Kusukela eMpini Yezwe II kuya eVietnam naseSiriya, izidakamizwa zivame ukuyingxenye yezingxabano njengezibhamu nezinhlamvu.
NguBarbara McCarthy, Al Jazeera
U-Adolf Hitler wayeyindida futhi ukudla kwamaNazi izidakamizwa kunika incazelo entsha egameni elithi 'impi ngezidakamizwa'. Kodwa kwakungebona bodwa. Izincwadi zakamuva ziveze ukuthi ama-narcotic ayingxenye yengxabano njengezinhlamvu; imvamisa ichaza izimpi kunokuhlala ngokungacabangi eceleni kwabo.
Encwadini yakhe Ihlukanisiwe, Umbhali waseJalimane u-Norman Ohler uchaza indlela iReich yesithathu eyayigcwele ngayo izidakamizwa, kuhlanganise i-cocaine, i-heroin kanye ne-crystal meth, eyasetshenziswa yilowo nalowo kusukela emasosheni kuya kwabasebenzi bezindlu nabasebenzi.
Ishicilelwe ekuqaleni ngesiJalimane njenge Der totle Rausch (I-Rush ephelele), le ncwadi ichaza umlando wokuhlukunyezwa ngu-Adolf Hitler nabalandeli bakhe futhi ikhulula izitho zomlando ezingashicilelwe mayelana noDkt. Theodor Morell, udokotela wakhe ophethe izidakamizwa kumholi waseJalimane kanye nombusi wesibindi wase-Italy uBenito Mussolini.
“UHitler wayenguFuhrer ekusebenziseni kwakhe izidakamizwa naye. Kunengqondo, ngenxa yobuntu bakhe obedlulele, ”kusho u-Ohler, ekhuluma esekhaya lakhe eBerlin.
Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwencwadi ka-Ohler eJalimane ngonyaka odlule, udaba oluphume ephephandabeni iFrankfurter Allgemeine lwabuza lo mbuzo umbuzo: “Ingabe ukuhlanya kukaHitler kuyaqondakala ngokwengeziwe lapho umbheka njengomuntu odlala kabi?”
“Yebo no cha,” kuphendula u-Ohler.
UHitler, impilo yakhe engokwengqondo nengokomzimba ebingumthombo wokuqagela okuningi, uthembele emijoweni yansuku zonke yesidakamizwa “esimangalisayo” i-Eukodol, ebeka umsebenzisi esimweni senjabulo - futhi esivame ukubenza bangakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezizwakalayo - necocaine, aqala ukuyithatha njalo kusuka ngo-1941 kuya phambili ukulwa nezifo ezibandakanya ukuqubuka kwesisu okungamahlalakhona, umfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye nesigubhu sendlebe esiqhekekile.
"Kodwa sonke siyazi ukuthi wenza izinto eziningi ezingabazekayo ngaphambi kwalokho, ngakho-ke ngeke usole izidakamizwa ngakho konke," kusho u-Ohler. "Lokho kusho ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekufeni kwakhe."
Encwadini yakhe, u-Ohler uchaza ukuthi, ngasekupheleni kwempi, "umuthi wagcina umphathi omkhulu ezinzile ekukhohlisweni kwakhe".
"Umhlaba ungacwila emfucumfucwini nasemlotheni omzungezile, futhi isenzo sakhe sabiza izigidi zabantu ngempilo yabo, kepha uFuhrer wazizwa enesizathu esikhulu lapho kungena injabulo yakhe yokufakelwa," wabhala.
Kodwa lokho okukhuphukayo kufanele kwehle futhi lapho izinto ziphelela ekupheleni kwempi, uHitler walukhuthazelela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-serotonin enamandla kakhulu nokuxoshwa kwe-dopamine, i-paranoia, i-psychosis, ukubola kwamazinyo, ukuzamazama okukhulu, ukuhluleka kwezinso nokulahleka, u-Ohler uyachaza.
Ukuwohloka kwengqondo nangokwenyama phakathi kwamasonto akhe okugcina e-Fuhrerbunker, a ngaphansi komhlaba U-Ohler uthi indawo yokukhosela amalungu eqembu lamaNazi, kungakhonjwa ekuhoxisweni e-Eukodol kunaseParkinson njengoba bekukholelwa phambilini.
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IMpi Yezwe II
Ukusobala, yilokho ngenkathi amaNazi ekhuthaza ukuhleleka kokuphila okuhlanzekile kwe-Aryan, bekungabikho abahlanzekile ngokwabo.
Ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar, izidakamizwa zase zitholakale kalula emnothweni waseJalimane, Berlin. Kodwa, ngemva kokubamba amandla ku-1933, amaNazi awadedela.
Khona-ke, ku-1937, babelungelo lobunikazi bemithi esekelwe e-methamphetamine Pervitin- okuvuselelayo okungagcina abantu bephapheme futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwabo, ngenkathi kubenza bazizwe beneme. Baze bakhiqiza noshokoledi, I-Hildebrand, eyayine-13mg yesidakamizwa - okungaphezulu kakhulu kwephilisi elijwayelekile le-3mg.
Ngo-Julayi 1940, ngaphezu kwalokho 35 abayizigidi ezingu Izilinganiso ze-3mg zePervitin ezisuka eThemler factory eBerlin zathunyelwa ebutho laseJalimane naseLuftwaffe ngenkathi kuhlasela iFrance.
"Amasosha abephapheme izinsuku, emasha engamile, obekungeke kwenzeke uma bekungeyona eye-crystal meth ngakho-ke yebo, kulokhu, izidakamizwa zibe nomthelela emlandweni," kusho u-Ohler.
Uveza ukuthi ukunqoba kwamaNazi empini yaseFrance kwabangelwa yilomuthi. “UHitler wayengayilungele impi nomhlane wakhe ubhekene nodonga. I-Wehrmacht yayingenamandla njengama-Allies, imishini yabo yayingeyinhle futhi babenamasosha ayizigidi ezintathu kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi ezingama-Allies. ”
Kodwa ehlomile nePervitin, amaJalimane aqhubekela phambili ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, engalalanga i-36 kumahora angu-50.
Ngasekupheleni kwempi, lapho amaJalimane elahlekelwa, u-pharmist uGerhard I-Orzechowski wadala i-cocaine chewing gum eyayingavumela abagibeli bezinkampani ze-U-boke ukuba bahlale bephapheme izinsuku ezizophela. Abaningi baphelelwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngenxa yokuthatha lesi sidakamizwa ngenkathi behlukanisiwe endaweni ehlanganisiwe isikhathi eside.
Kepha lapho imboni iTemler ekhiqiza iPervitin ne-Eukodol yayikhona ibhomu ngozakwethu ngo-1945, kwaphawula ukuphela kwamaNazi - kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kukaHitler.
Yiqiniso, kwakungewona amaNazi kuphela ayedla izidakamizwa. Abashayeli bamabhomu bamazwe ahlangene nabo banikezwa ama-amphetamine okubagcina bephapheme futhi begxile phakathi ezindizeni ezinde, kanti ama-Allies ayenemithi ayithandayo - UBenedrine.
Imibhalo yomlando yomlando we-Laurier Military ku Ontario, ECanada, iqukethe amarekhodi akhombisa ukuthi amasosha kufanele athole i-5mg ku-20mg ye-Benzedrine sulphate njalo amahora amahlanu kuya kwanguyisithupha, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphilisi angu-72 wezigidi zamamphetamine ayedliwa yi-Allies phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ama-paratroopers kuthiwa ayisebenzisa ngesikhathi sokufika kwe-D-Day, kuyilapho ama-marine ase-United States ethembele kuwo ukuhlasela kweTarawa ku-1943.
Ngakho-ke kungani izazi-mlando zilotshwe kuphela ngezidakamizwa ngokweqile kuze kube manje?
"Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abaningi abaqondi ukuthi zinamandla kangakanani izidakamizwa," kusho u-Ohler. “Lokho kungashintsha manje. Angiyena umuntu wokuqala ukubhala ngabo, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi impumelelo yencwadi isho ukuthi… [lokho] izincwadi zesikhathi esizayo nama-movie afana nalawa Ukuwa zingase zikunake kakhudlwana ukuhlukunyezwa okwedlulele kukaHitler. ”
Isazi-mlando sezokwelapha saseJalimane uDkt Peter Steinkamp, ofundisa enyuvesi yase-Ulm, eJalimane, ukholelwa ukuthi sekuza phambili manje ngoba “iningi lamaqembu athintekayo lifile”.
“Ngenkathi kukhishwa iDas Boot, ibhayisikobho yase-U-boat yaseJalimane yango-1981, yayikhombisa izigcawu zabaphenyi besikebhe se-U bezidakile bephuzile. Kubangele intukuthelo kwabaningi omakadebona bempi ababefuna ukuvezwa njengabahlanzekile, ”usho kanje. "Kodwa manje njengoba abantu abaningi abalwa eMpini Yezwe II bengasekho, singabona izindaba eziningi zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, hhayi nje kuphela ngeMpi Yezwe II, kodwa nase-Iraq naseVietnam."
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Yiqiniso, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa kudlula emuva kakhulu kuneMpi Yezwe II.
Ku-1200BC, abapristi be-pre-Inca Chavin ePeru banikeza izikhonzi zabo izidakamizwa ezingqondweni ukuze zizuzeamandla phezu kwabo, kuyilapho abaseRoma behlakulela i-opium, lapho uMbusi uMarcus Aurelius ayedumile khona umlutha.
Ama-Viking "berserkers", aqanjwa ngegama lika- "Verserkers"zembethe amajazi”E-Old Norse, eyalwa ngokuduma esimweni esifana ne-trance, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthatha amakhowe" omlingo "we-agaric kanye ne-bog myrtle. Isazi-mlando nembongi yase-Iceland uSnorri Stuluson (AD1179 kuya ku-1241) ubachaze “njengabahlanya njengezinja noma izimpisi, beluma izihlangu zabo, futhi beqinile njengamabhere noma izinkabi zasendle”.
Muva nje, incwadi uDkt Feelgood: Indaba yodokotela othembise umlando ngokuphatha nokudakisa izibalo ezivelele Kuhlanganisa noMengameli uKennedy, uMarilyn Monroe no-Elvis Presley, kaRichard Lertzman noWilliam Birnes, bathi i-US Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kukaMongameli John F Kennedy cishe kwaholela iMpi Yezwe III ngesikhathi inkulumo yezinsuku ezimbilinomholi weSoviet Nikita Krushcher ku-1961.
Impi YeVietnam
Encwadini yakhe ethi, Shooting up, umbhali wasePoland uLukasz Kamienski uchaza indlela amasosha ase-US abawasebenzisa ngayo amasosha abo ngejubane, ama-steroids, kanye nezibulala-zinhlungu ukuze “abasize baphathe ukulwa okwandisiwe” phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam.
Umbiko weKhomishini Ekhethiwe Yezobugebengu ku-1971 ithole ukuthi phakathi kwe-1966 ne-1969, amabutho ahlomile asetshenzisiwe 225 million amaphilisi avuselelayo.
“Ukuphathwa kwezikhuthazi ngamasosha kube nomthelela ekusakazekeni kwemikhuba yezidakamizwa futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube nemiphumela emibi, ngoba i-amphetamine, njengoba omakadebona abaningi besho, yanda ubudlova kanye nokuqapha. Abanye bakhumbule ukuthi lapho umthelela wejubane usuphela, babethukuthele baze bazizwa sengathi bafuna ukudubula 'izingane emigwaqweni', ”kubhala uKamienski kwiphephandaba iThe Atlantic ngo-Ephreli 2016.
Lokhu kungase kuchaze ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi bezilwane zale mpi behlelwa yisifo sokucindezeleka ngemuva kokucindezeleka. I-National Vietnam Veterans Ukulungiswa cwaningo eshicilelwe ku-1990 ibonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-15.2 wamasosha wesilisa kanye namaphesenti angu-8.5 wabesifazane ababhekana nokulwa e-Southeast Asia bahlushwa yi-PTSD.
Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwa ngu I-JAMA Psychiatry, iphephandaba lezwe lonke elibukezwa ohlotsheni labahlengikazi, izazi, kanye nocwaningi ososayensi bezokwelapha, impilo yengqondo, isayensi yokuziphatha, kanye nezinsimu ezihlangene, abantu be-200,000 bahlushwa yi-PTSD eminyakeni engaba ngu-50 emva kweMpi YeVietnam.
Omunye wabo nguJohn Danielski. WayeseMarine Corp futhi wachitha izinyanga ezingu-13 eVietnam phakathi kuka-1968 no-1970. Ngo-Okthoba, wakhulula incwadi yokuqondisa abantu ababizwa ngokuthi yiJohnny Come Crumbling Home: nge-PTSD.
“Ngabuya ekhaya ngivela eVietnam ngo-1970, kodwa ngisenayo iPTSD njengabanye abantu abaningi - ayipheli. Ngenkathi ngiseVietnam ngo-1968 ehlathini, iningi labafana engihlangane nabo babhema ukhula futhi bathatha ama-opiates. Siphuze nejubane elikhulu nasemabhodleleni ansundu, ”usho kanje, ekhuluma ngocingo esekhaya lakhe eWest Virginia.
“Abafana bamabutho babethola izikhuthazi nazo zonke izinhlobo zamaphilisi eSaigon naseHanoi, kodwa lapho sasikhona, sasiphuza nje isivinini. Yafika ngebhodlela elinsundu. Ngiyazi ukuthi kwenze abantu baba buthakathaka futhi bahlala izinsuku eziningi bengalali. ”
“Impela, amanye amadoda enze izinto ezingasile laphaya. Impela yayihlangene nezidakamizwa. Ijubane lalinzima kangangokuba ngenkathi abafana bebuya eVietnam babehlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo endizeni futhi befa. Bazoba ukuhoxiswa okunjalo - indiza ibizofana namahora ayi-13 ngaphandle kwemithi. Cabanga ulwa eVietnam bese uya ekhaya futhi ushonele endleleni egodukayo, ”kusho uDanielski.
Uyachaza: “I-amphetamine inyusa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo yakho futhi nenhliziyo yakho iyaqhuma.
Embhalweni wakhe wase-Atlantic, uKamienski wabhala: “IVietnam yaziwa njengempi yokuqala yokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, ebizwa kanjalo ngoba izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithaka ingqondo ngamasosha lalingakaze libonwe emlandweni waseMelika.”
UDanielski uyachaza: “Ngesikhathi sibuya kwakungekho sasekelwa. “Wonke umuntu wasizonda. Abantu basola thina njengababulali bezingane. Izinsizakalo zomakadebona beziyinkinga. Kwakungekho ukwelulekwa ngomlutha. Yingakho abantu abaningi bazibulala lapho bebuya. phezu 70,000 Ama-veteran azibulale kusukela eVietnam, futhi 58,000 wafela empini. Abekho udonga lwesikhumbuzo sabo. ”
"Ingabe kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezidakamizwa ne-PTSD?" Kubuza yena. “Impela, kodwa kimi okwakunzima kwakuwukuzehlukaniswa engangikuzwa lapho ngibuya nami. Akekho owayekhathalela. Ngavele ngaba umlutha we-heroin futhi ngadakwa ngokweqile, ngabuye ngalulama ngo-1998. Izinsizakalo sezingcono manje, kodwa abesilisa ababengamasosha ababesebenza e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan basazibulala - banamazinga aphezulu okuzibulala. ”
Impi eSiriya
Muva nje, izingxabano zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi zibone ukwanda kokunyuka kweCaptagon, i-amphetamine okusolwa ukuthi ibhebhethekisa impi yombango yaseSyria. NgoNovemba odlule, amaphilisi ayizigidi eziyi-11 ashaqwa yizikhulu zaseTurkey emngceleni weSyria nowaseTurkey, kwathi ngo-Ephreli 1.5 abayizigidi ezingu babanjwa eKwait. Embhalweni we-BBC obizwa ngeSyria's War Isidakamizwa kusukela ngoSepthemba 2015, omunye umsebenzisi ucashunwa ethi: “Kwakungasekho ukwesaba lapho ngithatha iCaptagon. Awukwazi ukulala noma ukuvala amehlo, ukhohlwe ngakho. ”
URamzi Haddad ungudokotela wezifo zengqondo waseLebanoni futhi ungumqambi wesikhungo sokulutha izidakamizwa esibizwa ngeSkoun. Uyachaza ukuthi uCaptagon, "owenziwa eSyria", ubelokhu ekhona "isikhathi eside - ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40".
“Ngiyibonile imiphumela umuthi onayo kubantu. Lapha kuya ngokuya kudume kakhulu emakamu ababaleki agcwele ababaleki baseSyria. Abantu bangayithenga kubadayisi bezidakamizwa ngamadola ambalwa, ngakho-ke ishibhile kakhulu kune-cocaine noma i-ecstasy, ”kusho uHaddad. "Okwesikhashana kwenza abantu bazizwe bejabule futhi bengesabi futhi kubenze balale kancane - bakulungele ukulwa ngesikhathi sempi, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuletha isifo sengqondo, ukuhlanya kanye nemiphumela emibi yenhliziyo."
UCalvin James, wase-Ireland owasebenza njengomuthi eSiriya ngoba tyena uKurdish Red Crescent, uthi yize engazange ahlangane nalesi sidakamizwa, uzwile ukuthi siyathandwa phakathi kwabalwa ne-Islamic State of Iraq kanye neqembu leLevant fighters, elaziwa nge-ISIL noma i-ISIS.
“Ungabona ngokuziphatha kwabantu. Kwesinye isenzakalo sahlangana nelungu le-ISIS elalithwala abantu elinezingane ezinhlanu lalimala kanzima. Ubebonakala enganakile nokuthi angicele amanzi, ubephethwe yingqondo ngokweqile, ”kusho uJames. “Omunye umfana uzame ukuziqhumisa, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya wayesaphila. Nakulokhu futhi, bekungathi akabuboni ubuhlungu kangaka. Welashwa esibhedlela kanye nabo bonke abanye abantu. ”
UGerry Hickey, ikhansela lezidakamizwa elizinze e-Ireland nongudokotela wezifo zengqondo, akumangazi ngalokho okutholwe kamuva nje.
“Ukukhohliswa kuyingxenye yesifundo kanti ama-opiates alutha ngokweqile ngoba enza abantu bazizwe bezolile futhi abanikeze umuzwa ongewona wokuphepha. Ngakho-ke, bafaneleke ngokuphelele kumasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, okaputeni bamasosha kanye namaphekula muva nje, ”usho kanje.
"Amakhabethe athanda ukubulala amabutho awo ngesikhathi sempi ukuze ibhizinisi lokubulala libe lula, kuyilapho bona bedla izidakamizwa ngenhloso yokulawula ubudlwangudlwangu obukhulu, i-megalomania nokukhohlisa."
Uyangeza: “Ngeke kungimangaze uma iziqhumane ezizibulalayo zinezidakamizwa kuze kube yimishanguzo.
"Into ngezidakamizwa ukuthi, abantu abagcini ngokulahlekelwa izingqondo zabo ngemuva kwesikhashana, kodwa futhi nempilo yabo iba yimbi ngemuva kokuyisebenzisa isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi lapho nje imilutha ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-40."
Uma uHitler ayesesimweni sokuhoxa phakathi nalawo masonto okugcina empi, bekungeke kube yinto engavamile ngaye ukuthuthumela nokubanda, uyachaza. “Abantu abahoxayo bathuka kakhulu futhi bavame ukufa. Badinga ukuthola eminye imithi ngaleso sikhathi. Kuthatha amasonto amathathu ukulungiswa. ”
"Ngihlala ngithola ukungabaza okuncane lapho abantu bebuza, 'Kazi bawatholaphi amandla,'” usho kanje. "Ungabe usaya phambili."
I-Aritcle itholakale ekuqaleni ku-Al Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/feature/2016/10/history-war-drugs-vikings-nazis-161005101505317.html
