January

January 1
January 2
January 3
January 4
January 5
January 6
January 7
January 8
January 9
January 10
January 11
January 12
January 13
January 14
January 15
January 16
January 17
January 18
January 19
January 20
January 21
January 22
January 23
January 24
January 25
January 26
January 27
January 28
January 29
January 30
January 31

Januwari 1. Lolu wusuku lonyaka omusha kanye nosuku lokuthula emhlabeni. Namuhla kuqala okunye ukuqhutshwa kwekhalenda likaGregory, elenziwa uPapa Gregory XIII ngo-1582 futhi namuhla yikhalenda lomphakathi elisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Namuhla kuqala inyanga kaJanuwari, eqanjwe ngoJanus, unkulunkulu wamasango nobuso obukabili, noma uJuno, iNdlovukazi yonkulunkulu, indodakazi kaSaturn, futhi bobabili unkosikazi nodadewabo kaJupiter. UJuno yinguqulo efana nempi kankulunkulukazi wamaGrikhi uHera. Ngo-1967 iSonto LamaKatolika lamemezela uJanuwari 1 njengoSuku Lokuthula Lomhlaba Wonke. Abaningi abangewona amaKatolika nabo bathatha leli thuba ukugubha, ukweluleka, ukufundisa nokuphazamisa ukuthula. Ngokwesiko elibanzi lezinqumo zikaNcibijane, opapa bavame ukusebenzisa uSuku Lokuthula Lomhlaba wonke ukwenza izinkulumo nokushicilela izitatimende ezisekela ukuhambisa umhlaba ekuthuleni, kanye nokunxenxa ezinye izizathu ezifanele. Usuku Lomhlaba Lokuthula ngoJanuwari 1 akufanele ludidaniswe ne-International Day of Peace, eyasungulwa yi-United Nations ngo-1982 futhi yagubha unyaka nonyaka ngo-Septhemba 21. Lesi sakamuva saziwa kangcono, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi asiqalanga inkolo eyodwa, yize igama elithi “International” egameni lalo laba ubuthakathaka kulabo abakholwa ukuthi izizwe ziyisithiyo sokuthula. Usuku Lomhlaba Lokuthula alufani ne-Peace Sunday efika eNgilandi naseWales ngeSonto eliwela phakathi kukaJanuwari 14 no-20. Noma kuphi nanoma ubani emhlabeni, singakhetha ukuxazulula namuhla ukusebenzela ukuthula.

Januwari 2. Ngalolu suku ku-1905, iNkomfa Yezimboni Zezimboni e-Chicago yakha ama-Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), eyaziwa ngokuthi iWobblies, umzamo wokuhlanganisa wonke ukwakha inyunyana enkulu yabasebenzi nabo bonke abasebenzi emhlabeni wonke. AbakwaWobblies bahlanganyele amalungelo abasebenzi, amalungelo omphakathi, ubulungiswa kwezenhlalo nokuthula. Umbono wabo ukhunjulwa ezingomeni abazikhiqizile nabaziculayo. Elinye lalibizwa ngokuthi ngamaKristu eMpini futhi lalinamazwi athi: “Phambili masosha angamaKristu! Indlela yeduty icacile; Bulala omakhelwane bakho abangamaKristu, noma ngabo babulawe. Abahlukumezi bakhipha i-swill ye-effervescent, uNkulunkulu ngaphezulu ukubiza ukuthi ubambe inkunzi, nokudlwengula, nokubulala. Zonke izenzo zakho zingcwelisiwe yiWundlu eliphezulu; Uma uwuthanda uMoya oNgcwele, hamba ubulale, uthandaze, futhi ufe. Phambili masosha angamaKrestu! Dabula udabuke ushaye! Vumela uJesu omnene abusise i-dynamite yakho. Amakhanda ama-Splinter ane-shrapnel, faka isoyi; abantu abangakhulumi ulimi lwakho bafanelwe isiqalekiso sikaNkulunkulu. Shaya iminyango yawo wonke amakhaya, izintombi ezinhle ziyabamba; sebenzisa amandla akho nelungelo elingcwele ukubaphatha ngendlela othanda ngayo. Phambili masosha angamaKrestu! Blighting konke ohlangana; Nyathela inkululeko yabantu ngaphansi kwezinyawo ezingcwele. Dumisani iNkosi isibonakaliso sayo sedola esiphinda umjaho waso owuthandayo! Yenza udoti wamanye amazwe uhloniphe uhlobo lomusa wakho we-bullion. Thembela ekusindisweni mbumbulu, khonza njengamathuluzi omashiqela; Umlando uzothi ngawe: 'Lelo phakethe lezilima eziqalekiswe unkulunkulu!' ”Esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka kusukela leli culo labhalwa, ukuqonda ukubhuqa sekufiphele kancane, futhi-ke akusekho maKrestu abamba iqhaza ezimpini.

Januwari 3. Kulolu suku ku-1967, uJack Ruby, umbulali osolwa ngokubulala uMengameli uJohn F. Kennedy, u-Lee Harvey Oswald, ushone ejele laseTexas. URuby ulahlwe yicala lokubulala u-Oswald ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili kudutshulwe uKennedy ngesikhathi u-Oswald esesitokisini samaphoyisa. URuby wagwetshwa intambo; nokho ukulahlwa kwakhe yicala, wanikezwa icala elisha yize lesi sigameko senzeke phambi kwamaphoyisa nezintatheli zithwebula izithombe. Njengoba bekubekwa usuku lokuqulwa kwecala elisha likaRuby, kubikwa ukuthi ubulawe wumkhuhlane wamaphaphu ngenxa yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ongatholakali. Ngokwamarekhodi angakaze akhishwe yiNational Archives kuze kube nguNovemba 2017, uJack Ruby wayetshele impimpi yeFBI ukuthi "ibuke iziqhumane" ngosuku uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy abulawa ngalo, futhi wayesendaweni lapho kwabulawa khona. URuby wakuphika lokhu ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala lakhe, egcizelela ukuthi wayedlala ngokuthanda izwe lakhe ngesikhathi ebulala u-Oswald. Umbiko osemthethweni weWarren Commission wango-1964 waphetha ngokuthi no-Oswald noRuby babengeyona ingxenye yetulo elikhulu lokubulala uMengameli uKennedy. Phezu kweziphetho zayo ezibonakala ziqinile, lo mbiko wehlulekile ukuvala ukungabaza okuzungeze lo mcimbi. Ngo-1978, i-House Select Committee on Assassinations yaphetha ngombiko wokuqala wokuthi uKennedy “mhlawumbe wabulawa ngenxa yetulo” okungenzeka ukuthi lalibandakanya abacibisheli abaningi nobugebengu obuhleliwe. Ukutholwa kwekomidi, njengeKhomishini kaWarren, kuyaqhubeka nokuphikiswa kakhulu. Imibono kamongameli omncane waseMelika yamenza wathandwa kakhulu futhi waphuthelwa kakhulu: "Shiya emuva emthunzini wempi ufune indlela yokuthula," esho.

January 4. Kulolu suku ku-1948, isizwe saseBurma (esaziwa nangokuthi iMyanmar) sizikhulule ngokwama-colonialism aseBrithani futhi saba yi-republic emele. AbaseBrithani balwe izimpi ezintathu ezilwa neBurma ngekhulu le-19th, okwesithathu kuwo e-1886 yenza iBurma isifundazwe saseBrithani India. I-Rangoon (Yangon) yaba yinhloko-dolobha kanye nedoti elimatasa phakathi kweCalcutta neSingapore. AmaNdiya amaningi namaShayina afika neBrithani, futhi izinguquko ezinkulu zamasiko zaholela ekuhluphekeni, ekuphinjeni nasezimbhikwini. Ukubusa kwaseBrithani, nokwenqaba ukukhipha izicathulo uma ungena kuma-pagodas, amakholi aseBuddha ayenqabela ukumelana nawo. I-Rangoon University yakhiqiza ama-radicals, kanti umfundi osemusha, u-Aung San, waqala kokubili "i-Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League" (AFPFL), ne "People's Revolutionary Party" (PRP). KwakunguSan, phakathi kwabanye, okwazi ukuxoxisana nokuzimela kweBurma kusuka eBrithani ku-1947 nokwenza isivumelwano nezizwe zobuzwe beBurma obumbene. USan wabulawa ngaphambi kokubusa. Indodakazi encane kaSan u-Aung San Suu Kyi waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe ngokuya ngentando yeningi. Ku-1962, amabutho aseBurma athatha uhulumeni. Kubuye kwabulala abafundi abangaphezu kwe-100 ababambe umbhikisho wokuthula eRangoon University. Ku-1976, abafundi be-100 baboshwa ngemuva kokuhlala elula. U-Suu Kyi uboshwe endlini, kodwa wathola iNobel Peace Prize ku-1991. Nakuba amasosha ehlala enamandla eMyanmar, u-Suu Kyi wakhethwa njengomeluleki wombuso (noma uNgqongqoshe) ku-2016, exhaswe yiBurme National League for Democracy. U-Suu Kyi ugxeke emhlabeni wonke ekuqondiseni noma ukuvumela amabutho aseBurma ukuba abulale amakhulu emadodeni, abesifazane nabantwana beqembu lamaRohingya.

Januwari 5. Ngalolu suku ku-1968, u-Antonin Novotny, umbusi waseCalchoslovakia, uStephenin, waphumelela njengobhala wophiko luka-Alexander Dubcek, owayekholelwa ukuthi ubuholi bezenhlalo bungatholakala. I-Dubcek isekela ubuKhomanisi, kepha isethule inkululeko yokukhuluma ezindabeni zokusekela izinyunyana, namalungelo omphakathi. Le nkathi yaziwa ngokuthi "i-Prague Spring." ISoviet Union yahlasela iCzechoslovakia; abaholi be-liberal bayiswa eMoscow, futhi bashintshwa izikhulu zaseSoviet. Izinguquko zikaDubcek zachithwa, futhi uGustav Husak owasusa esikhundleni sakhe wasungula umbuso wamaKhomanisi ohloniphekile. Lokhu kwaletha imibhikisho emikhulu ezweni lonke. Iziteshi zomsakazo, amaphephandaba kanye nezincwadi ezanyatheliswa ngalesi sikhathi, njenge-Garden Party ne-Memorandum yi-Vaclav Havel zavinjelwa, futhi iVavel yavalelwa cishe iminyaka emine. Izinkulungwane zabafundi zenza ukuhlala ezinsukwini ezine zokuthula ezikoleni eziphakeme nasemakolishi aphesheya kwezwe, amafemu abathumela ukudla ngokubambisana. Kwase kwenzeka izenzakalo ezinonya nezesabekayo. NgoJanuwari 1969, uJan Palach, umfundi wasekolishi, wazibeka emlilweni eWenceslas Square ukuphikisana nomsebenzi nokukhipha ukukhululeka komphakathi. Ukufa kwakhe kwafana nomthombo wePrague, futhi umngcwabo wakhe waba esinye isibonakaliso sokubhikisha. Umfundi wesibili, uJan Zajíc wenza isenzo esifanayo esigcawini, kanti owesithathu u-Evžen Plocek, washona eGihlava. Njengoba ohulumeni bamaKhomanisi bexoshwa eMpumalanga Yurophu, imibhikisho yasePrague yaqhubeka kwaze kwafika uDisemba 1989 lapho uhulumeni kaHusak efika ekugcineni. UDubcek waphinde wabizwa ngokuthi nguSihlalo wePhalamende, futhi uVlav Havel waba umongameli waseCzechoslovakia. Ukuletha ukuqothula eCzechoslovakia, noma iPrague "Ehlobo," kuthatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yokumbhikisana.

Januwari 6. Ngalolu suku ku-1941, uMengameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wenza inkulumo eyethula igama elithi "Inkululeko Engine," eshilo yayihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma nokukhuluma; inkululeko yenkolo; ukukhululeka kokwesaba; nokukhululeka ekufuneni. Inkulumo yakhe ibibhekiswe enkululekweni yezakhamizi zamazwe onke, kepha izakhamizi zaseMelika kanye nengxenye enkulu yomhlaba zisabhekene nobunzima endaweni ngayinye kulezi ezine. Nanka amanye amagama uMongameli Roosevelt awasho ngalolo suku: “Ezinsukwini ezizayo, esifuna ukuzenza zivikeleke, sibheke phambili emhlabeni osekelwe phezu kwenkululeko yabantu ebalulekile emine. Esokuqala yinkululeko yokukhuluma neyokukhuluma - yonke indawo emhlabeni. Eyesibili inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yokukhonza uNkulunkulu ngendlela yakhe - yonke indawo emhlabeni. Okwesithathu ukukhululeka ekusweleni - okuhunyushelwa kumagama omhlaba, kusho ukuqonda komnotho okuzovikela ezizweni zonke impilo enesikhathi sokuthula yezakhamuzi zakhona - yonke indawo emhlabeni. Okwesine ukukhululeka ekwesabeni - okuhunyushwa ngamagama omhlaba, kusho ukwehliswa kwezikhali emhlabeni wonke kuze kube manje futhi ngendlela ephelele ukuthi asikho isizwe esizokwazi ukwenza isenzo sokuhlukumeza ngokomzimba kunoma yimuphi umakhelwane. - nomaphi emhlabeni…. Kulowo mqondo ophakeme akunakuphela ngaphandle kokunqoba. ” Namuhla uhulumeni wase-US uvame ukuvimbela amalungelo okuchibiyela okuqala. Amapholi athola izinto ezinkulu phesheya zibheka i-US njengosongo olukhulu lokuthula. Futhi i-US ihola zonke izizwe ezicebile ngobumpofu. Izinkululeko Ezine zihlala zifunelwa.

January 7. Ngalolu suku ku-1932, uNobhala Wombuso wase-US uHenry Stimson wanikeza i-Stimson Doctrine. Izwe laseMelika belibizwe yiNhlangano Yezizwe ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ekuhlaselweni kweJapan yiChina. UStimson, ngemvume kaMongameli uHerbert Hoover, wamemezela kulokho okwakubizwa nangokuthi imfundiso kaHoover-Stimson, ukuphikisana kweMelika nempi yamanje eManchuria. Imfundiso yathi, okokuqala, i-United States ngeke isamukele noma yisiphi isivumelwano esabeka ubukhosi noma ubuqotho eChina; futhi okwesibili, ukuthi ngeke ibone noma yiluphi ushintsho lwendawo olutholwe ngamandla ezikhali. Lesi sitatimende besisuselwa ekuvinjelweni kwempi nge-Kellogg-Briand Pact yango-1928 eyagcina iqede ukwamukelwa nokwamukelwa kokunqoba cishe emhlabeni wonke. I-United States yahlupheka ngemuva kwempi ye-WWI njengoba izakhamizi zayo zazinenkinga yokudangala okwadalwa yiWall Street, ukwehluleka okuningi kwamabhange, ukungasebenzi okukhulu, kanye nentukuthelo enkulu yempi. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi i-US ingene empini entsha kungekudala futhi yenqabile ukuxhasa i-League of Nations. I-Stimson Doctrine selokhu yachazwa njengengasebenzi, ngenxa yokuhlasela kweShanghai ngamaJapan emasontweni amathathu kamuva, nezimpi ezalandela ezaseYurophu ezithinta amanye amazwe ayengawunaki umthetho. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi le mfundiso ibizenzela bona bodwa, futhi ihlose ukugcina ukuhweba kuvulekile ngesikhathi soKuwohloka Okukhulu ngenkathi ihlala ingathathi hlangothi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona izazi-mlando nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezisemthethweni eziqaphela ukuthi ukufakwa kokuziphatha kwezombusazwe emhlabeni wonke kwenze iStimpson Doctrine yaba nesandla ekwakheni umbono omusha wamazwe ngempi kanye nemiphumela yayo.

Januwari 8. Ngalolu suku, u-AJ Muste (1885 - 1967), waseMelika odabuka eDutch, waqala impilo yakhe. U-AJ Muste wayengomunye wabagqugquzeli bezenhlalakahle abangenasidingo ngesikhathi sakhe. Eqala njengesikhonzi esontweni laseDutch Reformed, waba ngumgqugquzeli wezombusazwe kanye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi, futhi wayengomunye wabasunguli kanye nomqondisi wokuqala we-Brookwood Labor College yaseNew York. E-1936, wazibophezela ekuthuleni kwempi futhi wagxilisa amandla akhe ekumelaneni nokulwa, amalungelo omphakathi, ukukhululeka komphakathi kanye nokulwa nezidakamizwa. Wasebenza nezinhlangano eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nobudlelwane bokubuyisana, iCongress of Racial Equality (CORE), ne-War Resisters League, futhi wakhonza njengomhleli Ukukhululeka umagazini. Waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokuthula ngesikhathi sempi yaseMelika eVietnam; ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, waya eNyakatho neVietnam nethimba labefundisi futhi wahlangana nomholi wamaKhomanisi uHo Chi Minh. U-AJ Muste wayehlonishwa kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa emkhankasweni wobulungiswa bezenhlalo ngokwazi kwakhe ukuxhumana nabantu bayo yonke iminyaka nezizinda, ukulalela nokuzindla ngayo yonke imibono, nokuvala amabanga phakathi kwemikhakha eyehlukene yezepolitiki. I-AJ Muste Memorial Institute yahlelwa ngo-1974 ukugcina ifa lika-AJ liphila ngokuxhaswa okuqhubekayo kwenhlangano engenabudlova yokushintsha umphakathi. Isikhungo sishicilela amapheshana nezincwadi eziphathelene nobudlova, sinikeza izibonelelo kanye noxhaso emaqenjini asezingeni eliphansi e-US nasemhlabeni wonke, eNew York City “Peace Pentagon” yayo. Ngamazwi kaMuste: “Ayikho indlela yokuthula; ukuthula kuyindlela. ”

January 9. Ngalolu suku ku-1918, i-US yalwa empini yayo yokugcina namaMelika aseMelika e-Battle of Bear Valley. AmaNdiya aseYaqui aqhutshelwa enyakatho ngempi yawo ende neMexico, futhi awela umngcele eduze kwesizinda samasosha e-Arizona. UYaquis kwesinye isikhathi wayezosebenza ezihlahleni ezisawolintshi zaseMelika, athenge izikhali ngamaholo abo, bese ebabuyisela eMexico. Ngalolo suku lwenhlekelele, ibutho lathola iqembu elincane. Ukulwa kuqhubeke kwaze kwaba yilapho omunye uYaqui eqala ukushwiba izandla ngokuzinikela. Kwabanjwa amaYaquis ayishumi, futhi atshelwa ukuthi afole ngezandla phezu kwamakhanda awo. Inkosi yema yema, kepha izandla zayo yazigcina okhalweni. Njengoba izandla zakhe beziphakamiswe ngenkani, bekubonakala ukuthi ubezama ukubamba isisu sakhe ndawonye. Ubekade ehlushwa ukuqhuma okubangelwe yinhlamvu evutha ama-cartridges aboshwe okhalweni lwakhe, futhi washona ngosuku olulandelayo. Omunye wabathunjwa kwakungumfana oneminyaka eyishumi nanye ubudala isibhamu sakhe sasiside nje ubude. Leli qembu elinesibindi lalisize elinye elikhudlwana ukuba libaleke. Labo ababanjiwe babe sebethathwa begibele amahhashi baya eTucson ukuyonqunywa icala likahulumeni. Bakwazile ukuhlaba umxhwele amasosha phakathi nohambo ngesibindi namandla abo. Ngesikhathi kuqulwa leli cala, ijaji liwahoxisile wonke amacala abhekene nomuntu oneminyaka eyishumi nanye, labe seligweba abanye abayisishiyagalombili izinsuku ezingama-30 kuphela ejele. UColonel Harold B. Wharfield wabhala: “lesi sigwebo besincamela iYaquis ebingase idingiselwe eMexico futhi ibhekane nokubulawa njengezihlubuki.”

Januwari 10. Kulolu suku ku-1920 i-League of Nations yasungulwa. Kwakuyinhlangano yokuqala yomhlaba wonke esungulwe ukugcina ukuthula komhlaba. Kwakungewona umqondo omusha. Izingxoxo ezilandela izimpi zikaNapoleon zaholela ekugcineni eMhlanganweni WaseGeneva nowaseHague. Ngo-1906, u-Theodore Roosevelt owathola umklomelo kaNobel wakhuthaza “iNhlangano Yokuthula.” Ngemuva kwalokho, ekupheleni kweWWI, abaseBrithani, abaseFrance nabaseMelika balungiselela iziphakamiso zikakhonkolo. Lokhu kwaholela ekuxoxisaneni nasekwamukelweni kwe- "Covenant of the League of Nations" Engqungqutheleni Yokuthula YaseParis ngo-1919. Isivumelwano, esasigxile ekuphathweni ngokuhlanganyela, ekuphucweni izikhali, nasekuxazululeni izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuxoxisana nangokulamula, sabe sesifakwa Isivumelwano SaseVersailles. I-League ibiphethwe yi-General Assembly kanye noMkhandlu oPhethe (ovulelwe kuphela amandla amakhulu). Ngokuqala kweWWII, kwacaca ukuthi i-League yehlulekile. Kungani? Ukubusa: Izinqumo ezidingekayo zivota ngokungafani kweMkhandlu oPhethe. Lokhu kwanikeza amalungu omkhandlu i-veto ephumelelayo. Ubulungu: Izizwe eziningi azikaze zijoyine. Kwakunamalungu angama-42 okusungulwa kanye nama-58 ekuphakameni kwawo. Abaningi babeyibheka “Njengenhlangano Yabanqobi.” IJalimane yayingavunyelwe ukujoyina. Imibuso yamaKhomanisi ayizange yamukelwe. Futhi okuxakayo ukuthi i-United States ayikaze ijoyine. UMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, umsekeli ophambili, akakwazanga ukukuthola ngeSenethi. Ukungakwazi ukuphoqelela izinqumo: I-League ixhomeke ekunqobeni iWWI ukuphoqa izinqumo zayo. Babenqikazi ukwenza kanjalo. Izinhloso eziphikisanayo: Isidingo sokuqiniswa ngokuhlomile okuphikisana nemizamo yokulwa nezidakamizwa. Ku-1946, ngemva kweminyaka engu-26 kuphela, i-League of Nations yashintshwa yi-United Nations.

Januwari 11. Ngalolu suku ku-2002, ikamu laseGuantanamo Bay Prison laqala ukusebenza eCuba. Ekuqaleni okuhloswe ukuba "isiqhingi ngaphandle komthetho" lapho ubugebengu basolwa khona bangaboshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo bese bebuzwa ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, ijele kanye nemishanguzo yezempi eGuantánamo Bay kukhona ukwehluleka kwezinhlekelele. I-Guantánamo isibe uphawu lokungabi nabulungisa, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokungahloniphi umthetho. Njengoba ikamu lejele livulekile, cishe amadoda e-800 adlule ngamaseli awo. Ngaphezu kokuboshwa okungekho emthethweni, abaningi baye bahlukunyezwa kanye nokunye ukwelashwa okunonya. Iningi liye lagcinwa ngaphandle kwecala noma icala. Iziboshwa eziningi ziye zagcinwa iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kokuthi zikhishwe ukuze zikhululwe yizempi yase-US, zikhonjiswe esitelekeni lapho kungekho mandla kahulumeni ozimisele ukuwafinyelela ekuqedeni ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abo. I-Guantánamo ibilokhu ibhekene nodumo nokuphepha kwe-United States kanye nethuluzi lokuqasha lamaqembu afana ne-ISIS aye agqoke iziboshwa zabo ku-GITMO orange. Umongameli we-US kanye ne-ejensi yakhe iminyaka eminingi bebengakaze basebenzise amandla okugcina ukuboshwa okungapheli nokuvala iGuantánamo. Ukuvala i-Guantánamo indlela efanele kudinga ukuphela kokuboshwa okungenamkhawulo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo noma isilingo; ukudlulisa ababoshiwe abasusiwe ekudlulisweni; kanye nababoshwa abazama ukuthola ubufakazi bokungalungi ezinkantolo zezobugebengu zase-United States. Amacala e-US federal avame ukuphatha amacala obuphekula obuphezulu. Uma umshushisi engakwazi ukuhlanganisa icala elibhekene neziboshwa, asikho isizathu sokuthi umuntu aqhubeke nokuboshwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuGuantánamo noma e-United States.

Januwari 12. Ngalolo suku ku-1970 Biafra, isifunda esiphumelelayo eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNigeria, sanikela e-Federal Army, ngaleyo ndlela sigcina iMpi Yombango yaseNigeria. INigeria, eyayiyikholomu yaseBrithani, yathola ukuzimela ku-1960. Le mpi enegazi nehlukanisayo yayiwumphumela wokuzimela owenzelwe ngokuyinhloko izithakazelo zamandla ekoloni. I-Nigeria yayiqoqo elihlukile lamazwe azimele. Phakathi nenkathi yekoloni yayisetshenziswa njengezifunda ezimbili, eNyakatho naseNingizimu. Ku-1914, ukuze kube lula ukuphatha nokulawula okusebenzayo ngaphezu kwezinsiza, iNyakatho neNingizimu zahlanganiswa. I-Nigeria inamaqembu amathathu kakhulu: i-Igbo eningizimu-ntshonalanga; i-Hausa-Fulani enyakatho; ne-Yoruba eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Ekuzimele, uNdunankulu wayevela enyakatho, esifundeni esikhulu kakhulu. Ukungezwani kwesifunda kwenza kube nzima ukuhlangana ngobunye. Ukuhlukunyezwa kuphakanyiswe ngesikhathi sokhetho lwe-1964. Phakathi kwezinsolo zokukhwabanisa ezithe basakazeka, lo muntu obambe iqhaza uphinde ukhethwa. Ku-1966, amaphoyisa amancane azama ukukhishwa. U-Aguiyi-Ironsi, oyinhloko yebutho laseNigeria ne-Igbo, wasicindezela wabe eseba yinhloko yombuso. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, izikhulu ezisenyakatho zazithengisa. U-Yakubu Gowon, ongasenyakatho, waba yinhloko yombuso. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlukumezeni enyakatho. Kuye kwabulawa i-100,000 Igbo kanti izigidi zabaleka. Ngomhla ka-May 30, i-1967, i-Igbo, yamemezela iSifunda SaseNingizimu-mpumalanga i-Independent Republic of Biafra. UHulumeni Wezempi waya empini ukuhlanganisa izwe. Inhloso yabo yokuqala kwakuwukuthi bathathe i-Port Harcourt nokulawula amasimu amafutha. I-Blockades ilandele, eyabangela indlala enkulu kanye nendlala yafika kwa-2 million izizwe zaseBiafran. Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisihlanu kamuva, impi nemiphumela yayo yilokhu okugxile ekuphikisaneni okukhulu.

Januwari 13. Ngalolo suku ku-1991, amaSoviet Special Forces ahlasele umbhoshongo weThisniya nomsakazo weLithuania, ebulala i-14 futhi elimaza phezu kwe-500 njengama-tank ahamba phakathi kwezixuku zabantu abahlaselekile abangaqapheli umbhoshongo ukuvikela ukukhululwa kweLithuania ukusabalalisa. UMkhandlu oPhezulu weLithuania wakhipha isikhalazo emhlabeni wonke ukuze aqaphele ukuthi iSoviet Union ihlasele izwe labo elibusayo, nokuthi labo baseLithuania bahlose ukugcina ukuzimela ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo. I-Lithuania ibike ukuzimela kwayo ku-1990. IPhalamende laseLithuania lidlulisele ngokushesha umthetho ohlinzekela inhlangano kahulumeni ekuthunjweni uma kwenzeka uMkhandlu kufanele ukhutshazwe ukungenela kwamasosha aseSoviet. Umholi waseRussia, uBoris Yeltsin, uphendule ngokuphika isandla sakhe ekuhlaselweni, futhi wacela amasosha aseRashiya athi lokhu kwakungemthetho, futhi wamema ukuba bacabange ngemindeni yabo esele ekhaya. Naphezu kwakhe nokuthi uMikhail Gorbachev wenqaba noma yikuphi ukubandakanyeka, ukuhlaselwa kwamaSoviet nokubulala kwaqhubeka. Isixuku sase-Lithuani sazama ukuvikela umbhoshongo we-TV nomsakazo. Amathangi aseSoviet athuthukile futhi aphonswa esixukwini. Amasosha aseSoviet athatha futhi asusa ukuhanjiswa kwe-TV ephilayo. Kodwa isiteshi esincane se-TV saqala ukusakaza ngezilimi eziningi ukuvumela umhlaba wazi. Isixuku esikhulu sabuthana ukuze sivikele isakhiwo seMkhandlu oPhakeme, futhi amabutho aseSoviet aphelile. Ukuthukuthela emhlabeni wonke kulandelwe. NgoFebhuwari, abantu baseLithuani bavota kakhulu ngokuzimela. Njengoba iLithuania ithola ukuzimela kwayo, kwacaca ukuthi ukuhlasela kwezempi kwakungakulungele izwe lokukhulisa inkululeko ekhulisayo.

Januwari 14. Kulolu suku ku-1892 UMartin Niemöller wazalwa. Washona ngo-1984. Lo mfundisi ovelele ongumProthestani owavela njengesitha sika-Adolf Hitler wasebenzisa iminyaka eyisikhombisa yokugcina yokubusa kwamaNazi emakamu okuhlushwa, naphezu kobuzwe bakhe obunamandla. UNiemöller mhlawumbe ukhunjulwa kakhulu ngalesi sicaphuno: “Baqale beza bezamaSosayensi, futhi angizange ngikhulume ngoba ngangingeyona iSocialist. Bese beza ngabakwaTrade Unionists, angizange ngikhulume ngoba angiyena owakwaTrade Unionist. Bese beza ngamaJuda, futhi angikhulumanga ngoba bengingeyena umJuda. Babe sebengilandela, kwangasala noyedwa owayengikhulumela. ” UNiemöller wakhishwa eMbuthweni Wezempi WaseJalimane ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I. Wanquma ukulandela ezinyathelweni zikayise ngokungena esikoleni sobufundisi. UNiemöller waziwa njengomshumayeli onekhono. Naphezu kokuxwayiswa ngamaphoyisa, waqhubeka nokushumayela ngokumelene nemizamo yombuso yokugxambukela emasontweni nalokho akubheka njengobuhedeni obusha obukhuthazwa amaNazi. Ngenxa yalokho, uNiemöller waboshwa ephindelela futhi wavalelwa yedwa esitokisini phakathi kuka-1934 no-1937. UNiemöller waba ngumuntu odumile phesheya. Wethula inkulumo yokuvula emhlanganweni we-Federal Council of Churches e-United States ngo-1946 futhi wahamba kakhulu ekhuluma ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseJalimane ngaphansi kobuNazi. Maphakathi nawo-1950, uNiemöller wasebenza namaqembu amaningi aphesheya kwezilwandle, kubandakanya noMkhandlu Wamasonto Omhlaba, ukuthola ukuthula komhlaba wonke. Ubuzwe bukaNiemöller baseJalimane abuzange buntengantenge njengoba ehlasela ukwehlukaniswa kweJalimane, ethi uthanda ukubumbana noma ngabe kungaphansi kobuKhomanisi.

Januwari 15. Ngalolu suku ku-1929, uMartin Luther King, uJr. wazalwa. Ukuphila kwakhe kwaphela ngokuphazima kweso futhi ngokudabukisayo ngo-Ephreli 4th, 1968, ngesikhathi ebulawa eMemphis, eTennessee. Lowo kuphela ongewona umongameli wokuba neholidi likazwelonke lase-US elizinikezele udumo lwakhe, kanti lowo ongewona umongameli kuphela okhishwe ngekhanda elikhulu eWashington, DC, uDkt. King's "Ngingephupho" inkulumo, Inkulumo kaNobel yokuPhoyisa ukuPhumela, futhi "Incwadi evela ejele laseBirmingham" ziphakathi kweziphakamiso ezihlonishwa kakhulu nemibhalo ngolimi lwesiNgisi. Ukudweba kokubili kokukholwa kwakhe kobuKristu kanye nezimfundiso zikaMahatma Gandhi, uDkt King wahola inhlangano ekupheleni kwe-1950 kanye ne-1960s ukufeza ukulingana ngokomthetho kwabase-Afrika baseMelika e-United States. Phakathi neminyaka engaphansi kwe-13 yokuhola kwakhe kwe-American Civil Rights Movement, kusukela ngoDisemba, i-1955 kuze kube ngo-Ephreli 4, i-1968, baseMelika bathola inqubekela phambili yangempela ekulinganeni ngokobuhlanga eMelika kuneminyaka eyi-350 eyedlule. UDkt. King ubhekwa njengomunye wabaholi abangenaso isivikelo emlandweni wezwe. Nakuba abanye bekhuthaza inkululeko ngokuthi "noma yikuphi okudingekayo," uMartin Luther King, Jr. wasebenzisa amandla amagama nezenzo zokuphikisana okungenamandla, njengamabhikisho, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezinkulu, nokungahloniphi kwabantu ukuze kuzuzwe imigomo ebonakala engenakwenzeka. Waqhubeka nokuhola imikhankaso efanayo ngokumelene nobuphofu, kanye nezingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe, njalo ukugcina ubuqotho emigomeni yakhe yokungabi naluvivinyo. Ukuphikiswa kwakhe empini yaseVietnam, nokugqugquzela ukuhamba ngaphandle kokucwasa ubandlululo, impi kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kuqhubeka nokugqugquzela abazingeli bezokuthula nabalungiswayo abafuna ukubambisana okukhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Januwari 16. Ngalolu suku ku-1968, u-Abbie Hoffman noJerry Rubin basungula i-Youth International Party (i-Yippies), ngelanga elilodwa ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli uLyndon Baines Johnson anikeze ikheli lakhe leNyunyana yamaNyunyana ukuthi i-US iphumelele impi eVietnam. Ama-Yippies ayeyingxenye yenhlangano esakazekile yokulwa nempi yama-1960s-70s eyavela ekunyakazweni kwamalungelo abantu. Bobabili uHoffman noRubin babeyingxenye kaMashi wokulwa nempi ePentagon ngo-Okthoba 1967, uJerry Rubin ayibiza ngokuthi "yingxenyana yezepolitiki zeYippie." UHoffman noRubin basebenzise “isitayela seYippie” emsebenzini wabo wokulwa nempi nongxiwankulu, bejoyinwa ngabaculi abanjengoCounte Joe kanye noFish, nezimbongi / ababhali abanjengo-Allen Ginsberg ocaphune imizwa kaHoffman mayelana nezikhathi zeziyaluyalu: “[Hoffman] wathi ezombusazwe zase ziphenduke indawo yeshashalazi nomlingo, empeleni, ukuthi kwakuwukukhohlisa kwezithombe kwabezindaba okwakudida futhi kulalisa abantu e-United States, kubenza bamukele impi ababengakholelwa kuyo ngempela. ” Imibhikisho eminingi kanye nemibhikisho yamaYippies yafaka eyodwa eDemocratic National Convention ngo-1968 lapho bajoyinwa khona yiBlack Panthers, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) kanye neKomidi Lokugqugquzela Kazwelonke Lokuqeda Impi eVietnam (i-MOBE). Umkhosi wabo waseshashalazini weLife eLincoln Park, kubandakanya nokuphakanyiswa kwengulube okuthiwa uPigasus njengomqokelwe ukuba ngumongameli, kwaholela ekuboshweni nasekuqulweni kwecala kukaHoffman, uRubin, kanye namalungu amanye amaqembu. Abalandeli beYippies baqhubeke nemibhikisho yabo yezepolitiki, bavula neYippie Museum eNew York City.

Januwari 17. Ngalolu suku ku-1893, abazuzi base-US, abesomabhizinisi, namaMarines bachitha umbuso waseHawaii e-Oahu, ukuqala uhlamvu olude lohulumeni obunobudlova noyingozi emhlabeni jikelele. INdlovukazi yaseHawaii, uLili'uokalani, uphendule ngesitatimende esilandelayo kuMongameli uBenjamin Harrison: “Mina Lili'uokalani, Ngomusa kaNkulunkulu, nangaphansi koMthethosisekelo Wombuso WaseHawaii, iNdlovukazi, ngalokhu ngibhikisha ngokuqinile izenzo ezenziwe kimi kanye noHulumeni womthethosisekelo Wombuso waseHawaii ngabantu abathile abathi basungule uHulumeni Wesikhashana walo nalombuso… ukugwema noma yikuphi ukushayisana kwamasosha, mhlawumbe nokulahleka kwempilo, ngikwenza lokhu ngiphikisana, futhi ngiphoqelelwe ngamandla ukuthi nginikeze igunya lami kuze kufike isikhathi lapho uHulumeni waseMelika ezokwethulelwa khona amaqiniso, ahlehlise isenzo sommeleli wakhe futhi angibuyisele egunyeni engilibiza njengombuso womthethosisekelo weziQhingi zaseHawaii."UJames H. Blount wabizwa ngokuthi uKhomishana oPhethe, wathunyelwa ukuphenya, futhi abike lokho akuthole ekutholeni. U-Blount waphetha ngokuthi i-United States yayibophezele ngokuqondile ukuchithwa ngokungemthetho kohulumeni waseHawaii, nokuthi izenzo zikahulumeni wase-US zaphule imithetho yamazwe omhlaba kanye nobukhosi bezwe baseHawaii. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ngalolu suku ku-1993, eHawaii ibambe umbukiso omkhulu ngokumelene nomsebenzi wase-US. I-US yasikhipha ukuxolisa, ivuma ukuthi amaHawaii "akakaze akhululeke ngokukhululekile izimangalo zabo ... ekubuseni kwabo." Amantombazane aseHawaii aqhubeka nokukhuthaza inkululeko yaseHawaii evela eUnited States naseMelika.

Januwari 18. Kulolu suku, ku-2001, amabili amalungu eqembu eliqondile, ama-Trident Plowshares, atholakala enecala ngemuva kokubekwa icala lokulimaza iBrithani I-HMS Impindiselo eyayiphethe ikota yezikhali zenuzi zaseBrithani. USylvia Boyes, 57, waseWest Yorkshire, noMfula, owayenguKeith Wright, 45, waseManchester, wavuma ukuhlaselwa I-HMS Impindiselo bephethe izando nezimbazo ethekwini eBarrow-in-Furness, eCumbria, ngoNovemba ka-1999. Laba bobabili bakuphika ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle, kodwa bathi isenzo sabo sasifanele ngoba izikhali zenuzi zazingekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Izimpikiswano ezengeziwe eziphathelene nosopolitiki abathembeke ngezikhali zenuzi ziholele enkantolo ekunikezeni imvume yokuthi izakhamizi zizizwe zikhungathekile futhi zibophezelekile ukuthi zithathe isinyathelo. Okhulumela iTrident Plowshares ungeze wathi: “Ekugcineni sekubekwe isibonelo sokuthi abantu baseNgilandi balandele onembeza babo futhi bathi iTrident ayikho emthethweni.” Izenzo zangaphambilini eBrithani ezaholela ekutholeni amacala eTrident Plowshares zifaka phakathi amacala afakwa ngo-1996 ngenkathi ijaji eLiverpool Crown Court lidedela abesifazane ababili ababebekwe icala lokudala umonakalo omkhulu endizeni yezimpi zaseHawk embonini yaseBritish Aerospace. Ngo-1999, isikhulu senkantolo eGreenock, eStrathclyde, sathola abesifazane abathathu bebhekene necala lokulimaza imishini yamakhompiyutha eTrident esikhungweni semikhumbi eLoch Goil bengenacala. Futhi ngo-2000, abesifazane ababili abasolwa ngokudweba okufafazwa iziqubulo ezilwa nempi yemikhumbi-ngwenya yenuzi batholwa bengekho eManchester, yize umshushisi waphinde wafuna ukuba kuphindwe kuqulwe icala. Ukuntuleka kokuzibophezela kohulumeni ezinyathelweni zokuthula kwamazwe omhlaba kushiye izakhamizi emhlabeni wonke zisaba impi yenuzi, futhi zinokholo oluncane kohulumeni bazo ukwehlisa ingozi.

Januwari 19. Kulolu suku ku-1920, lapho kubhekene nokuhlukumezeka komphakathi, amaqembu amancane athatha isikhundla, kanti i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yazalwa. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, kwakukhona ukwesaba ukuthi uMbuso WobuKhomanisi eRussia uzosabalala e-United States. Njengoba kunjalo njalo uma ukwesaba kudlula ukuphikisana okunengqondo, amalungelo omphakathi akhokhela intengo. NgoNovemba 1919 noJanuwari 1920, kulokho okuphawulekayo kwaziwa ngokuthi "i-Palmer Raids," I-Attorney General Mitchell Palmer yaqala ukuhlanganisa nokuxoshwa okuthiwa "ama-radicals." Izinkulungwane zabantu ziboshwe ngaphandle kwemvume futhi ngaphandle kokubambisana nomthethosisekelo ngokumelene nomthetho ukusesha nokuthunjwa, bephathwa kabi, futhi babanjwe ezimweni ezimbi. I-ACLU ivikelekile, futhi iguqukile eminyakeni edlule kusukela kuleli qembu elincane liya kumvikeli weNdunankulu wesizwe wamalungelo afakwe kuMthethosisekelo wase-US. Bavikela othisha kuleli Ama-Scopes icala ku-1925, balwa nokufakwa kwamaJapane aseMelika e-1942, wajoyina i-NAACP ku-1954 empini esemthethweni yokufundisa okulinganayo Brown v. Board of Education, futhi wavikela abafundi ababoshiwe ngokuphikisana nokuqokwa kwempi kanye neVietnam. Baqhubeka balwela amalungelo okuzala, inkulumo yamahhala, ukulingana, ubumfihlo kanye nokungathathi hlangothi komhlaba, futhi bahola ukulwa ukuqeda ukuhlukunyezwa futhi bafune ukuziphendulela ngokugcwele kulabo abakuthandayo. Sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-100, i-ACLU isebenzele ukuvikela nokulondoloza amalungelo kanye nezinkululeko eziqinisekisiwe imithetho yase-United States. I-ACLU ibambe iqhaza ezinkantolo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kunanoma yimuphi omunye inhlangano, futhi iyinhlangano enkulu yomthetho wesithakazelo somphakathi.

Januwari 20. Kulolu suku ku-1987, isishoshovu somuntu osizayo kanye nokuthula uTerry Waite, isithunywa esikhethekile se-Archbishop of Canterbury, sithathwe e-Lebanon. Ubekhona ukuxoxisana ngokukhishwa kwabathunjwa abasentshonalanga. UWaite wayenerekhodi elihlaba umxhwele. Ngo-1980 waxoxisana ngempumelelo nokudedelwa kwabathunjwa e-Iran. Ngo-1984 waxoxisana ngempumelelo nokudedelwa kwabathunjwa eLibya. Ngo-1987 akaphumelelanga kangako. Ngenkathi exoxisana, naye uqobo wathunjwa. NgoNovemba 18, 1991, ngaphansi nje kweminyaka emihlanu kamuva, yena nabanye badedelwa. UWaite wayehlupheke kakhulu futhi wamukelwa ekhaya njengeqhawe. Kodwa-ke, isenzo sakhe eLebanon kungenzeka ukuthi besingafani nalokho ebebukeka bekuso. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba aye eLebanon wahlangana noLt Colonel Oliver North wase-US. INorth ibifuna ukuxhasa iContras eNicaragua. ICongress yaseMelika ibikwenqabele lokho. I-Iran ibifuna izikhali kepha ibingaphansi kokuvinjelwa kwezingalo. INorth ihlele ukuthi izingalo ziye e-Iran ngenhloso yokuthola imali ethunyelwe kumaContras. Kodwa iNyakatho yayidinga ikhava. Futhi abantu base-Irani babedinga umshuwalense. Abathumbi babezobanjwa kuze kuhanjiswe izingalo. UTerry Waite uzokwethulwa njengowesilisa obexoxisana ngokukhishwa kwabo. Akekho owayengabona ukuthengiselana kwezikhali kufihlwe ngemuva. Ukuthi uTerry Waite wayazi ukuthi uyadlalwa akuqinisekile. Kodwa-ke, iNyakatho yayazi kahle. Intatheli ephenyayo ibike ukuthi isikhulu soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke savuma ukuthi iNyakatho "yayiphethe uTerry Waite njenge-ejenti." Le ndaba eyisixwayiso igcizelela isidingo, ngisho nalabo abaneziqinisekiso ezinhle nezinhloso ezinhle kakhulu, zokuqapha ubumbano lokungazi noma lokungazi.

Januwari 21. Ngalolo suku ku-1977, uMongameli waseMelika uJimmy Carter, ngosuku lwakhe lokuqala njengomengameli, waxolela bonke abakwaVietnam abaqamba ama-dodgers. I-US imangalele amadoda e-209,517 okwephula imithetho yokuhlela, kanti enye i-360,000 ayingakaze ibekwe icala ngokusemthethweni. Abameli abahlanu abedlule babekade bebheke lokho okubizwa nge-Vietnamese ngokuthi iMelika yaseMelika, kanti i-United States ibiza ngokuthi iMpi YeVietnam. Ababili kulabo baphoyisa babekhethwe ezithembisweni zokuqeda impi, abathembisa ukuthi abazange bawagcine. UCarter uthembise ukuthethelela okungekho emthethweni emadodeni ayebalekele uhlaka lokubalekela izwe noma ngokuhluleka ukubhalisa. Ngokushesha wagcina leso sithembiso. UCarter akazange abonise ukuxolela kulabo ababengamalungu ebutho laseMelika nabashiyiwe, noma nanoma ubani osolwa ukuthi wenze ubudlova njengombhikishi. Mayelana namaphesenti angu-XNUM kulabo abashiya i-United States ukugwema ukubhalwa kwesikhashana baya eCanada, njengalabo abaduni abaningi. Uhulumeni waseCanada uvumele lokhu, njengoba ngaphambili kwakungavumele abantu ukuba babalekele ubugqila ngokuwela umngcele. Cishe abakwa-90 abahleli be-draft bahlelwe unomphela eCanada. Ngesikhathi uhlelo lokuqedela luphela ku-50,000, ku-1973 uMongameli uCarter wabuyisela imfuneko yokuthi irejista yamadoda eneminyaka engu-1980 eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala. Namuhla abanye babheka ukungabi nalutho kwalesi sidingo kwabesifazane, bekhulula ekusongweni kokuphoqelelwa ukuya empini, njengokucwaswa. . . ngokumelene nabesifazane, kanti abanye babheka isidingo sabesilisa njengesigqila se-barbarism. Nakuba kungabikho ukuhlela ukubalekela, izinkulungwane ziye zaphuma empini yase-US esikhathini sekhulu le-21st.

Januwari 22. Ngalolu suku ku-2006, u-Evo Morales wavulwa njengoMongameli waseBolivia. Wayengumongameli wokuqala wezaseBolivia. Njengomlimi omncane we-coca, uMorales ubelokhu esebenza emibhikishweni ngokumelene nempi yezidakamizwa kanye namalungelo asekudleni asekelwe epulazini futhi aqhubeke nokusetshenziswa kweNdawo eNkulu yase-Andes ukusetshenziswa kweqabunga le-coca. Ku-1978 wajoyina wabe esevelela emnyangweni wezisebenzi zasemaphandleni. Ku-1989 ukhulume emcimbini okugubha ukubulawa kwabantu abalimi be-11 coca ngama-agent we-Rural Area Mobile Patrol Unit. Ngosuku olulandelayo ama-agent ashaya uMorales phezulu, amshiya ezintabeni ukuze afe. Kodwa wasindiswa futhi waphila. Lokhu kwakuyindlela yokuguqula iMorales. Uqale ukucabanga ukudala impi futhi uqalise impi yama-guerrilla ngokumelene nohulumeni. Ekugcineni, Nokho, wakhetha okungewona ubudlova. Waqala ngokuthuthukisa iphiko lezombusazwe lezinyunyana. Ngo-1995 wayeyinhloko yeqembu le-Movement for Socialism (MAS) futhi wakhethwa eNkongweni. Ngo-2006 wayengumongameli waseBolivia. Ukuphatha kwakhe kugxila ekusebenziseni izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ubumpofu nokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukulungiswa komdabu uhulumeni (iBolivia inabantu abaningi bomdabu), nokulwa nomthelela we-United States nezinkampani zomhlaba wonke. Ngomhla ka-Ephreli 28, i-2008, wakhuluma ne-United Nations Permanent Forum ngeziNdaba Zomdabu kanye nemiyalo ye-10 ehlongozwayo ukuze asindise iPlanet. Umyalo wakhe wesibili wathi: ^"Hlonipha futhi UFUMELE UKUPHILA empini, okuletha kuphela inzuzo yezimbuso, ukudluliselwa kwemikhaya, nemindeni embalwa, kodwa hhayi abantu. . . . "

Januwari 23. Ngalolu suku ku-1974, eGibhithe nase-Israyeli kwaqala ukuxoshwa kwamandla aphelile ukulwa phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili e-Yom Kippur War. Impi yayiqale eyedlule u-Okthoba 6, ngosuku olungcwele lwamaJuda lukaYom Kippur, ngenkathi amabutho aseGibhithe naseSyria ehlasela u-Israyeli ngethemba lokuthi bazobuyisa indawo ababeyilahlile empini yama-Arab ne-Israel yango-1967. Amabutho akwa-Israyeli nawaseGibhithe ayethunywe amandla yiSinayi Separation of Forces Agreement eyasayinwa yila mazwe amabili ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ezedlule, ngoJanuwari 18, 1974, ngaphansi kwesandla se-Geneva Conference eyayixhaswe yi-UN yowe-1973. entshonalanga yeSuez Canal eyayikade ihlala khona kusukela kumiswa umlilo ngo-Okthoba 1973, futhi ibuye ibuye ibuye ngamakhilomitha amaningi eSinayi ngaphambili empumalanga yomsele ukuze kusungulwe indawo elawulwa yi-UN phakathi kwamabutho ayizitha. Lesi sinqumo sashiya u-Israyeli ephethe yonke iNhlonhlo YaseSinayi, futhi ukuthula kwakusazotholakala. Ukuhambela kukaNovemba 1977 eJerusalema nguMongameli wase-Egypt u-Anwar el-Sadat kwaholela ezingxoxweni ezibucayi ngonyaka olandelayo eCamp David e-US Lapho, ngosizo olubucayi oluvela kuMongameli Jimmy Carter, Sadat kanye noNdunankulu wase-Israel uMenachem Start bafinyelela esivumelwaneni lapho wonke ISinayi lizobuyiselwa eGibhithe kanye nobudlelwano bokuxhumana phakathi kwamazwe womabili asunguliwe. Isivumelwano sasayinwa ngoMashi 26, 1979, kwathi ngo-Ephreli 25, 1982, u-Israyeli wabuyisela ingxenye yokugcina eyayithathiwe yeSinayi eGibhithe.

Januwari 24. Ngalolu suku ku-1961, amabhomu amabili e-hydrogen awela eNorth Carolina lapho i-B-52G ihamba neqembu labayisishiyagalombili. Le indiza yayiyingxenye yezindiza ze-Strategic Air Command eyasungulwa ngenkathi impi ebanda ngokumelene neSoviet Union. Enye yezingu-12, i-jet yayiyingxenye yendiza yesikhohla phezu kweLwandle lwe-Atlantic lapho ngokungazelelwe ilahlekelwe umshini wephethiloli. Abasebenzi bazama ukufika eSeymour Johnson Air Force Base e-Goldsboro, eNorth Carolina, ngaphambi kokuba kuqhume ukuqhuma kwaze kwaba ngu-5 abashiya indiza yi-parachute, abane babo basinda, nabanye ababili bafa endizeni. Amabhomu amabili e-MK39 ashicilelwe ukuqhuma, izikhathi ezingu-500 ezinamandla kunalowo owehla eHiroshima, eJapane. Imibiko yokuqala yezempi yathi lezi zibhomu zitholiwe, zazingavunyelwe ukuzivikela, futhi indawo iphephile. Eqinisweni, ibhomu elilodwa lihlehliswa yi-parachute futhi latholwa ngokukhipha okukodwa kokuyisithupha noma okuyisithupha okudingeka kutholakale ukuvinjelwa. Elinye ibhomu lihlehlisiwe ngempumelelo ingalo, kodwa yehla nge-parachute futhi yahlukana kancane kancane. Iningi lalo lihlala kuze kube lusuku olujulile phansi emanzini lapho kufike khona. Ezinyangeni ezimbili nje kamuva, elinye i-j-B-52G jet laphahla eduze neDenton, North Carolina. Amalungu amabili kwabasebenzi abayisishiyagalombili asinda. Umlilo ubonakala kumamayela angu-50. Ama-Windows aphunywe ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ze-10 ngamamayela azungezile. Amaphoyisa athi le ndege yayingekho amabhomu enuzi, kodwa nakanjani nayo yathi ngezindiza phezu kweGoldsboro.

January 25. Ngalolu suku ku-1995, umsizi wanikela umengameli waseRussia uBreis Yeltsin isikhwama. Kuwo, isikrini sedatha esisebenza ngogesi sikhombise ukuthi umcibisholo owethulwe emizuzwini emine nje ngaphambili endaweni eseduze koLwandle lwaseNorway ubonakala ubheke eMoscow. Imininingwane eyengeziwe iphakamise ukuthi umcibisholo kwakuyisikhali esiphakathi nendawo esasetshenziswa amabutho e-NATO entshonalanga yeYurophu nokuthi indlela yayo yokundiza yayihambisana nokwethulwa komkhumbi wamanzi waseMelika. Kube yisibopho sikaYeltsin ukunquma kungakapheli nemizuzu eyisithupha ukuthi ngabe kuzoqala yini ukuziphindiselela kokuphindisela kwemicibisholo yaseRussia enezinsimbi zenuzi ezikwazi ukushaya izinhloso emhlabeni jikelele. Konke azodinga ukukwenza ukucindezela izinkinobho ezimbalwa ngaphansi kwesikrini sedatha. Ngenhlanhla, nokho, ngokususelwa kokufakwayo okuvela ku-General General Staff yaseRussia, "eyayinebhola lenuzi" lalo, kwasheshe kwacaca ukuthi umzila womcibisholo owawutholakele wawungeke uyiyise endaweni yaseRussia. Kwakungekho songo. Okwakusungulwe empeleni kwakuyi-rocket yezulu evela eNorway eyenzelwe ukutadisha i-aurora borealis. INorway yazise amazwe ngaphambi kwalokhu kuthunywa, kepha, eRussia, imininingwane ibingakafiki ezikhulwini ezifanele. Lokho kwehluleka kusasebenza njengesikhumbuzo eziningi emlandweni wakamuva wokuthi ukuxhumana kalula kabi, iphutha lomuntu, noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini kungaholela enhlekeleleni ebingahlosiwe yenuzi. Isixazululo esihle kunazo zonke senkinga kungaba ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali zenuzi. Okwamanje, ukususa izinqolobane zenuzi esimweni sokuxwayisa ngezinwele, njengoba kugqugquzelwa ososayensi abaningi nezishoshovu zokuthula, kungabonakala kuyisinyathelo esiphakathi nendawo.

January 26. Ngalolu suku, uMongameli waseRussia u-Boris Yeltsin, umemezele ukuthi izwe lakhe lizimisele ukuyeka ukubhekisa imicibisholo ye-intercontinental ballistic emadolobheni ase-US kanye nabalingani bayo. Lesi sitatimende sandulela uhambo lokuqala lukaYeltsin lokuba nguMongameli eMelika, lapho ayezohlangana khona eCamp David noMongameli uGeorge HW Bush. Esithangamini nabezindaba esabanjelwa lapho ngoFebhuwari 1, laba baholi bobabili bamemezela ukuthi amazwe abo angene enkathini entsha "yobungani nokubambisana." Kodwa-ke, ekuphenduleni umbuzo wentatheli mayelana nesimemezelo sokukhishwa kuka-Yeltsin, uMongameli Bush wenqabile ukubophezela i-US kunqubomgomo ebuyisanayo. Esikhundleni salokho, wathi uNobhala Wombuso kuphela uJames Baker uzohambela eMoscow kungakapheli inyanga eyokwakha isisekelo sezingxoxo ezengeziwe zezikhali. Kubonisa inkathi entsha emenyezelwe yobungani be-US / Russia, izinkulumo ezalandela zaba nezithelo ngokushesha. NgoJanuwari 3, 1993, uBush noYeltsin basayina iStrategic Arms Reduction Treaty (i-START II) yesibili, eyayivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto eziningi ezibuyela emuva ezizimele (MIRVs) - ngasinye siphethe i-warhead yaso – ngemicibisholo ye-intercontinental ballistic. Isivumelwano ekugcineni saqinisekiswa yi-US (ngo-1996) kanye neRussia (ngo-2000), kepha ukubuyela emuva okusheshayo ebudlelwaneni be-US / Russia kwakuvimbela ukuthi kuqale ukusebenza. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-NATO okuholwa yi-US kwabalingani baseRussia baseSerbia eKosovo ngo-1999 kwaqeda ukuthembela kweRussia ekuthakazelelweni kweMelika, kwathi lapho i-US ikhipha iSivumelwano Sokulwa Nemicibisholo Yase-Anti-Ballistic ngo-2002, iRussia yaphendula ngokuhoxa ku-START II. Ithuba eliyingqophamlando lokulandela izikhali zenuzi eliphelele lachitha kanjalo, futhi, namuhla, womabili la mazwe aqhubeka nokukhomba izikhali zenuzi ezikhungweni zomphakathi ezinkulu zomunye nomunye.

Januwari 27. Ngalolu suku ku-1945, ikamu elikhulu lokufa laseNazi laseJalimane lakhululwa yi-Soviet Red Army eholela ekukhunjweni kwalolu suku njengoba Usuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lokugubhaation in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust. Igama lesiGreki, ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe, noma "umhlatshelo ngomlilo," lihlala njengegama elihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokungcwatshwa kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane emakamu okufa ukuze kubulawe ngobuningi emakamelweni kagesi. Ngenkathi amaNazi ethatha izintambo eJalimane ngo-1933, amaJuda angaphezu kwezigidi eziyisishiyagalolunye ayehlala emazweni ayezothathwa noma ahlaselwe amaNazi aseJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngo-1945, cishe amaJuda ayizigidi eziyisithupha kanye nabanye abantu abayizigidi ezintathu babebulewe njengengxenye “yeSixazululo Sokugcina” senqubomgomo yamaNazi. Yize amaJuda ayebhekwa njengabaphansi, nosongo olukhulu kunawo wonke eJalimane, kwakungebona bodwa abayizisulu zobandlululo lobuNazi. Cishe ama-Roma angama-6 (amaGypsies), amaJalimane angama-3 akhubazeke ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba, iziboshwa zempi zaseSoviet, namakhulu ezinkulungwane zabanye nabo bahlukunyezwa babulawa iminyaka eyishumi nambili. Icebo lamaNazi leminyaka kwakungukuxosha amaJuda, hhayi ukuwabulala. I-United States kanye nabalingani basentshonalanga iminyaka benqabile ukwamukela ababaleki abaningi abangamaJuda. Ukuphathwa kabi kwamaJuda ngamaNazi kwakungeyona ingxenye yenkulumo-ze yaseNtshonalanga yempi kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempi. Impi yabulala abantu abaphindwe kaningi kunababulawa emakamu, futhi ayizange ibandakanye nemizamo yezokuxhumana noma yezempi yokuqeda ukwethuka kwamaNazi. IJalimane yazinikela kuma-Allies ngoMeyi ka-200,000, yakhulula labo ababesekamu.

Januwari 28. Ngalolu suku ngo-1970, uMkhosi Wobusika Wokuthula wawubanjelwe eMadison Square Garden eNew York City ukuqoqa izimali ezikhethiwe zokulwa nezombusazwe. Bekungumcimbi wokuqala womculo okhiqizwe ngenhloso eyodwa yokuthola imali ngezinhloso zokulwa nempi. Umkhosi Wasebusika Wokuthula wakhiqizwa nguPeter Yarrow kaPeter Paul noMary; Phil Friedmann, owayesebenze emkhankasweni wokuqokwa kukaMongameli weSenator u-Eugene McCarthy; noSid Bernstein, umgqugquzeli wodumo womculo owaletha kuqala amaBeatles e-United States. Amanye amacwecwe aziwa kakhulu emhlabeni, i-jazz, i-blues kanye ne-folk, okubandakanya i-Blood Sweat ne-Tears, uPeter Paul noMary, uJimi Hendrix, uRichie Havens, uHarry Belefonte, Voices of East Harlem, the Rascals, Dave Brubeck, Paul Desmond, UJudy Collins nomlingisi wezinwele. UPeter Yarrow noPhil Friedmann bakwazi ukukholisa abaculi ukuthi banikele ngesikhathi sabo nasemidlalweni yabo. Lokhu kube impumelelo enkulu uma iqhathaniswa neWoodstock, ebibanjelwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili, lapho abadlali abaningi abafanayo bephikelela ngokukhokhelwa. Impumelelo yoMkhosi Wokuthula Wasebusika iholele uYarrow, Friedmann, noBernstein ukuba bakhiqize i-Summer Peace Festival eShea Stadium eNew York. Yayibanjwe ngo-Agasti 6, 1970 ukumaka ama-25^th isikhumbuzo sokuqothulwa kwebhomu le-athomu kuHiroshima, ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwesikhali se-athomu. Ngokubonisa ukuthi izenzakalo zomculo zingasetshenziselwa ukuqwashisa, ukubandakanya kanye nemali, iMikhosi Yokuthula yaba yisibonelo samakhonsathi amaningi azuzayo aphumelelayo, afana ne-Concert yeBangladesh, iPulazi le-Aid kanye ne-Live Aid.

Januwari 29. Ngalolu suku ku-2014, izizwe ze-31 zase-Latin American nase-Caribbean zisho indawo yokuthula. Isimemezelo sabo senza iLatin America kanye neCaribbean indawo yokuthula esekwe ekuhlonipheni imigomo nemithetho yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba, kufaka phakathi i-UN Charter nezinye izivumelwano. Bathe “bazibophezele unomphela ukuxazulula izingxabano ngezindlela ezinokuthula ngenhloso yokusiphula unomphela usongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla esifundeni sethu.” Babophezela amazwe abo ukuthi "angangeneleli, ngqo noma ngokungaqondile, ezindabeni zangaphakathi zanoma imuphi omunye uMbuso futhi agcine imigomo yobukhosi bezwe, amalungelo alinganayo nokuzikhethela kwabantu." Bathe “ukuzibophezela kwabantu baseLatin America naseCaribbean ukukhuthaza ukubambisana nobudlelwano obuhle phakathi kwabo kanye nezinye izizwe kungakhathalekile umehluko ezinqubweni zazo zepolitiki, ezomnotho, nezenhlalo noma amazinga entuthuko, ukwenza ukubekezelelana nokuhlala ndawonye ngokuthula njengomakhelwane abahle. ” Banikela izizwe zabo “ekuhlonipheni ngokuphelele… ilungelo elingenakwehlulwa lawo wonke uMbuso lokukhetha uhlelo lwawo lwezepolitiki, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, namasiko, njengesimo esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuhlalisana ngokuthula phakathi kwezizwe.” Bazinikele “ekukhuthazeni esifundeni sesiko lokuthula, Inter alia, ngezimiso zeSimemezelo Sezizwe Ezihlangene Zesiko Lokuthula. ” Baphinde baqinisekisa “ukuzibophezela” kwezizwe zabo ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukupheliswa kwezikhali zenuzi njengenhloso eseqhulwini nokunikela ngokuqedwa kwezikhali okujwayelekile, ukukhuthaza ukuqiniswa kwezizwe. ”

Januwari 30. Kulolu suku ku-1948, uMohandas Gandhi, umholi we-Indian Independence Movement ngokumelene nokubusa kwaseBrithani, wabulawa. Impumelelo yakhe ekusebenziseni ifilosofi yokuphikisana nokungahambisani nayo yaholela ekutheni athathwe ngokuthi "unguYise weSizwe Sakhe," kanye nokuthathwa kabanzi njengobaba wobushoshovu obungenalo udlame. UMohandas wayebizwa nangokuthi “Mahatma,” noma “onomphefumulo omkhulu.” "Usuku Lwesikole Lokungabi Nodlame Nokuthula" (i-DENIP) yasungulwa eSpain enkumbulweni yakhe ngalolu suku ngo-1964. Eyaziwa nangokuthi iWorld or International Day of Non-Violence and Peace, iyiphayona, engekho embusweni. , uhlelo olungelona olukahulumeni, olungelona olusemthethweni, oluzimele, olukhululekile nolokuzithandela lwe-Non-Violent and Pacifying Education, olwenziwa ezikoleni emhlabeni wonke nalapho othisha nabafundi bawo wonke amazinga nakuwo wonke amazwe bamenywa ukuthi babambe iqhaza . IDENIP igqugquzela ukuthi kufundiswe unomphela futhi kube nokuzwana, ukubekezelelana, ubumbano, ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukungabi nodlame nokuthula. Emazweni anekhalenda laseNingizimu Nenkabazwe, leli holidi lingagcinwa ngoMashi 30. Umyalezo walo oyisisekelo uthi “Uthando Lomhlaba Wonke, Ukungabi Nodlame Nokuthula. Uthando Lomhlaba Wonke lungcono kunodlame, nokuthula kungcono kunempi. ” Umlayezo wokufundisa le mfundo ngamagugu kufanele ube owokuhlangenwe nakho futhi ungasetshenziswa ngokukhululeka esikhungweni ngasinye semfundo ngokwesitayela sayo sokufundisa. Abangane be-DENIP yilabo bantu abathi, ngokwamukela ukuphakama komuntu ngamunye nokuhlalisana ngothando lomhlaba wonke, ukungabi nodlame, ukubekezelelana, ubumbano, ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo abantu nokuthula ngaphezu kokuphikisana nabo, abamele ukusatshalaliswa kwemigomo ekhuthaze usuku.

Januwari 31. Ngalolu suku ku-2003, uMongameli waseMelika uGeorge W. Bush noNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blair bahlangana eNtabeni eNkulu. UMongameli Bush uphakamise izikimu ezahlukahlukene zokuqalisa impi e-Iraq, kufaka phakathi ukupenda indiza enezimpawu ze-United Nations nokuzama ukuyidubula. UBush uthe kuBlair: “Izwe laseMelika belicabanga ukundiza izindiza zokuhlola i-U2 ezinezembozo zempi e-Iraq, ezidwetshwe ngemibala ye-UN. Uma uSaddam ebadubula, uzobe ephule umthetho. ” UBush utshele uBlair ukuthi "kungenzeka futhi ukuthi kungahle kuvele umuntu ozohlubuka ozokwethula inkulumo yakhe emphakathini nge-WMD kaSaddam, futhi bekunamathuba amancane okuthi uSaddam abulawe." UBlair wayezibophezele i-UK ukuthi ibambe iqhaza empini kaBush ne-Iraq, kodwa wayesalokhu ecindezela uBush ukuthi azame ukuthola iZizwe Ezihlangene ukuze zikugunyaze. "Isixazululo sesibili soMkhandlu wezokuPhepha," kusho uBlair etshela uBush, "sizonikeza inqubomgomo yomshwalense uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhokhelwa okungalindelekile nokwamazwe ngamazwe." UBush uqinisekise uBlair ukuthi “iMelika izobeka isisindo sayo ngokuphelele emizameni yokuthola esinye isinqumo futhi 'izosonteka izingalo' futhi 'isongele' futhi.” Kodwa uBush uthe uma ehluleka, "impi izolandela." UBlair wathembisa uBush ukuthi "ubambisene noMengameli futhi ukulungele ukwenza noma yini ukudiliza uSaddam." Kwesinye sezibikezelo zakhe zobuthongo, uBlair uthe "wayecabanga ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthi kube nezimpi zangaphakathi phakathi kwezinhlanga ezahlukene nezenkolo" e-Iraq. Ngemuva kwalokho uBush noBlair babambe isithangami nabezindaba lapho babethi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukugwema impi.

Le Peace Almanac ikwazisa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile, inqubekela phambili, kanye nezithiyo ezinhlanganweni zokuthula ezenzeke ngosuku ngalunye lonyaka.

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Le Peace Almanac kufanele ihlale ilungile unyaka nonyaka kuze kube yilapho yonke impi ichithwa futhi kusungulwa ukuthula okuzinzile. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwephrinta nezinhlobo ze-PDF zikhokhela umsebenzi we World BEYOND War.

Umbhalo ukhiqizwe futhi uhlelwe ngu UDavid Swanson.

Umsindo uqoshwe ngu UTim Pluta.

Izinto ezibhalwe ngu URobert Anschuetz, uDavid Swanson, u-Alan Knight, uMarilyn Olenick, u-Eleanor Millard, u-Erin McElfresh, u-Alexander Shaia, uJohn Wilkinson, uWilliam Geimer, uPeter Goldsmith, uGar Smith, uThierry Blanc, noTom Schott.

Imibono ngezihloko ezithunyelwe yi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Umculo isetshenziswa yimvume evela “Ukuphela Kwempi,” ngu-Eric Colville.

Umsindo womsindo nokuxutshwa nguSergio Diaz.

Imidwebo ngu Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ngumnyakazo ongahlosile womhlaba wonke wokuqeda impi futhi usungule ukuthula okulungile futhi okuzinzile. Sihlose ukudala ukuqwashisa ngokuxhaswa okudumile kokuqeda impi futhi sithuthukise nalolo sizo. Sisebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi singagcini nje ngokuvikela noma iyiphi impi ethile kepha sichithe sonke isikhungo. Silwela ukubuyisela isiko lempi libe linye lokuthula lapho izindlela zokungqubuzana okungezona zobubi zithathe indawo yokuchitheka kwegazi.