelt wancenga uTruman ukuba abukeze wonke amacala, kodwa uTruman wenqabe, ethi amadoda abathintekayo "angamaqhinga nje noma ama-shirkers." Kodwa e-1952, uTruman wabathethelela labo abaye bakhonza e-Army ngenkathi yokuthula, nabo bonke abaduni bezokuthula bevela empini.

Disemba 24. Ngalolu suku e-1924 Costa Rica kunikeze isaziso sokuhoxisa kwi-League of Nations ukuphikisa iMfundiso KaMonroe. Isivumelwano se-League of Nations, esasungulwa ngesikhathi sakhiwa ku-1920, sibheke lezo zimfundiso njengendlela yokuqinisekisa "ukugcinwa kokuthula" naphezu kokuthi amazwe amaningi aseLatin America awazange abheke i-Monroe Doctrine njengokwenza kanjalo. I-Monroe Doctrine, eyadalwa ku-1823, yayihunyushwe ukuba ibe yithuluzi lokuvikela izithakazelo zaseMelika emazweni aseMelika ngisho noma kusho ukuphika izizwe ezibusayo ilungelo lokuzikhethela. Esinye sezitatimende ezisemthethweni kakhulu esichaza kabusha imfundiso kaMonroe kwakuyiRoosevelt Corollary ye-1904, eyayivulela obala imperialism yaseMelika emazweni aseMelika. I-Roosevelt Corollary yashintsha ngokucacile i-Monroe Doctrine evela kokungeneleli kwamandla aseYurophu aseMelika kuya kokungenelela okusebenzayo yi-United States. Abanye ababambe iqhaza kule nqubomgomo bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuyingxenye yomthwalo womuntu "omhlophe" ukwenza ngesisekelo sokuphakama kobuhlanga, amasiko, nenkolo. URovelvelt usho ukuthi "ukungalungi okungapheli, noma ukungabi namandla okuholela ekukhuliseni okujwayelekile emiphakathini yomphakathi ophucukile" kwanikeza i-US imvume yokusebenzisa "amandla omhlaba womhlaba wonke" ngokuhambisana nokuchazwa kwakhe kweMfundiso kaMonroe. Lokhu ukucabanga kobandlululo, kanye nezithakazelo zezomnotho wase-US, sekuvele kuveze indlela yokuqhuma eHawaii, Cuba, Panama, iDominican Republic, Honduras, naseNicaragua ngenkathi iCosta Rica yenza isinqumo sayo esidumile ku-1924.

Disemba 25. Ngalolu suku ku-1914, ezindaweni eziningana eduze kweWestern Front eMpini Yezwe I, amasosha aseBrithani naseJalimane abeka izingalo zawo futhi ekhuphuka emathangeni ayo ukuze athole ukubingelela kweholide nokuthokoza ngesitha. Nakuba ohulumeni bamazwe aphikisayo bebengamnaki ucingo lukaPapa Benedict XV ngaphambi kwamasonto amabili ngaphambi kokumisa okwesikhashana uKhisimusi wokuqeda umlilo, amasosha ngokwawo athi kungumngcwabo ongekho emthethweni. Yini eyabenza ukuba bakwenze? Kungenzeka ukuthi, ngemuva kokuxazulula emidlalweni eyingozi kanye neengozi yempi yamanzi enyakatho yeFrance, base beqale ukuhlonza inkatho yabo eyabuhlungu kanye neyamasosha esitha ezinqabeni ezingasondeli. Isimo sengqondo esithi "bukhoma futhi siphila" sesivele sesizwakalise "ekuvinjeni nasekuvinjeni" nesitha ngesikhathi "sokuthula" phakathi kwezimpi. Yiqiniso, izikhulu zamasosha ezinhlangothini zombili zazishaya ingozi ekunciphiseni intshiseko yokubulala isitha, ehola iBrithani ngoJanuwari 1915 ukwenza amanye amaloli angakahleleki ngaphansi kwesigwebo esinzima. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-Truce yeKhisimusi ye-1914 yacatshangwa isikhathi eside njengomcimbi owodwa. Noma kunjalo, ubufakazi obuvezwe ku-2010 isazi-mlando saseJalimane uThomas Weber siphakamisa ukuthi amakholi amaningi aseKhisimusi asendaweni aphinde abonwe ku-1915 no-1916. Isizathu, uyakholelwa, siphelele ukuthi, ngemuva kwempi, amasosha asinda ayevame ukuzwa ukuzisola okukhulu kangangokuthi bashukunyiswa ukusiza amasosha abalimele ngakolunye uhlangothi. Amasosha aqhubeka nokugcina isiqhumane sikaKhisimusi lapho bekwazi khona, ngenxa yokuthi izinkanyezi zabo zengqondo, zangcwatshwa ngenxa yempi, zaqhubeka zamukele amathuba amakhulu othando nokuthula.

Disemba 26. Kulolu suku ku-1872 Norman Angell wazalwa. Uthando lokufunda luholele ekutholeni kwakhe uMill I-Essay on Liberty eneminyaka engu-12. Wafunda eNgilandi, eFrance naseSwitzerland ngaphambi kokufudukela eCalifornia e-17. Waqala ukusebenza eSt. Louis I-Globe-Democrat, naseSan Francisco Chronicle. Njengomlobeli, wathuthela eParis futhi waba umhleli we-the I-Messenger yansuku zonke, khona-ke umhlanganyeli wabasebenzi Eclair. Ukubika kwakhe ngeMpi yaseSpain-American, indaba yeDreyfus, neBoer War yaholela u-Angell encwadini yakhe yokuqala, Ukuthanda izwe ngaphansi kwamaFree Flags amathathu: A Plea for Rationalism in Politics (I-1903). Ngesikhathi ehlela iphephandaba laseParis likaNkosi Northcliffe I-Daily Mail, U-Angell washicilela enye incwadi I-Europe Illusion Illusion, owandise ku-1910 futhi wabizwa kabusha I-Illusion enkulu. Umbono ka-Angell ngempi ochazwe emisebenzini yakhe ukuthi amandla ezempi nezombangazwe ayekhona ekuhlinzekeni ukuzivikela kwangempela, nokuthi kungenakwenzeka kwezomnotho isizwe esisodwa ukuthatha omunye. Omkhulu illusion ibuyekezwe kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe, ithengisa amakhophi wezigidi ezingu-2, futhi yahunyushwa ngezilimi ze-25. Wasebenza njengeLungu lezisebenzi ePhalamende, neKomiti Yezwe elwa neMpi noFascism, kwiKomidi eliPhethe le-League of Nations Union, futhi njengoMengameli we-Abyssinia Association, ngenkathi eshicilela izincwadi ezingamashumi amane nanye, kuhlanganise Umdlalo Wezemali (1928), Ababulali abangabonakali (1932), Inhlekelele Yethu Yokuzivikela Kazwelonke (1934), Ukuthula namaDictators? (1938), kanye Ngemva kwakho konke (1951) ngokubambisana njengesizathu sempucuko. U-Angell waxoshwa ku-1931, futhi wathola i-Nobel Peace Prize ku-1933.

Disemba 27. Kulolu suku ku-1993 Belgrade Women in Black babambe umkhankaso wokuNyaka Omusha. AmaKhomanisi iYugoslavia ayakhiwa ama-republic aseSlovenia, eCroatia, eSerbia, eBosnia, eMontenegro naseMacedonia. Ngemuva kokushona kukaNdunankulu uTito ngo-1980, kwavela uqhekeko futhi lwakhuthazwa phakathi kwezinhlanga nezizwe. ISlovenia neCroatia bamemezela inkululeko ngo-1989, kwasusa ukungqubuzana nebutho laseYugoslavia. Ngo-1992 kwagqashuka impi phakathi kwamaSulumane aseBosnia namaCroats. Ukuvinjezelwa kwenhlokodolobha, iSarajevo, kwathatha izinyanga ezingama-44. Kwafa abantu abangu-10,000 20,000 kwathi abesifazane abangu-1998 XNUMX badlwengulwa ekuqothulweni ngokobuhlanga. Amasosha amaSerbia aseBosnia athatha iSrebrenica futhi abulala amaSulumane. I-NATO yaqhumisa ngamabhomu izikhundla zamaSerbia aseBosnia. Kwaqubuka impi ngo-XNUMX eKosovo phakathi kwamavukelambuso ase-Albania neSerbia, futhi i-NATO yaqala ukuqhuma ngamabhomu, yanezela ekufeni nasekubhujisweni ngenkathi ithi ilwa impi ebizwa ngokuthi yimpi yobuntu. Abesifazane eMnyama bakha phakathi nalezi zimpi eziyinkimbinkimbi nezimbi kakhulu. Ukulwa nempi kuyisibopho sabo, “indlela yabo yokomoya nokukhetha kwabo kwezepolitiki.” Ngokukholwa ukuthi abantu besifazane bebelokhu bewavikela amakhaya abo ngokukhulisa izingane, besekela abangenamandla, futhi besebenza bengakhokhelwa ekhaya, bathi “Siyawenqaba amandla ezempi… ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali zokubulala abantu… ukubuswa kobulili obubodwa, isizwe , noma usho omunye. ” Bahlela amakhulu emibhikisho phakathi nangemva nangemva kwezimpi zaseBalkan, futhi bayasebenza emhlabeni wonke ngezingxoxo zokufundisa nezingqungquthela, kanye nemibhikisho. Bakha amaqembu ezokuthula abesifazane futhi bathole imiklomelo eminingi ye-UN nabanye besifazane nemiklomelo yokuthula neziphakamiso. Lolu usuku oluhle lokubheka emuva ezimpini bese ubuza ukuthi yini okungenzeka yenziwe ngokuhlukile.

Disemba 28. Ngalolu suku ku-1991, uhulumeni wasePhilippines wayala i-United States ukuba ihoxise esisekelweni sayo sezempi e-Subic Bay. Izikhulu zaseMelika nasePhilippines sezifinyelele esivumelwaneni esivumelwaneni ehlobo eledlule esivumelwaneni esasiyokwandisa ukuqashiswa kwesisekelo seminyaka eyishumi ngokushintshanisa imali eyizigidi ezingu-$ 203 ngonyaka. Kodwa lesi sivumelwano sasenqatshwa yi-Philippine Senate, eyayihlasela isosha laseMelika kuleli zwe njengendawo yokuqothulwa koloniyali kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwePhilippines. Uhulumeni wasePhilippines wabe eseguqula i-Subic Bay ibe yi-Subic Freeport Zone, eyakha imisebenzi emisha ye-70,000 eminyakeni yayo yokuqala yokuqala. Ku-2014, noma kunjalo, i-US yavuselela ukutholakala kwayo kwezempi kuleli zwe ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokubambisana Sokuqinisa Ukuvikela. ISivumelwano sivumela i-US ukuba yakhiwe futhi isebenzise izikhungo ezisekelweni zasePhilippines zokusetshenziswa yizo zombili amazwe ekuthuthukiseni ikhono lezwe lasekhaya ukuzivikela ngokumelene nezinsongo zangaphandle. Isidingo esinjalo sinesizathu, noma kunjalo. I-Philippines ayibhekene nengozi engabonakali yokuhlasela, ukuhlaselwa noma ukusebenza kunoma yikuphi-kuhlanganise neChina, esebenza nePhilippines ukuthuthukisa izinsiza eSouth China Sea ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esivimba ukungenelela kwe-US. Ngokubanzi, kungabazwa ukuthi ngabe i-US ingakwazi yini ukugcina ukutholakala kwezempi emazweni angaphezu kuka-80 nezindawo emhlabeni jikelele. Naphezu kwezinsongo ezithintekayo ezikhulunywe yizombusazwe kanye nama-pundits, i-US iyindawo ehlala kuyo futhi ihlelwe kahle ngokweqile kusuka kunoma yiziphi izingozi zangaphandle futhi ayinalo ilungelo lokugqugquzela izingozi ezinjalo kwenye indawo njengephoyisa elizimele elilodwa emhlabeni.

Disemba 29. Ngalolu suku ku-1890, isosha lase-US labulala amadoda angama-130-300 Sioux, abesifazane nabantwana ku-Wounded Knee Massacre. Lokhu kwakungenye yezingxabano zokugcina phakathi kukahulumeni wase-US kanye nezizwe zaseMelika zaseMelika ngesikhathi se-19^th Ukunyuswa kwe-United States kwekhulu leminyaka entshonalanga. Umkhosi wenkolo owaziwa ngokuthi i-Ghost Dance wawuphikisana nokucindezela, futhi wabonwa yi-US njengoba esongela ukuvukela okukhulu. I-US yayisanda kubulala iLakota Chief Sitting Bull edumile ukuzama ukumbopha nokuqeda umdanso. Abanye baseLakota bakholelwa ukuthi umdanso wawuzobuyisela umhlaba wabo omdala futhi ukuthi ukugqoka okuthiwa "amahembe omzimba" kuzobavikela ekudutshulweni. I-Lakota, inqobile futhi ilambile, yayibheke ukubhuka kwePine Ridge. Amiswa yi-US 7th Cavalry, ethathwe ku-Wounded Knee Creek, futhi azungezwe izibhamu ezinkulu ezisheshayo. Indaba ithi ukudubula kwaxoshwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiLakota noma isosha lase-US. Kwabulawa ukubulawa okubuhlungu nokugwemekile. Isibalo sabakwaLakota abafile siphikisana, kodwa kusobala ukuthi okungenani isigamu salabo ababulewe kwakungabesifazane nabantwana. Lokhu kwakuyilwa lokugcina phakathi kwama-federal amabutho kanye ne-Sioux kuze kube yi-1973, lapho amalungu e-American Indian Movement ethatha i-Wounded Knee ngezinsuku ze-71 ukuphikisana nezimo ngokubhuka. Ku-1977, uLeonard Peltier utholakale enecala lokubulala abameli ababili beFBI lapho. I-Congress Yase-US yenze isinqumo sokuzisola ngokubulawa kwabantu kwe-1890 eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, kepha i-United States inqabile kakhulu imvelaphi yayo emigomeni yokuhlukunyezwa kwempi nokuhlanzwa kohlanga.

December 30. Ngalolu suku ku-1952 Tuskegee Institute ibike ukuthi i-1952 yonyaka wokuqala eminyakeni engu-71 yokugcina irekhodi ukuthi akekho owenziwe i-US-ukuqashelwa okungaqondakali okungayikuma ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi. (I-lynching yokugcina e-US yenzeke ngekhulu lama-21.) Izibalo ezibandayo azikwazi ukudlulisa ukwethuka komkhuba womhlaba wonke wokubulawa kwabantu ngokungenacala. Ngokuvamile okwenziwa yizixuku ezihlanyayo, i-lynching inikeza isibonelo esicace bha sesintu cishe yonke indawo sokungamethembi nokwesaba “omunye,” “ohlukile.” I-Lynching ingumfanekiso ogqamile emincane yezimpande cishe zonke izimpi emlandweni wesintu, ezihlale zibonisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabantu bezizwe ezahlukahlukene, izinkolo, izinhlanga, izinhlelo zezombangazwe, noma amafilosofi. Yize kwakungaziwa ndawo kwenye indawo emhlabeni, i-lyning e-United States, eyaqhakaza kusukela eminyakeni yangemva kweMpi Yombango kwaze kwaba yikhulu lama-20, kwakuyicala elalishukunyiswa ubuhlanga. Amaphesenti angaphezu kwama-73 wezisulu ezicishe zibe ngu-4,800 12 e-lynching e-US kwakungu-African-American. Ama-Lynchings ngokuyinhloko-yize ayengeyena kuphela-into yaseNingizimu. Ngempela, izifundazwe eziyi-4,075 eziseningizimu kuphela ezenza ukubulawa kwabantu okungama-1877 kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kusuka ngonyaka we-1950 kuya kowe-2018. Amaphesenti angama-100 abantu abenza lobu bugebengu abakaze bajeziswe yiziphathimandla zombuso noma zendawo. Akukho okungaveza kangcono ukwehluleka komuntu ukubambisana ekuvikeleni izinhlekelele zomhlaba, njengokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo noma impi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke kuneqiniso lokuthi i-United States Congress yehlulekile ukushaya umthetho omemezela ukubulala ubugebengu bombuso kuze kube nguDisemba, XNUMX, ngemuva kweminyaka eyikhulu yokuzama.

Disemba 31. Kulolu suku, abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke bagubha ukuphela konyaka nokuqala komusha. Ngokuvamile, abantu benza izinqumo noma izibopho zokuhlangabezana nemigomo ethile ngonyaka oqala nje. World BEYOND War idale iSimemezelo Sokuthula esikholwa ukuthi sisebenza njengesinqumo sonyaka omusha esihle kakhulu. Lesi Simemezelo Sokuthula noma isibambiso sokuthula sitholakala ku-inthanethi ku- worldbeyondwar.org futhi sisayinwe yizinkulungwane eziningi zabantu nezinhlangano cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba. Isimemezelo siqukethe imisho emibili kuphela, futhi sifundwa sisonke: “Ngiyakuqonda ukuthi izimpi nokulwa kwenza singaphephi kangako kunokusivikela, ukuthi ziyabulala, zilimaze futhi zilimaze abantu abadala, izingane nezinsana, zilimaza kakhulu imvelo, ziguguleke inkululeko yomphakathi, futhi sidonsa umnotho wethu, sithatha izinsiza ezivela emisebenzini eqinisekisa impilo. Ngiyazibophezela ukubamba iqhaza futhi ngisekele imizamo engenabo ubudlova yokuqeda yonke impi namalungiselelo empi nokwenza ukuthula okusimeme nobulungiswa. ” Noma ngubani ongabaza nganoma yiziphi izingxenye zesimemezelo - Ingabe kuliqiniso ngempela ukuthi izimpi zisibeka engcupheni? Ingabe impi iyayilimaza imvelo yemvelo? Ingabe impi ayinakugwemeka noma iyadingeka noma inenzuzo? - World BEYOND War udale iwebhusayithi yonke ukuphendula imibuzo enjalo. Ku- worldbeyondwar.org kukhona uhlu nezincazelo zezinkolelo-ze ezikholelwa ngempi nezizathu zokuthi kungani sidinga ukuqeda impi, kanye nemikhankaso umuntu angazibandakanya nayo ukufeza leyo nhloso. Ungasayini isibambiso sokuthula ngaphandle kokuthi uqonde. Kepha ngicela usho lokho! Bona worldbeyondwar.org Unyaka Omusha Ojabulisayo!

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Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.