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Okthoba 1. Ngalolu suku ku-1990, ama-United States asekela ukuhlasela kweRwanda ngombutho wase-Uganda oholwa ababulali abaqeqeshiwe base-US. I-US yasekela ukuhlaselwa kwabo eRwanda iminyaka emithathu nohhafu. Lolu wusuku oluhle lokukhumbula ukuthi ngenkathi izimpi zingenakukuvimbela ukubulawa kwabantu, zingazibangela. Uma uphikisana nempi kulezi zinsuku uzosheshe uzwe amagama amabili: "Hitler" kanye "Rwanda." Ngenxa yokuthi iRwanda ibhekane nenkinga edinga amaphoyisa, impikiswano iyaqhubeka, iLibya noma iSyria noma i-Iraq kumele iqhunyiswe ngamabhomu. Kepha iRwanda ibhekane nenhlekelele edalwe yimpi, hhayi inkinga edinga ezempi. UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN uBoutros Boutros-Ghali ugcizelele ukuthi “ukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda kwakuwumthwalo wabantu baseMelika ngamaphesenti ayikhulu!” Kungani? Yebo, i-United States yasekela ukuhlaselwa kweRwanda ngo-Okthoba 1, 1990. I-Africa Watch (kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi yi-Human Rights Watch / Africa) yenza ihaba futhi yasola ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu yiRwanda, hhayi impi. Abantu abangabulewanga babaleka abahlaseli, badala inkinga yababaleki, bachitha ezolimo, baphazamisa nomnotho. AbaseMelika nabaseNtshonalanga bahlome ngezifudumezi futhi basebenzisa ingcindezi eyengeziwe ngeBhange Lomhlaba, i-IMF, ne-USAID. Ubutha bande phakathi kwamaHutu namaTutsi. Ngo-Ephreli 1994, abongameli baseRwanda nabaseBurundi babulawa, cishe impela babulawa ngumenzi wezimpi osekelwa yiMelika kanye noMengameli waseRwanda ozoba nguPaul Kagame. Ukuqothulwa kohlanga hhayi nje uhlangothi olulodwa kulandele lokho kubulawa. Ngaleso sikhathi, abasebenza ngokuthula, usizo, idiplomacy, ukuxolisa, noma ukushushiswa kwezomthetho kungenzeka ukuthi basizile. Amabhomu ayengeke abe nawo. I-US yahlala emuva kwaze kwaba yilapho uKagame esethatha amandla. Uzothatha impi ayise eCongo, lapho kuzofa khona abayizigidi eziyisithupha.
Okthoba 2. Ngalolu suku unyaka ngamunye i-UN International Day of Non-Violence ibonakala emhlabeni jikelele. Isungulwe ku-2007 ngokusungulwa kwe-UN General Assembly, uSuku Lokungezona Ubudlova kwahlanganiswa ngamabomu ngosuku lokuzalwa lukaMahatma Gandhi, ukubonakala okukhulu kokungalaleli kwabantu okungahambisani nobudlova okwaholela eNdiya ekuzimele kwayo ekubuseni kwaseBrithani ku-1947. UGandhi wacabanga ukuthi akuyona ubudlova "amandla amakhulu kunazo zonke ezasetshenziswa isintu ... enamandla kunezikhali ezinamandla kunazo zonke zokubhujiswa ezakhiwe ngobuhlakani bomuntu." Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhulelwa kwakhe kwaleli qembu kwakwedlula ukuzisebenzisa kwakhe ukusiza ukunqoba ukuzimela kwezwe lakhe. UGandhi naye waqaphela ukuthi ukungezona ubudlova kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwabantu bezinkolo ezahlukeneyo, ukukhulisa amalungelo abesifazane, nokunciphisa ubuphofu. Kusukela ekufeni kwakhe ku-1948, amaqembu amaningi emhlabeni wonke, njengama-anti-impi kanye nabagqugquzeli bamalungelo omphakathi e-US, asebenzise ngempumelelo amasu angenamandla ukuze athuthukise ushintsho lwezepolitiki noma lomphakathi. Izenzo ezithathwe zibandakanya imibhikisho kanye nokukholisa, kufaka phakathi ama-marches nama-vigil; ukungasebenzisani negunya elibusayo; nokungenelela okungenasivikelo, njengokungena nokubhuka, ukuvimbela izenzo ezingalungile. Ngokwesinqumo salo sokudala uSuku Lokungabi Ngezobudlova, i-UN iqinisekisile kokubili ukubaluleka kwendawo yonke yokungabi nodlame nokusebenza kwayo ekugcineni isiko lokuthula, ukubekezelelana nokuqonda. Ukusiza ekuthuthukiseni lokho okubangelwa yiSuku Lokungezona Ubudlova, abantu ngabanye, ohulumeni, nezinhlangano ezingezona uhulumeni emhlabeni wonke banikezela izinkulumo, izinkomfa zocindezelayo, nezinye izinkulumo ezihloswe ukufundisa umphakathi ukuthi amasu angewona ubudlova angasetshenziselwa kanjani ukukhuthaza ukuthula ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezizwe.
Okthoba 3. Kulolu suku ku-1967, ngaphezu kwamadoda we-1,500 kuwo wonke ama-United States abuyisele amakhadi abo okubhaliwe kuhulumeni wase-US ekubonisweni kokuqala kwe-"ukungena" kweMpi YeVietnam. Lo mbhikisho uhlelwe yiqembu eliphikisayo lokulwa ne-anti-draft elibizwa ngokuthi "The Resistance," okuyokwenza, kanye namanye amaqembu ezishoshovu ezilwa nempi, ukuthi izongena "amanye ama-turn-ins" angeziwe ngaphambi kokuphuma. Kodwa-ke, elinye uhlobo lokubhikisha kwekhadi lokuhlelwa kwekhadi livele ku-1964 okwakuzofakazela ukuthi lihlala liqinile futhi linomphumela. Lokhu kwaba ukushiswa kwamakhadi alandelwayo, ikakhulukazi emibonisweni ehlelwe abafundi baseyunivesithi. Ngalesi senzo sokungahloniphi, abafundi bafuna ukunikeza ilungelo labo lokuqhubeka nokuphila kwabo ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu, kunokuba baphoqelelwe ukubabeka engozini kulokho abaningi ababheka impi enokuziphatha okubi. Lesi senzo sibonise isibindi nokuqiniseka, njengoba i-US Congress idlulisele umthetho ngo-Agasti 1965, kamuva owasekelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, okwenza ukubhujiswa kwamakhadi amashadi abe nobugebengu. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, bambalwa amadoda atholakala enecala lobugebengu, njengoba ukushiswa kwekhadi lokukhishwa kwesikhwama kwakubhekwa njengabasebenzi bokungabikho, kepha ukulwa nokulwa. Kulo mongo, izithombe eziphindaphindiwe zokushiswa okuphrintiwe futhi kuthelevishini zisize ukuphendula umbono womphakathi ngokumelene nempi ngokubonisa ukuthi yikuphi ukuhlukanisa ubuqotho bendabuko. Ukushiswa kwafaka nendima ekuphazamiseni ikhono le-US Selective Service System ukugcina amazinga omsebenzi omusha adingekayo ukuze asebenze kahle ngemishini yempi yase-US eVietnam naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ngaleyo ndlela, nabo, basize ukuletha impi engenabulungisa kuze kube sekugcineni.
Okthoba 4. Ngalolu suku unyaka ngamunye, iSonto LaseSonto likaSt. Francis wase-Assisi lihlonishwa ngamaRoma Katolika emhlabeni jikelele. Wazalelwa e-1181, uFrancis ungomunye wezibalo ezinkulu zeSonto LamaRoma Katolika, umsunguli wenkolo enkulu kunazo zonke, nomoya owaziwayo eminyakeni emibili nje kokufa kwakhe ku-1226. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda kukaFrancis indoda-okusekelwe eqinisweni kanye nokugqunywa kweqiniso-okuqhubeka nokugqugquzela izigidi zabantu ngezinkolo ezihlukahlukene, noma cha, ukulandela ukuhola kwakhe ekuqhakambiseni nasekuhloleni ukuphakamisa izimpilo zabanye abantu kanye nezilwane. UFrancis ngokwakhe uhola impilo yokuzinikela okukhulu kubantu abampofu nabagulayo. Kodwa, ngoba wathola ugqozi lwakhe emvelweni, inyama, nezinto ezilula, wayenomusa kakhulu futhi ekwazi ukukhuluma ngokulingana okulingana nabantwana, abathelisi, izizwe, nabaFarisi. Esikhathini sakhe sokuphila, uFrancis waphefumulela labo abafuna ukuphila okunenjongo nenkonzo. Ukusho kwakhe ngathi namuhla, akusikho njengesithonjana, kodwa ekuboniseni indlela yokuvula, ukuhlonipha imvelo, uthando lwezilwane, nokuhlonipha nokuthula nobo bonke abanye abantu. Ukubaluleka kwendawo yonke yenhlonipho kaFrancis ngokuphila kuboniswa ukuthi i-UNESCO, i-United Nations ejensi eyayizibophezele ekwakheni ukuthula ngokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe e-Education, Sciences, kanye namasiko, yaqoka iBaselica yaseSt. Francis e-Assisi indawo yamagugu ezwe. Isikhungo sezwe se-UN sathola umoya wothando kuFrancis, futhi sifuna naye ukwakha ukuthula emhlabeni kusuka kwisisekelo sayo esidingekayo ezinhliziyweni zamadoda nabesifazane.
Okthoba 5. Ngalolu suku ku-1923, isishoshovu sokuthula saseMelika uFiliphu Berrigan wazalelwa eHarbors Two, e-Minnesota. Ngo-Okthoba 1967, uBergan, owayengumpristi wamaRoma Katolika, wahlangana namanye amadoda amathathu eyokuqala kwezenzo ezimbili zokungalaleli kweMpi YeVietnam. "I-Baltimore Four," njengoba leli qembu libizwa, lizitshela ngokwegazi ngokomzimba igazi lezinkukhu kumarekhodi eSelect Service efikile eBaltimore Customs House. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisikhombisa, uBergan wahlangana nabanye abesilisa nabesifazane abayisishiyagalombili, kuhlanganise nomfowabo uDaniel, yena ongumpristi nomshushisi wokulwa nempi, ukuphatha amakhulu ama-1-A amafayili amafomu emasketheni aseConsonsville indawo yokupaka yayo. Lapho, okuthiwa "i-Catonsville Nine" wabeka amafayili afisa, esebenzisa, futhi ngokuyisimangaliso, i-napalm eyenziwe ekhaya. Lesi senzo senza ukuba bobabili abazalwane baseBergan bahlonishwe futhi bavusa ingxabano mayelana nempi emikhaya yonkana kulo lonke izwe. UFiliphu uBergan waxosha yonke impi ngokuthi "isiqalekiso kuNkulunkulu, emndenini wabantu nasemhlabeni ngokwawo." Ngenxa yezenzo zakhe eziningi zokuphikisana nempi, wayekhokha imali engaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nanye ejele . Kodwa leyo minyaka elahlekile, yamnika ukuqonda okunengqondo, okushiwo ku-1996, Ukulwa neMpi YeWundlu"Ngibona umehluko omncane phakathi komhlaba ngaphakathi kwamasango ejele kanye nomhlaba ongaphandle," kubhala uBerrigan. "Izindonga zejele eziyisigidi azikwazi ukusivikela, ngoba izingozi zangempela - ezempi, ukuhaha, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ubuFascis, ubulwane bamaphoyisa - zilele ngaphandle, hhayi ngaphakathi, ezindongeni zejele." Lo mpetha wamaqhawe we world beyond war ushone ngoDisemba 6, 2002, eneminyaka engu-79.
Okthoba 6. Ngalolu suku ku-1683, imindeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye yamaQuaker evela esifundeni saseRhineland entshonalanga yeJalimane yafika echwebeni lasePhiladelphia ngemuva kohambo lwe-75 lwe-transatlantic oluhamba nge-500-ton schooner Concord. Imindeni ibishushiswe ngokwenkolo ezweni lakubo ngemuva kwezinxushunxushu zeNguquko, futhi, ngokususelwa emibikweni, bekholelwa ukuthi leli koloni elisha lasePennsylvania lizozinikeza umhlaba wokulima kanye nenkululeko yenkolo abayifunayo. Umbusi wawo, uWilliam Penn, ubambelele ezinkambisweni zamaQuaker zenkululeko kanembeza neyokuthula, futhi ubhale umqulu wenkululeko oqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo. Ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe emindenini yaseJalimane bekuhlelwe ngumngani kaPenn uFrancis Pastorius, umenzeli waseJalimane wenkampani ethenga umhlaba eFrankfurt. Ngo-Agasti 1683, uPastorius waxoxisana noPenn ngokuthengwa kwensimu yenyakatho-ntshonalanga yePhiladelphia. Ngemuva kokufika kwabokufika ngo-Okthoba, wabasiza ukuba basungule lapho okwakuzokwaziwa ngokuthi indawo yase- "Germantown". Indawo yokuhlala yathuthuka, njengoba izakhamizi zayo zakha izigayo zendwangu ngasemifudlaneni futhi zatshala izimbali nemifino ezindaweni zazo ezingamahektare amathathu. Kamuva uPastorius wasebenza njengemeya yedolobha, esungula uhlelo lwesikole futhi ebhala isinqumo sokuqala e-United States ngokulwa nobugqila bezingxoxo. Yize lesi sinqumo singalandelwanga yizenzo zokhonkolo, sagxila ngokujulile emphakathini waseGermantown umbono wokuthi ubugqila buhambisana nenkolelo yobuKrestu. Cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, ubugqila baphela ngokusemthethweni e-United States. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi buyaqhubeka bukhombisa ukuthi ukonakala okwakusekelwe kukho akukwazi ukususwa ngokuphelele kuze kube yilapho umgomo wamaQuaker wokuthi zonke izenzo kumele ziboshwe kunembeza wokuziphatha wamukelwa emhlabeni wonke.
Okthoba 7. Ngalolu suku ku-2001, ama-United States ahlasele i-Afghanistan futhi aqala impi eyodwa kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-US. Izingane ezazalwa ngemva kokuqala ukulwa ne-US futhi zafa ehlangothini lwe-Afghanistan. Lolu usuku oluhle lokukhumbula ukuthi izimpi zivinjelwa kalula kunokuba ziphele. Ngokuqinisekile lokhu kwakungavinjelwa. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11, i-United States idinga ukuthi ukuzinikela kweTaliban kukhishwe osolwa ngokuthi u-Osama Bin Laden. Ngokuvumelana nesiko lase-Afghan, amaTaliban acela ubufakazi. I-US yasabela nge-ultimatum. AmaTaliban aphonsa isicelo sobufakazi futhi aphakamisa ukuxoxisana nokuqokwa kukaBin Laden kwelinye izwe, mhlawumbe omunye ongase anqume ukumthumelela e-US. US US wasabela kulokho ngokuqala umkhankaso wokuqhuma amabhomu nokuhlasela izwe elingakaze lihlasele it, ukubulala owokuqala kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abazofa ezimpini ze-9 / 11 zokuziphindiselela. Uma sicabangela ukuthululwa komzwelo kwezwe ngemuva kwe-9 / 11, i-United States kungenzeka ukuthi yathola imvume ye-UN yokwenza uhlobo oluthile lwesenzo sempi, yize kwaba khona okwamanje akukho ukufaneleka okusemthethweni. I-US ayizange ihlukumeze ukuzama. I-US ekugcineni yathola i-UN kanye ne-NATO, kodwa igcina amandla ayo okungenelela okungahlangene, okuthiwa "Operation Enduring Freedom." Ekugcineni, i-US yasala cishe yedwa ukuze iqhubeke nokuzama ukukhuthaza abaphathi bezimpi ababeyikhethile phezu kwamanye amaqhawe impi eqhubekayo eyayilahlekelwe noma yikuphi ukufana okunencazelo noma ukulungiswa. Ngempela ilanga elihle lokukhumbula ukuthi izimpi zivinjelwa kalula kunokuba ziphele.
Okthoba 8. Ngalolu suku ku-1917, imbongi yaseNgilandi uWilfred Owen wathumela umama wakhe wokuqala wezinkondlo zempi ezaziwa kakhulu ngesiNgisi. Unikezwe isihloko sesiLatini esichaza esithi "Okumnandi Nokuthi Kuyikho," inkondlo ihluke ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Owen kanye nokwesabeka kwakhe njengebutho eMpini Yezwe I ngokuhlonishwa kwempi okubhekiswe ku-ode ebhalwe umbhali waseRoma uHorace. Ekuhumusheni, umugqa wokuqala wenkondlo kaHorace ufundeka kanje: "Okumnandi futhi kufanele ukufela izwe lakho." Ukuzikhohlisa kuka-Owen kuye kwavela kakade emlayezo owathumela umama wakhe ngesibongo sakhe sokuqala: "Lapha uyinkondlo yegesi, "usho kanje. Enkondlweni, lapho iHorace ibhekiselwa khona ngokuthi "umngane wami," u-Owen ubonisa ukushaqeka kwempi yegesi njengoba kuboniswe endabeni yelinye isosha elingenakuthola isisindo sakhe ngesikhathi. Uyabhala:
Uma ungase uzwe, kuzo zonke i-jolt, igazi
Woza ukugudla amaphaphu aphelile,
Okungahle kunjengomdlavuza, okubabayo njengobuthi
Ngokubi, izilonda ezingelapheki ezilimini ezingenacala, -
Mngane wami, awukwazi ukutshela ngezinga eliphakeme kangaka
Kubantwana abanamandla ngenkazimulo ethile engathandeki,
Ithimba elidala: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
Amazwi kaHorace amanga, ngoba empini impi ibonisa ukuthi, ngenxa yesosha, isenzo sokufela izwe lakhe "akumnandi futhi kufaneleka." Kodwa, omunye angase abuze, Kuthiwani ngempi ngokwazo? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukubulawa nokuqothulwa kwezixuku zabantu kubhekwa njengabahloniphekile?
Okthoba 9. Ngalolu suku ku-1944, iziphakamiso zenhlangano yangemva kwempi ukuze ziphumelele i-League of Nations zithunyelwe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba ukutadisha nokuxoxa. Iziphakamiso zaziwumkhiqizo wabamele baseChina, Great Britain, i-USSR ne-United States, ababesebenze amasonto ayisikhombisa ngaphambi kwalokho eDumbarton Oaks, indlu yangasese eWashington, DC. Inhloso yabo kwakuwukudala uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwenhlangano entsha umzimba womhlaba wonke, owaziwa ngokuthi yiZizwe Ezihlangene, ongathola ukwamukelwa kabanzi futhi nokugcina ngokuthula ukuthula nokuphepha emhlabeni wonke. Ukuze kufezeke lokho, isiphakamiso sichaza ukuthi amalungu alungu abeka amabutho ahlomile ekulahla uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha ohleliwe, okuzothatha izinyathelo ezihlanganyelwe zokuvimbela nokususwa kwezinsongo zokuthula noma izenzo zokuhlukunyezwa kwezempi. Le ndlela yaqhubeka isici esibucayi seNhlangano yeziZwe eyabangela ngo-Okthoba 1945, kodwa irekhodi layo lokuphumelela ekuvimbeleni noma ekupheleni impi liye ladumaza. Inkinga enkulu kuye kwaba amandla okuvota kwamalungu amahlanu ahlala njalo eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha-i-US, iRussia, iBrithani, iChina neFrance-okubenza bakwazi ukulahla noma yikuphi ukuxazulula okubangela ukuba kube nesithakazelo sabo siqu. Empeleni, i-UN imkhawulwe emzamweni wayo wokugcina ukuthula ngendlela ebeka phambili ezithakazelweni zamandla kunezobuntu nobulungiswa. Kungenzeka ukuthi impi izophela kuphela uma izizwe ezinkulu zomhlaba ekugcineni zivuma ukuthi izakhiwo zayo zokuqedwa kanye nezakhiwo zisekelwe lapho isivumelwano singahle senziwe khona.
Okthoba 10. Ngalolu suku ku-1990, intombazane yase-Kuwaiti eneminyaka engu-15 yafakaza ngaphambi kwe- I-Congressional Human Rights Caucus ukuthi, emisebenzini yakhe njengesivolontiya esibhedlela sase-Kuwait al-Adan, wayebonile amabutho ase-Iraq aphuca izingane eziningi ngaphandle kwezingane, ezishiya "ukuba zife phansi ebandayo." Ukulandisa kwale ntombazane kwakuyibhomu. Iphindwe kaningi nguMongameli uGeorge HW Bush ukusiza ukuthola ukwesekwa ngumphakathi kokuhlasela okukhulu kwezindiza okuholwa yi-US okuhlelwe ngoJanuwari 1991 ukuxosha amabutho ase-Iraq eKuwait. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwavezwa ukuthi ufakazi osemncane waseCongressal wayeyindodakazi yenxusa laseKwaiti e-US Ubufakazi bakhe kwakuwumkhiqizo owenziwe wenkampani yase-US PR ucwaningo lwayo olwenzela uhulumeni waseKwaiti lwembula ukuthi ukukhokhisa "isitha" ukuhlukunyezwa kwakuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola ukuxhaswa ngumphakathi ngempi eyayifakazela ukuthengiswa kanzima. Ngemuva kokuxoshwa kwamasosha ase-Iraq eKuwait, uphenyo lwenethiwekhi ye-ABC lapho lwathola ukuthi izingane ezazizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi zashona ngesikhathi kuqhubeka lo msebenzi. Imbangela, nokho, ukuthi odokotela nabahlengikazi abaningi baseKwaiti babebalekile ezikhundleni zabo - hhayi ukuthi amasosha ase-Iraq ayedabule izingane zaseKwaiti kuma-incubator azo azishiya zife esitezi sesibhedlela. Ngaphandle kwalezi zambulo, izinhlolovo zikhombisile ukuthi abantu abaningi baseMelika babheka ukuhlaselwa kuka-1991 amandla e-Iraq "njengempi enhle." Ngasikhathi sinye, babuka ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq kowe-2003, ngoba umqondo osolwayo wayo, "izikhali zokubhujiswa kwabantu abaningi," wabonakala ungamanga. Eqinisweni, zombili izingxabano zifakazela futhi ukuthi yonke impi ingamanga.
NgoMsombuluko wesibili ngo-Okthoba nguColumbus Day, usuku lapho abantu bomdabu baseMelika bathola khona ukuhlukunyezwa kweYurophu. Lolu usuku oluhle okufanele umlando wokutadisha.
Okthoba 11. Ngalolu suku ku-1884, u-Eleanor Roosevelt wazalwa. Njengendoda yokuqala ehamba phambili e-United States kusukela ku-1933 kuya ku-1945, futhi kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe ku-1962, wabeka amandla negunya layo ngenxa yokugqugquzela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kanye namalungelo omphakathi namalungelo abantu. Ngo-1946, uMongameli uHarry Truman waqoka u-Eleanor Roosevelt njengesithunywa sokuqala sase-United States e-United Nations, lapho asebenza khona njengosihlalo wokuqala we-UN Commission on Human Rights. Kuleso sikhundla, waba nesandla ekwakheni nasekwengameni ukubhalwa kwe-UN's 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, idokhumende yena kanye nochwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene yezemfundo abafake isandla kuyo. Ukucatshangelwa okubili okuyisisekelo kokuziphatha kugcizelela izimiso eziyinhloko zedokhumende: isithunzi semvelo sawo wonke umuntu, nokungabandlululi. Ukugcina lezi zimiso, iSimemezelo sinezindatshana ezingama-30 eziqukethe uhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo ahlobene nomphakathi, ezepolitiki, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo namasiko. Yize umqulu ungabophi, ongqondongqondo abaningi abanolwazi babona lokhu kubonakala njengobuthaka njengokuhlanganisa. Ivumela iSimemezelo ukuthi sisebenze njengesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezinyathelo ezintsha zomthetho emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba wamalungelo abantu, futhi sisiza ukukhuthaza ukwamukelwa okucishe kube khona komqondo wamalungelo abantu. U-Eleanor Roosevelt wasebenza kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe ukuthola ukwamukelwa nokuqaliswa kwamalungelo abekwe eSimemezelweni, futhi manje sekuyifa lakhe elihlala njalo. Amagalelo akhe ekubunjweni kwawo akhonjiswa kumthethosisekelo wezizwe eziningi nasenhlanganweni eguqukayo yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, uMongameli uTruman ngo-1952 wamemezela u-Eleanor Roosevelt "njengeNkosikazi Yokuqala Yomhlaba."
Okthoba 12. Ngalolu suku ku-1921, i-League of Nations yafinyelela ekutholeni ukuthula okukhulu kokuqala, ephikisana ne-Upper Silesia. Lolu bekuwusuku lwesibhengezo sezobunhloli sokunqoba amandla obugebengu. Ukuhlanzeka komphakathi kwabusa okungenani isikhashana. Inhlangano eyakhelwe ukwakha amabhuloho obuqotho obunokuthula yangena okokuqala ngempumelelo esigabeni somhlaba I-League of Nations yayiyinhlangano yohulumeni eyasungulwa ngenxa yeNgqungquthela Yokuthula yaseParis. I-League yaqale yasungulwa njengenhlangano egcina ukuthula emhlabeni wonke. Izinhloso eziyinhloko zeLigi zazibandakanya ukuvimbela impi ngokusebenzisa ukuphepha ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokulwa nezikhali, kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano zomhlaba wonke ngokuxoxisana nangokubambisana. Idalwe ngoJanuwari 10, 1920 futhi ikomkhulu layo liseGeneva, eSwitzerland, isenzo sayo sokuqala kwaba ukuqinisa iSivumelwano SaseVersailles, esaqeda ngokusemthethweni iMpi Yezwe I, ngo-1919. Yize impikiswano iqhubeka ngokusebenza kweNhlangano, kodwa impumelelo encane ngawo-1920, futhi yamisa izingxabano, yasindisa izimpilo futhi yakha isisekelo salokho okwakuzogcina kulandele ngo-1945, iZizwe Ezihlangene. Mayelana nempikiswano yaseSilesia yavela ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala futhi kwaba yimpi yomhlaba phakathi kwePoland neGermany. Lapho kungekho kuxega okwakubonakala kusebenza, isinqumo sanikezwa i-League of Nations eyayisafufusa. Isinqumo seNhlangano samukelwa yizinhlangothi zombili ngo-Okthoba ka-1921. Lesi sinqumo nokwamukelwa kwaso kwabeka ingqondo ehlanzekile ngaphezu kwesihluku futhi kwaletha nethemba lokuthi ngolunye usuku izizwe zingathembela enkulumweni nasekuqondeni kunokuphikisana nodlame nokubhujiswa.
Okthoba 13. Ngalolu suku ku-1812, amasosha avela e-New York aphikisana nombuso wenqabe ukuwela uMfula i-Niagara eCanada ukuqinisa amabutho ahlomile namabutho ajwayelekile ekulweni neBrithani eyaziwa ngokuthi iMpi yase-Queenston Heights. Ezinyangeni ezine eMpini ye-1812, impi yalwela ukufeza enye yezinto ezintathu ezihleliwe zaseCanada ezihleliwe ezihlose ukusekela umthamo wokubamba iMontreal naseQuebec. Izinhloso zempi zazibandakanya ukuphela kwezigwebo ekuhwebeni kwe-US neFrance nokuqeda ukucindezeleka kwiBrithani Navy of seamen ezitokisini zase-US, kodwa nokunqotshwa kweCanada nokungezwa kwayo e-United States. I-Battle of Queenston Heights yaqala kahle kumaMelika. Ngaphambi kwamabutho awela uMfula iNiagara esuka edolobhaneni laseNew York eL Lewiston futhi wazimisa esitebeleni esiphezulu ngaphezu kwedolobha lase-Queenston. Ekuqaleni amabutho avikela ngempumelelo isikhundla sabo, kodwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abakwazanga ukuvimbela abaseBritain nabalingani babo baseNdiya ngaphandle kokuqiniswa. Nokho, bambalwa emasosha aseNew York, iqembu elikhulu lamabutho aqinisa amandla eL Lewiston, ayezimisele ukuwela umfula bese ewasiza. Esikhundleni salokho, bakhulume izigaba zomthethosisekelo ababezikholelwa ukuthi zifuna kuphela ukuvikela isimo sabo, hhayi ukusiza i-United States ukuba ihlasele elinye izwe. Ngaphandle kokusekelwa, amasosha asele asele e-Queenston Heights maduzane azungezwe yiBrithani, abaphoqa ukuzinikela kwabo. Kwakuwumphumela mhlawumbe obonisa yonke impi. Ngezindleko zabantu abaningi, behlulekile ukuxazulana izingxabano okungenzeka ukuthi zixazululwe ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo.
Okthoba 14. Ngalolu suku ku-1644, uWilliam Penn wazalelwa eLondon, eNgilandi. Yize wayeyinduna yesikhulu samasosha asolwandle sase-Anglican saseBrithani, uPenn waba ngumQuaker eneminyaka engu-22, wamukela izimiso zokuziphatha ezibandakanya ukubekezelela zonke izinkolo nezinhlanga nokwenqaba ukuphatha izikhali. Ngo-1681, iNkosi uCharles II yaseNgilandi yahlawula imali enkulu kubaba kaPenn oshonile ngokunikeza uWilliam insimu enabile entshonalanga naseningizimu yeNew Jersey, ezobizwa ngePennsylvania. Ukuba ngumbusi wayo wamakoloni ngo-1683, uPenn wasebenzisa uhlelo lwentando yeningi olwalunikeza inkululeko egcwele yezenkolo, luheha amaQuaker nabokufika baseYurophu bazo zonke izinhlangano eziphikisayo. Kusukela ngo-1683 kuya ku-1755, ngokungafani kakhulu namanye amakoloni aseBrithani, abahlali basePennsylvania babegwema ubutha futhi bagcina ubudlelwano obuhle nezizwe zomdabu ngokungathathi umhlaba wabo ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo esifanele nangokungabaxhaphazi ngotshwala. Ukubekezelelana ngokwenkolo nangokobuhlanga empeleni kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu naleli koloni kangangokuba namaNative Tuscaroras aseNorth Carolina ashukumiseleka ukuba athumele izithunywa lapho ecela imvume yokwakha isivumelwano. Ukugwema impi ePennsylvania kwakusho nokuthi yonke imali okungenzeka ukuthi yayisetshenziselwe amasosha, izinqaba, nezikhali yayitholakala esikhundleni sokuthuthukisa leli koloni nokwakha idolobha lasePhiladelphia, okwathi ngo-1776 ladlula iBoston neNew York ngosayizi. Ngenkathi amandla amakhulu osuku elwa nokulawulwa kwezwekazi, iPennsylvania yachuma ngokushesha okukhulu kunanoma imuphi omakhelwane bayo ababekholelwa ukuthi impi iyadingeka ukuze kukhule. Esikhundleni salo, babevuna izithelo zokubekezelelana nokuthula okwakutshalwa nguWilliam Penn cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambili.
Okthoba 15. Ngalolu suku ku-1969, abantu baseMelika ababalelwa ezigidini ezimbili bahlanganyele emibhikisho yomhlaba wonke ngokumelene neVietnam War. Ehlelwe eduze nomsebenzi owodwa ohleliwe wezinsuku zomhlaba wonke, futhi ukhonjiswe ngokuthi "Ukuhlelwa Kokuthula," isenzo sikholwa ukuthi sibonisi esikhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-US. Ngasekupheleni kwe-1969, ukumelana nomphakathi empi kwakhula ngokushesha. Izigidi zaseVietnam kanye namanye amalungu ebutho lase-45,000 ase-US zase zibulewe kakade. Futhi, nakuba-ke uMongameli uNixon wayekhankasele ohlelweni oluthenjisiwe lokuqeda impi, futhi eseqalile ukuhoxiswa kancane kancane kwamabutho ase-US, isigidi isigidi sasilokhu sithunyelwa eVietnam empini eningi ebonakala ingenangqondo noma engcolile. Ekuqaliseni i-Moratorium, izinombolo ezinkulu zamaMelika asezingeni eliphakathi naphakathi nendawo phakathi kwezwe okokuqala ngqa zajoyina abafundi bekolishi kanye nabantu abasha ekuchazeni ukuphikisana nempi eminqemeni, izinkonzo zenkolo, imihlangano yemibuthano kanye nemihlangano. Nakuba amaqembu amancane asekela impi aphinde aveze imibono yabo, i-Moratorium ibaluleke kakhulu ekuboniseni ukuhlukunyezwa komgomo wempi kahulumeni wezigidi zabantu baseMelika uMongameli wayezibonile njengesivumelwano esithi "Isikhulu Sokuthula". Ngale ndlela, umbhikisho wadlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuphathwa kokusebenza kulokho okwafakazela ukukhishwa okwesikhashana empi. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yokufa nokubhujiswa, i-US yaqeda ukubandakanyeka kwayo kwezempi kulo lonke elaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ngokusayina izivumelwano zeParis zokuthula ngoJanuwari 1973. Ukulwa phakathi kwamaVietnam ngokwabo, Nokho, kwaqhubeka kwaze kwafika ngo-Ephreli 1975. USaigon wabe esewela eNyakatho yeVietnam naseView Cong, futhi leli zwe lahlanganiswa ngaphansi kohulumeni bamaKhomanisi eHanoi njengeDemocratic Republic of Vietnam.
Okthoba 16. Lolu suku ku-1934 lubonisa ukuqala kwe-Peace Pledge Union, inhlangano ye-pacifist endala kunazo zonke e-Great Britain. Ukudalwa kwayo kwavunywa yincwadi ku I-Manchester Guardian ibhalwe ngumuntu owaziwayo olwela ukulwa impi, umpristi waseSheshi, nomfundisi wezempi weMpi Yezwe I ogama lakhe linguDick Sheppard. Incwadi ibimema wonke amadoda aseminyakeni yobudala bokulwa ukuthi athumele uSheppard ikhadi lokuposa elisho ukuthi bazibophezele “ekuyekeni impi futhi bangaphinde basekele enye.” Kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbili, kwasabela amadoda angama-2,500 100,000, kwathi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezalandela, kwaqala inhlangano entsha elwa nempi enamalungu ayi-XNUMX. Yaziwa njenge- “The Peace Pledge Union,” ngoba wonke amalungu ayo enza lesi sibambiso: “Impi iyicala elibhekiswe esintwini. Ngiyayishiya impi, ngakho-ke ngizimisele ukungasekeli noma yiluphi uhlobo lwempi. Ngizimisele nangokusebenzela ukususa zonke izimbangela zempi. ” Kusukela yasungulwa, i-Peace Pledge Union isebenze ngokuzimela, noma nezinye izinhlangano zokuthula nezamalungelo abantu, ukuphikisana nempi nokulwa okuyizalisayo. Ngaphezu kwezenzo zokulwa nempi ezingenabudlova, iNyunyana ilandela imikhankaso yezemfundo ezindaweni zokusebenza, emanyuvesi, nasemiphakathini yendawo. Inhloso yabo ukuphonsela inselelo izinhlelo zikahulumeni, imikhuba kanye nezinqubomgomo ezenzelwe ukukholisa umphakathi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ahlomile kungazifeza izinhloso zokusiza futhi kube nomthelela ekuphepheni kwezwe. Ngokwenqaba, i-The Peace Pledge Union yenza icala lokuthi ukuphepha okuhlala njalo kutholakala kuphela lapho amalungelo abantu ephakanyiswa ngesibonelo, hhayi ngenkani; lapho izingxoxo zamazwe zisuselwa ekuvumelaneni; futhi lapho isabelomali sabelwa kabusha ukubhekana nezimbangela zempi nokwakha ukuthula kwesikhathi eside.
Okthoba 17. Kulolu suku ku-1905, uCzar Nicholas II waseRussia, ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kubahlonishwa abahloniphayo nabacebisi bezinga eliphezulu, wakhipha "i-Manifesto ka-Okthoba" eyathembisa ukuguqulwa kwesimangalo ngokuphendula isiteleka sikazwelonke esingekho emthethweni sabasebenzi abayizigidi ezingu-1.7 ezivela kuzo zonke izimboni ubuchwepheshe. Isiteleka sasiqale ngoDisemba 1904, lapho abasebenzi baseSt. Petersburg besakaza isikhalazo esasibiza izinsuku ezincane zokusebenza, izinkokhelo eziphakeme, i-universal suffrage kanye nomhlangano kahulumeni okhethiwe. Ngokushesha leso senzo senze isiteleka sabasebenzi jikelele kulo lonke leli dolobha laseRussia elidweba izikhalazo ze-135,000. NgoJanuwari 9, i-1905, iqembu labasebenzi, elihamba nabaningi abahamba nge-100,000 behlala bethembekile kuCzar, bafuna ukuhambisa isikhalazo ku-Winter Palace yakhe eSt. Petersburg. Esikhundleni salokho, baboshwa izibhamu ezigodini ezihlaselwa ngamatasa, futhi kwabulawa amakhulu amaningana. Ekuhlanganiseni, uNicholas II wamemezela ukwamukelwa komkhandlu omusha wezeluleko kazwelonke. Kodwa isenzo sakhe siphumelele, ikakhulukazi ngoba izisebenzi zefektri zizokhishwa ubulungu. Lokho kwabeka isiteleka esithi "The Great Strike October," eyalimaza izwe. Nakuba kwakunqunywe ngokuphumelelayo yi-Czar's Manifesto ka-Okthoba, eyathembisa umhlangano jikelele okhethiwe nemibandela engcono yokusebenza, abasebenzi abaningi, abakhululekile, abalimi, namaqembu amancane bahlala bengenelisekile ngokujulile. Eminyakeni ezayo, izinguquko zezombangazwe eRussia ngeke zisabonakaliswa ukungabi nabuthakathi. Kungase kuholele ekuhlaselweni kweRussia ye-1917, eyabhidliza umbuso waseCzarist futhi yafaka amandla amaBolshevik abashiqela amandla. Ngemuva kwempi yombango yeminyaka emibili, yayizophela ngombuso wobudlova weqembu lamaKhomanisi nokubulawa koCzar nomndeni wakhe.
Okthoba 18. Ngalolu suku ku-1907, isethi yesibili yemihlangano yaseHague ekhuluma ngokuziphatha kwempi isayinwe kwinkomfa yomhlaba wonke yokuthula eyayiseThe Hague eNetherlands. Ngokulandela isethi yangaphambili yezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokumemezela okuxoxwa kuThe Hague ngo-1899, imihlangano yeHague ye-1907 iphakathi kwezitatimende zokuqala ezisemthethweni eziphathelene nempi kanye nobugebengu bempi emthethweni wezwe wezwe. Umzamo omkhulu kuzo zombili izingqungquthela yilapho kudalwa inkantolo yamazwe omhlaba ngokubambisana okuphoqelelwe ukubopha izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe-umsebenzi obhekwayo okudingekayo ukufaka esikhundleni sesimiso sempi. Leyo mizamo yahluleka, noma ngabe isungulwe isithangami sokuzithandela sokubambisana. ENgqungqutheleni Yesibili YaseHague, umzamo waseBrithani wokuvikela imingcele yezikhali ayiphumelelanga, kodwa imingcele yempi yezempi yayithuthukile. Ngokuvamile, imihlangano yeHague ye-1907 yayingeze ibe yilezo ze-1899, kodwa umhlangano wamandla omhlaba amakhulu wasiza ukugqugquzela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imizamo ye-20th ekusebenzisaneni ngamazwe. Kulezi zinto, okuphawuleka kakhulu kwakuyi-Kellogg-Briand Pact ye-1928, lapho i-62 isayina ithembisa ukuthi ngeke isebenzise impi ukuxazulula "izingxabano noma ukuphikisana kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo noma ngabe yimuphi umsuka ..." Inhloso kaPentamento yokuqeda unomphela impi isabalulekile , hhayi kuphela ngoba impi iyingozi, kodwa ngoba umphakathi ozimisele ukusebenzisa impi ngenzuzo kufanele uhlale ulungiselela ukuphuma phambili. Lokho okubalulekile kubangela ukucabangela kwempi okuguqula ukuziphatha okubaluleke kakhulu. Esikhundleni sokuchitha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo nokusiza ukuphulukisa imvelo, umphakathi ubeka imali enkulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni nokuhlola izikhali eziphumelelayo, okulimaza kakhulu imvelo.
Okthoba 19. Ngalolu suku ku-1960, uMartin Luther King Jr. waboshwa kanye nababonisi be-51 abafundi ngesikhathi sokulwa nokuhlukana behlala e-"Magnolia Room," igumbi letiyi le-chic eMnyangweni Wezitolo Ezicebile e-Atlanta, eGeorgia. I-sit-in ingomunye wabaningi e-Atlanta eyayiphefumulelwe i-black-college yase-Atlanta Student Movement, kodwa i-Magnolia Room yayisiza ekuboniseni imbangela yokuhlanganiswa. Kwakuyiziko lase-Atlanta, kodwa futhi liyingxenye yeSikhumbuzo se-Jim Crow saseNingizimu. AbaseMelika baseMelika bangathengisa kuRich, kepha bebengakwazi ukuzama izingubo noma bathathe itafula eMagnolia Room. Lapho ababonisi benza lokho nje, baboshwa ngokuphula umthetho okhona owafuna bonke abantu ukuba bashiye impahla yangasese uma bebuzwa. Labo ababoshiwe bonke baboshwa ngesibopho noma bebekwa icala, ngaphandle kukaMartin Luther King. Ubhekene nesigwebo seminyaka emine ekamu likahulumeni laseGeorgia lokushayela e-state ngokuphula umthetho "wokulwa nesiphambeko" owenziwe ngokuqondile ukuze kutholakale ukuhlala kwama-counter-counter. Ukungenela kukaMengameli uJohn Kennedy kuholele ngokushesha ekukhululweni kukaKhongolose, kodwa kungathatha cishe unyaka wezintatheli kanye nokuphikisana kukaKu Klux Klan kulo lonke elase-Atlanta ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa kwebhizinisi kwaphoqelela ukuba idolobha lihlanganiswe. Ukulingana okuphelele kobuhlanga e-United States kwakusadingeka kufinyelelwe ngisho nangemva kwekhulu leminyaka. Kodwa, ngesikhathi ekhuluma nge-Atlanta Student Movement, uLonnie King, owayengumsunguli wezinyunyana kanye noMbonisi weMamelodi Room, wabonisa ithemba. Waqhubeka ethola ithemba lokufinyelela ukulingana ngokobuhlanga emiphakathini ye-campus yenhlangano yabafundi. Uthi: "Imfundo, ihlale ibe umthambo wokuthuthuka, ngokuqinisekile eNingizimu."
October 20. Ngalolu suku ku-1917, u-Alice Paul waqala isigwebo sezinyanga eziyisikhombisa ejele ngenxa yokungaboni ngenkani ukuphikisana ne-suffrage. Wazalwa ngo-1885 esigodini samaQuaker, uPaul wangena eSwarthmore ngo-1901. Waqhubekela eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania efunda ezomnotho, isayensi yezepolitiki kanye nezenhlalo. Uhambo oluya eNgilandi lwaqinisekisa inkolelo yakhe yokuthi ukunyakaza kwe-suffrage kokubili ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kwakuwukungabi nabulungisa okuphawuleka kakhulu kwezenhlalo okungakhulunywa nakho. Ngenkathi ethola amadigri amathathu emthethweni, uPaul wanikela ngempilo yakhe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abesifazane bavunyelwe izwi futhi baphathwa njengezakhamizi ezilinganayo. Imashi yakhe yokuqala ehlelekile eWashington, DC, yenzeka ngosuku lokuvulwa kukaWoodrow Wilson ngo-1913. Ukunyakaza kwe-suffrage ekuqaleni bekunganakwa, kepha kwaholela eminyakeni emine yokunxenxa okungenabudlova, ukufaka isicelo, ukukhankasela nokwandisa amamashi. Njengoba iWWI yayisondela, uPaul wafuna ukuthi ngaphambi kokusatshalaliswa kwentando yeningi phesheya, uhulumeni wase-US kufanele ayikhulume ekhaya. Yena nabalandeli bakhe abayishumi nambili, i- "Silent Sentinels," baqala ukuphikisana eWhite House Gates ngoJanuwari ka-1917. Abesifazane babehlaselwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngabesilisa, ikakhulukazi abasekeli bezempi, ekugcineni baboshwa, baboshwa. Yize impi yayisematheni, elinye igama lokuphathwa okunzima okwakhonjiswa inhlangano ye-suffrage lathola ukwesekwa okwandayo enqubeni yabo. Abaningi ababetelekele ukulamba ejele babephoqwa ukuthi bondliwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinesihluku; kanti uPaul wayegcinwe egumbini labagula ngengqondo ejele. Ekugcineni uWilson wavuma ukusekela abesifazane besifazane, futhi wonke amacala ahoxiswa. UPaul uqhubeke nokulwela i-Civil Rights Act, bese kuba yi-Equal Rights Amendment, ebeka izibonelo empilweni yakhe yonke ngokubhikisha okunokuthula.
Okthoba 21. Ngalolu suku ngo-1837, i-US Army yaphenduka impi empini yayo namaNdiya aseSominole ngokusebenzisa ukuphindaphindiwe. Lo mcimbi wabangelwa ukumelana kwe-Seminoles kuya eMthethweni Wokususwa kwama-Indian we-1830, owanika igunya likahulumeni wase-US ukuvula umhlaba kubahlali abamhlophe ngokususa izizwe ezinhlanu zaseMpumalanga ngasempumalanga yeMississippi ukuya eNdawo YaseNdiya e-Arkansas nase-Oklahoma. Lapho ama-Seminoles ephikisa, i-US Army yaya empini ukuzama ukuyisusa ngokuqinile. Kodwa-ke, empini enkulu kakhulu ngoDisemba 1835, kuphela ama-250 Seminole fighters, eholwa yiqhawe elidumile u-Osceola, elihlukunyeze ikholomu lama-750 US amasosha. Ukuphumelela lokho kanye nokuphumelela okuqhubekayo kuka-Osceola kwabangela enye yezenzo ezihlazo kakhulu emlandweni wezempi wase-US. Ngo-Okthoba 1837, amabutho ase-US athatha u-Osceola no-81 wabalandeli bakhe, futhi, ekhuluma ngezinkulumo zokuthula, wabahola ngaphansi kwefulegi elimhlophe elibhekene nenqaba eduze kwaseSt. Augustine. Nokho, lapho efika khona, u-Osceola wayiswa ejele. Ngaphandle komholi wawo, iningi lamaSominole Nation lase lihanjiswe eNtshonalanga yeNdiya ngaphambi kokuba impi iphele ngo-1842. Kwakungakaze kube yi-1934, ngokusungulwa koMthetho Wokuhlelwa kabusha KwamaNdiya, ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ekugcineni waphindela emuva ekusebenziseni izinhloso zabamhlophe abamnyama basezweni laseNdiya. UMthetho Wokuhlelwa kabusha, osebenzayo, uqukethe izinhlinzeko ezingabasiza abaseMelika baseMelika ukuba bakhe ukuphila okuphephile nakakhulu ngenkathi begcina amasiko abo. Kusadingeka kubonakale, noma ngabe uhulumeni uzohlinzeka ukusekelwa okudingekayo ukusiza ukwenza lowo mbono ube ngokoqobo.
Okthoba 22. Ngalolu suku ku-1962, uMongameli uJohn Kennedy umemezele enkulumweni yethelevishini kubantu base-US ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US uqinisekisile ukuba khona kwama-Soviet missile base baseCuba. UNdunankulu waseSoviet uNikita Khrushchev wayesenikeze ithuba lokufaka imicibisholo yenuzi eCuba ehlobo lika-1962, zombili ukuvikela umlingani wamasu ekuhlaselweni okungenzeka yi-US kanye nokulinganisa ubukhulu be-US ngezikhali zenuzi ezinde neziphakathi eziseYurophu . Ngokuqinisekiswa kwezisekelo zemicibisholo, uKennedy wafuna ukuthi abaseSoviet babaqede futhi bathumele zonke izikhali zabo eCuba emuva ekhaya. Ubuye wayalela ukuvinjelwa kwamasosha asolwandle eCuba ukuvimbela ukulethwa kwanoma iyiphi enye imishini yamasosha ehlaselayo. Ngo-Okthoba 26, i-US yathatha esinye isinyathelo sokukhuphula ukuzilungiselela kwamasosha ayo aye ezingeni elikwazi ukuxhasa impi yenuzi. Ngenhlanhla, ukuxazululwa okunokuthula kwatholakala ngokushesha – ikakhulu ngoba imizamo yokuthola indlela yayigxile ngqo eWhite House naseKremlin. Ummeli Jikelele uRobert Kennedy unxuse uMongameli ukuthi aphendule ezincwadini ezimbili uNdunankulu waseSoviet asezithumele eWhite House. Owokuqala unikele ngokususa izisekelo zemicibisholo ukuze athole isithembiso sabaholi baseMelika sokungayihlaseli iCuba. Owesibili unikele ngokwenza okufanayo uma i-US nayo ivumile ukususa ukufakwa kwayo kwemicibisholo eTurkey. Ngokusemthethweni, i-US yamukele imigomo yomyalezo wokuqala yavele yangawunaki owesibili. Kodwa ngasese, uKennedy uvumile ukuthi kamuva ahoxise izisekelo zemicibisholo yaseMelika eTurkey, okuyisinqumo esayiqeda ngempumelelo iCrisis Missile Crisis ngo-Okthoba 28.
Okthoba 23. Kulolu suku ku-2001, isinyathelo esikhulu sithathwe ukuxazulula impi yezingxabano ezingenakunyakazeka emlandweni wesimanje. Ukuqala ku-1968, abaholi bamaRoma Katolika abakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi ababumbene bamaProthestani eNyakatho Ireland benza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 yobudlova obunamandla obubizwa ngokuthi "Izinkinga." Abazweli bafuna isifundazwe saseBrithani ukuba yingxenye yeRiphabhlikhi yase-Ireland, kuyilapho izinyunyana wayefuna ukuhlala e-United Kingdom. Ku-1998, isivumelwano seLwesihlanu Esihle sanikeze uhlaka lwesakhiwo sezombusazwe esisekelwe ohlelweni lokwabelana ngamandla phakathi kwamaqembu ahambisana nezinhlangothi ezimbili. Lesi sivumelwano sasihlanganisa uhlelo lwe "devolution" -ukudluliselwa kwamaphoyisa, ukugwetshwa, nokunye amandla kusuka eLondon kuya eBelfast-futhi ukucaciswa ukuthi amaqembu e-paramilitary ahambisana nezinhlangothi zombili ngokushesha aqale inqubo yokwehliswa kwezikhali ngokuphelele. Ekuqaleni, i-Irish Republican Army ehlomile (i-IRA) yayingeke ifune ukuhlukanisa izimpahla ezazisusa isizwe. Kodwa, ekukhuthazeni igatsha layo lezombusazwe, uSinn Fein, futhi ekuqapheliseni ukungabi nalutho kokungahambisani kwayo, inhlangano eyamemezela ngo-Okthoba 23, i-2001 ukuthi izoqala ukudilizwa okungenakugwetshwa kwazo zonke izikhali. Kwaze kwaphela ngo-September 2005 ukuthi i-IRA yayithathile izikhali zayo zokugcina, futhi kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2007, ukuqhudlulwa kwezingxabano kwezombusazwe kwaphoqeleka eLondon ukuba ibuyele umthetho oqondile eNyakatho Ireland. Kodwa, yi-2010 izingxenye eziningi zezombangazwe eNyakatho ye-Ireland zazibusa ngokuthula ndawonye. Ngokungangabazeki, isici esibalulekile kulowo mphumela kwakuyisinqumo se-IRA sokulahla imizamo yaso yokuqhubela phambili imbangela yeRiphabhulikhi yaseJalimane ehlangene ngokusebenzisa ubudlova.
Okthoba 24. Ngalolu suku, uSuku lweZizwe Ezihlangene lubhekwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni jikelele, okubeka umkhosi wokugubha usuku olusemthethweni lwe-UN olusekelwe ku-1945. Usuku lunikeza ithuba lokugubha ukusekelwa kwe-UN yokuthula emhlabeni wonke, amalungelo abantu, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, kanye nentando yeningi. Singahle sishaye indiva izinto eziningi ezifeziwe, okufaka ukulondoloza izimpilo zezigidi zezingane, ukuvikela ubunqamu bomhlaba we-ozone, ukusiza ekuqedeni isikhukhumba, nokubeka isiteleka se-1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokho, abaningi ababukeli be-UN babonise ukuthi isakhiwo samanje se-UN, esakhiwa ikakhulukazi sabameleli besigungu esiphezulu sezwe ngalinye, asikwazi ukuphendula ngokuphumelelayo ngezinkinga eziba inselelo esheshayo kubantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke bacela ukudala umhlangano wephalamende ozimele ozimele we-UN, oqokelwe ikakhulukazi wabamele abavela emihlanganweni yesifundazwe noma yesifundazwe ekhona. Umzimba omusha ungasiza ekuhlangabezaneni nezinselelo ezinjalo ezikhulayo njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungavikeleka kokudla, nobuphekula, kanti nokugqugquzela ukubambisana kwezombangazwe nezomnotho nokugqugquzela intando yeningi, amalungelo abantu kanye nokubusa komthetho. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2015, isikhalazo samazwe ngamazwe sokusungulwa komhlangano wePhalamende we-UN sasisayinwe yi-1,400 ehlezi kanye namalungu angaphalamende avela emazweni angama-100. Ngomhlangano onjalo, abameleli abaphendula ngokubambisana nabo, kanye nabangaphandle kukahulumeni, bazohlinzeka ngokubheka izinqumo zomhlaba jikelele; isebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwezakhamizi zomhlaba, umphakathi kanye ne-UN; futhi inikeze izwi elikhulu kubantu abancane, abasha kanye nabantu bomdabu. Umphumela uzoba yi-UN ehlanganisiwe, enekhono eliphakeme lokuhlangabezana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke.
Okthoba 25. Ngalolu suku ku-1983, amandla e-2,000 US marines ahlasela i-Grenada, isizwe esincane sesiqhingi saseCaribbean enyakatho yeVenezuela esinabantu abangaphansi kuka-100,000. Ekuvikeleni lesi senzo esidlangalaleni, uMongameli uRonald Reagan ubalule usongo olwenziwe umbuso omusha kaMarxist waseGrenada ekuphepheni kwabantu abangaba yinkulungwane baseMelika abahlala kulesi siqhingi – iningi labo kungabafundi esikoleni salo sobudokotela. Kuze kube ngaphansi kwesonto ngaphambi kwalokho, iGrenada ibiphethwe ngu-Maurice Bishop owayengakwesobunxele, owayethathe izintambo zombuso ngo-1979 wase eqala ukwakha ubudlelwano obusondelene neCuba. Ngo-Okthoba 19, nokho, omunye uMarxist, uBernard Coard, wayalela ukuthi kubulawe uMbhishobhi futhi waphatha uhulumeni. Lapho amasosha ahlaselayo ebhekene nokuphikiswa okungalindelekile kwamabutho ahlomile aseGrenadia nonjiniyela bezempi baseCuba, uReagan wayala amanye amasosha aseMelika angaba ngu-4,000 500. Esikhathini esingaphezudlwana kwesonto, uhulumeni wakwaCoard waketulwa futhi kwafakwa omunye owamukeleka e-United States. Kwabaningi baseMelika, nokho, lowo mphumela ubungeke uthethelele izindleko ngamadola nangezimpi zenye impi yase-US ukufeza inhloso yezepolitiki. Abanye bebazi nokuthi, ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokuhlasela, uMnyango Wezwe wase-US ubusivele wazi ukuthi abafundi bezokwelapha eGranada bebengekho engozini. Abazali babafundi abangama-XNUMX empeleni babeshayele ucingo uMongameli Reagan ukuthi angahlaseli, ngemuva kokuzwa ukuthi izingane zabo zikhululekile ukushiya iGranada noma nini lapho zifuna. Kodwa-ke, njengohulumeni base-US ngaphambi nangemva kwalokho, abaphathi beReagan bakhetha impi. Lapho impi isiphelile, uReagan wathatha udumo ngokuthi "ukubuyiselwa emuva" kokuqala kwethonya lamakhomanisi kusukela ekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
Okthoba 26. Ngalolu suku ku-1905, iNorway inqobile ukuzimela kwayo kusuka eSweden ngaphandle kokungena e-war. Kusukela ngo-1814, iNorway yayiphoqelelwe ukuba ibe “yinyunyana yomuntu siqu” neSweden, umphumela wokuhlasela kweSweden okunqobayo. Lokhu bekusho ukuthi izwe belingaphansi kwegunya lenkosi yaseSweden, kepha ligcina umthethosisekelo walo kanye nesimo salo sezomthetho njengombuso ozimele. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, noma kunjalo, izintshisekelo zaseNorway naseSweden zakhula zahluka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba zazibandakanya ukuhweba kwamanye amazwe nezinqubomgomo zasekhaya ezikhululekile zaseNorway. Kwavela umoya wobuzwe oqinile, kwathi, ngo-1905, kwaqhutshwa inhlolovo yenkululeko yezwe lonke ngabantu abangaphezu kwama-99% abantu baseNorway. NgoJuni 7, 1905, iphalamende laseNorway lamemezela ukuthi ubumbano lweNorway neSweden luhlakazekile, okwabangela ukwesaba okusabalele ukuthi impi phakathi kwala mazwe womabili izophinde iqale. Esikhundleni salokho, izithunywa zaseNorway nezaseSweden zahlangana ngo-Agasti 31 ukuxoxisana ngemibandela yokwehlukaniswa eyamukelekayo. Yize osopolitiki abadumile baseSweden babethanda indlela elukhuni, inkosi yaseSweden yamelana ngokuqinile nokubeka enye impi eNorway engcupheni. Isizathu esikhulu kwaba ukuthi imiphumela yenhlolovo yaseNorway yayiqinisekise imibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu ukuthi inhlangano yeNorway yokuzimela yayingeyangempela. Lokho kudale ukuthi inkosi yesabe ukuthi iSweden ingahlukaniswa ngokuyicindezela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, alikho izwe ebelifuna ukukhulisa inzondo kwelinye. Ngo-Okthoba 26, 1905, inkosi yaseSweden yalahla isimangalo sayo kanye nezinye zezizukulwane zayo esihlalweni sobukhosi saseNorway. Yize iNorway yaqhubeka ingumbuso wobukhosi ePhalamende ngokuqoka inkosana yaseDenmark ukuba ivale lesi sikhala, ngaleyo ndlela, ngokunyakaza kwabantu abangenalo igazi, kwaba yisizwe esizimele ngokuphelele okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngekhulu le-14.
Okthoba 27. Ngalolu suku ku-1941, amasonto ayisithupha ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan ePearl Harbor, uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt unikeze inkulumo yomsakazo kazwelonke we-"Navy Day" lapho athi ngamabhomu angamaJalimane angenawo ngaphandle kokuthukuthela aqalise ama-torpedoes emotweni yempi yase-United States e-Atlantic esentshonalanga. Empeleni, imikhumbi yase-US ibikade isiza izindiza zaseBrithani ukulandelela imikhumbi-ngwenya, ngaleyo ndlela yeqa umthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuzizuzisa komuntu siqu kanye nezwe, isisusa sangempela sikaMongameli sokulinganisa izimangalo zakhe kwakuwukugqugquzela ubutha bomphakathi ngaseJalimane okwakungaphoqa uHitler ukuthi amemezele impi ne-US Roosevelt uqobo lwakhe wayemanqikanqika ukumemezela impi ngeJalimane, njengomphakathi wase-US. Kubonakala sengathi babengenaso isifiso sayo. UMongameli, nokho, wayephethe i-ace emkhonweni. I-US ingaya empini nozakwabo waseJalimane, iJapan, bese ngaleyo ndlela isungula isisekelo sokungena empini eYurophu. Icebo kungaba ukuphoqa iJapan ukuthi iqale impi umphakathi wase-US ubungeke uyishaye indiva. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1940, i-US yathatha izinyathelo ezibandakanya ukugcina imikhumbi yasolwandle yase-US eHawaii, igcizelela ukuthi amaDashi enqaba ukuthatha uwoyela waseJapan, nokujoyina iGreat Britain ngokuvimba konke ukuhweba neJapan. Ngokungenakugwenywa, esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka, ngoDisemba 7, 1941, iPearl Harbor yaqhunyiswa ngebhomu. Njengazo zonke izimpi, iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba yayisuselwa emangeni. Kodwa-ke, emashumini eminyaka kamuva, yaziwa njenge- “The Good War” - lapho intando enhle yase-US yanqoba khona amandla e-Axis. Leyo nganekwane ibusa izingqondo zomphakathi wase-US kusukela lapho futhi iqiniswa njalo ngoDisemba 7 emikhosini ezweni lonke.
October 28. Lolu suku ku-1466 lubonisa ukuzalwa kuka-Desiderius Erasmus, a Isizwe esingumKristu waseDutch sibhekwa kabanzi njengesazi esikhulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Renaissance. Ku-1517, u-Erasmus wabhala incwadi mayelana nokubi kwempi eqhubeka nokuhambisana nanamuhla. Okuyinhloko Isikhalazo Sokuthula, le ncwadi ikhuluma ngezwi lokuqala lomuntu othi "Ukuthula," umlingiswa obizwa ngokuthi ngowesifazane. Ukuthula kwenza ukuthi, nakuba enikezela "umthombo wazo zonke izibusiso zomuntu," uhlambalazwa ngabantu "abahamba ngokufuna izinto ezimbi ezingenakubalwa ngenombolo." Amaqembu anjengezikhulu, izifundiswa, abaholi benkolo, ngisho nabantu abavamile abonakala engaboni ukuthi ingozi ingabangela yini. Abantu abanamandla baye badala isimo sezulu lapho ukukhulunyelwa khona ukuthethelelwa kobuKristu kubhekwa njengabantu abahlubukayo, kuyilapho ukugqugquzela impi kubonisa ubuqotho esizweni futhi kuzinikele enjabulweni yayo. Abantu kufanele bangamnaki uNkulunkulu ophindiselelayo weTestamentamente Elidala, ukuthula kukhulume, futhi babonise umusa kaNkulunkulu kaJesu onokuthula. Kungukuthi uNkulunkulu oqonda kahle izimbangela zempi ekuphishekeleni amandla, inkazimulo, nokuphindisela, nesisekelo sokuthula othandweni nokuthethelelwa. "Ukuthula" ekugcineni kuphakamisa ukuthi amakhosi athumele izikhalazo zabo ezihlakaniphile nokungakhethi. Ngisho noma ohlangothini olulodwa lubheka ukwahlulelwa kwabo ngendlela engalungile, ngeke lube nokuhlupheka okukhulu kakhulu okubangelwa impi. Kumele kugcinwe engqondweni ukuthi izimpi ezilwa ngesikhathi sika-Erasmus zazivame ukuzibulala futhi zibulale kuphela labo abalwa nabo. Ngakho-ke ukugxekwa kwakhe kwempi kuthwala isisindo esikhulu nakakhulu esikhathini sethu samanje enyukliya, lapho impi ingase ibeke ingozi yokuphelisa ukuphila emhlabeni wethu.
Okthoba 29. Ngalolu suku ku-1983, ngaphezu kwe-1,000 abesifazane baseBrithani banquma izingxenye zocingo ezizungeze i-airfield Common Air ngaphandle kwaseNewbury, eNgilandi. Njengoba bagqoke njengabalobi, bephethwe "nabakhandi bomnyama" (ikhodi yabakwa-bolt cutters), labesifazane bahlezi "imibhikisho ye-Halloween Party" ngokumelene ne-NATO plan yokuguqula ibhanoyi libe yindawo yezempi ye-96 Tomahawk emisekelweni engaphansi komhlaba eyasungulwa. Imikhosi ngokwayo yayihlelelwe ukufika ngenyanga elandelayo. Ngokunciphisa izingxenye zocingo lomoya, abesifazane besho ukufanekisela isidingo sabo sokuphula "iWall Wall" esabenza bangabonakali ukukhathazeka kwabo ngezikhali zenuzi emagunyeni nabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwesisekelo. "I-Halloween Party," kodwa-ke, yayingomunye uchungechunge lwezimbhikisho ezilwa nenyakatho ezenziwa ngabesifazane baseBrithani eGreenham Common. Babeseqalile ukuhamba kwabo ngo-Agasti 1981, lapho iqembu labesifazane be-44 behamba ngama-100 miles ukuya eGreenham ukusuka eCardiff City Hall eWales. Lapho befika, abane babo baboshiwe ngaphandle kocingo lwezindiza. Ngemuva kokuba umlawuli wamabutho ase-United States athole incwadi ephikisana nokuthunyelwa kwemishini, wacela labo besifazane ukuba bahlele ikamu ngaphandle kwesisekelo. Ngokuzithandela benza kanjalo, ngezinombolo eziguqukayo, eminyakeni elandelayo ye-12, imicimbi yokuphikisana emidlalweni eyenza abaxhasi be-70,000. Ukulandela izivumelwano zokuqala zokubambisana kwe-US-Soviet ezisayinwe ku-1987, abesifazane kancane kancane baqala ukuhamba. Umkhankaso wabo waphela ngokusemthethweni ku-1993, ngemuva kokususwa kwemicibisholo yokugcina evela eGreenham e-1991, nombhikisho oneminyaka emibili oqhubekayo ngokumelene nezinye izikhali zezikhali zenuzi. Isizinda saseGreenham ngokwaso sasihlukaniswa ngonyaka we-2000.
Okthoba 30. Ngalolu suku ku-1943, okuthiwa i-Four Power Declaration yasayinwa yi-United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, ne-China emhlanganweni owawuseMoscow. Isimemezelo ngokusemthethweni sisungule uhlaka lwamandla amane oluzothinta ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuhleleka komhlaba wonke kwangemva kwempi. Yabophezela amazwe amane ahlangene eMpini Yezwe II ukuthi aqhubeke nokulwa namandla e-Axis kuze kube yilapho wonke amabutho ezitha esekwamukele ukuzinikela okungenamibandela. Isimemezelo siphinde sancoma ukusungulwa kokuqala kwenhlangano yamazwe athanda ukuthula ezosebenzisana ngokulingana ukugcina ukuthula nokuphepha komhlaba wonke. Yize lo mbono ukhuthaze ukusungulwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene eminyakeni emibili kamuva, isimemezelo samandla amane sakhombisa nokuthi ukukhathazeka ngokuzithokozisa kukazwelonke kungaphazamisa kanjani ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba futhi kubukele phansi imizamo yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwempi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli wase-United States uRoosevelt utshele uNdunankulu waseBrithani uChurchill ngasese ukuthi lesi Simemezelo “ngeke neze sibandlulule izinqumo zokugcina maqondana nokuhleleka komhlaba.” Isimemezelo futhi asishiyanga noma iyiphi ingxoxo yombutho wokugcina ukuthula wamazwe omhlaba wangemva kwempi, ingasaphathwa eyomsebenzi wokugcina ukuthula ongahlomile ongahlomile. Futhi iZizwe Ezihlangene zenziwa ngokucophelela ngamandla akhethekile, kufaka phakathi i-veto, yezizwe ezimbalwa kuphela. Isimemezelo Samandla Amane besimele ukusuka ethembeni kusuka empini eyethusayo ngokuqhubekisela phambili umbono womphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ophethwe ukuhloniphana nokubambisana. Kepha futhi iveze ukuthi ukucabanga kwemibuso yomhlaba kusadingeka ukuvela kude kangakanani ukuletha umphakathi onjalo kanye world beyond war.
Okthoba 31. Ngalolu suku ku-2014, UNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe Ezihlangene Ban Ki-moon wabeka iphaneli elizimele elizimeleyo ukukhiqiza umbiko ohlola isimo sezokuthula kwe-UN futhi ukhuthaze izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze kusize ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zabantu bakuleli zwe. NgoJuni 2015, iphaneli le-16 lidlulisele umbiko walo kuNobhala-Jikelele, olandela ukutadisha ngokucophelela, awutlulisela kuMkhandlu WezokuGcina kanye noMnyango WezokuPhepha ukuze ucatshangelwe futhi ulandelwe. Ngokucacile, lo mbhalo unikeza izincomo ngokuthi imisebenzi yokuthula ingasisiza kanjani "ukusekela kangcono umsebenzi we- [UN] wokuvimbela ukungezwani, ukufeza izindawo zokuhlala ezombusazwe eziqinile, ukuvikela abantu, nokusekela ukuthula." Esihlokweni esithi "Okushicilelwe Okubaluleke Kokusebenza Kwezokuthula," Umbiko uthi "Umsebenzi weZizwe Ezihlangene nabanye abadlali bamazwe ngamazwe ukugxila ekuqapheliseni amazwe, ukusekela kanye nezinsiza ekusekeleni abadlali bezwe ukuba benze izinqumo ezinesibindi ezidingekayo ukubuyisela ukuthula, ukubhekana nezinkinga zokushayisana kwezimpikiswano, nokuhlangabezana nesithakazelo esisemthethweni inani labantu, hhayi nje elite elincane kuphela. "Umbhalo ohambisana nawo uxwayisa, Nokho, ukuthi lo msebenzi ungasetshenziselwa ngempumelelo kuphela uma kubonakala ukuthi ukuthula okuhlala njalo akukwazi ukufezwa noma ukugcinwa ukubandakanya ezempi kanye nobuchwepheshe. Esikhundleni salokho, "ukubaluleka kwezombusazwe" kumele kube uphawu oluzo zonke izindlela zokuxazululana izingxabano, ukwenza ukuxazululwa, ukuqapha ukuyeka, ukusiza ukuqaliswa kwezivumelwano zokuthula, ukulawula izingxabano ezidlova, nokuphishekela imizamo yesikhathi eside ekugcineni ukuthula. Uma kuphawulwe ngokucophelela ezweni langempela, izincomo ezinikezwe umbiko we-2015 UN on Peace Operations zingase ziveze izizwe zomhlaba ukuthi zisondele kakhulu ekumukeleni ukuxazululwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, esikhundleni samabutho ahlomile, njengendlela evamile yokuxazulula izingxabano.
Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.
Thenga okubhaliwe, noma PDF.
Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.
Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.
Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.
Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.
Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.
Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.
Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.
