NguPhil Armstrong noCatherine Armstrong, Julayi 9, 2020
Kusuka ku-Counterfire
Lokho izizwe ezithi zizimele kanye nokuthi ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi zikumeleni kungaba - futhi kuvame ukuba - yizinto ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele. Le ncwadi eshukumisa ingqondo kakhulu ibeka izwe elinamandla emhlabeni obala futhi iqhathanisa izinhloso ezishiwo zikahulumeni wase-US nokuziphatha kwakhe kwangempela. Uhulumeni wase-US uveza isithombe sakhe njengomnakekeli womhlaba wenkululeko nentando yeningi; njengoba behlale bebhekile futhi bezilungiselele, bengabaza, ukungenelela kwezombusazwe zezinye izizwe uma, futhi kuphela uma, inkululeko nentando yeningi kusengozini. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nokucindezela kobushiqela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zako, umbhali uphawula ukuthi, empeleni, uhulumeni wase-US empeleni uxhasa ngemali, uhlomisa futhi uqeqesha inhlobonhlobo yohulumeni bengcindezelo, kuhlanganise nobushiqela, uma ukusekelwa okunjalo kuthathwa njengokusezithakazelweni zase-US, ngaphandle kokubheka amarekhodi (mayelana nentando yeningi namalungelo abantu) ohulumeni ngokwabo.
Ukusekela ubushiqela
Ezigabeni ezethulayo, uDavid Swanson ubheka anhlobonhlobo ohulumeni bengcindezelo abesekwa yi-US bese egxila ikakhulukazi ebushiqela, njengoba kuyimibuso uhulumeni wase-US ahlala ethi uyayiphikisa. Ukhombisa ukuthi iningi lezwe 'elingakhululekile' lisho kanjani (njengoba kuchazwe ngu-Rich Whitney [2017], naye osekela indlela yakhe yokubhekana nentela ehlinzekwa yi-'Freedom House', inhlangano exhaswa uhulumeni wase-US - 'mahhala', 'okumahhala ngokwengxenye' kanye 'nokungakhululekile') kusekelwa ngokwezempi yi-US. Ukhombisa futhi ukuthi, ngokuphambene nombango wokuthi ukungenelela kwamasosha ase-US kuhlala kuhlangothi 'lwentando yeningi', i-US ivamise ukudayisela izikhali. zombili ihileleke ezingxabanweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. Umbhali womabili agqamisa ubude besikhathi sale ndlela: ukuthi akusiyo neze ukuthi ibhekwe njengesici sobumongameli bakaTrump futhi uthi isikhundla saseMelika sokweseka ohulumeni bengcindezelo silandela umfelandawonye onamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wase-US kanye nezikhali zase-US. abakhiqizi (okuthiwa 'imboni yezimboni yamasosha').
Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, iSwanson ibheka iningi lombuso wobushiqela obukhona emhlabeni futhi ikhombisa ukuthi isekelwa kanjani yi-US, ikakhulukazi kwezempi. Wenza kanjalo ngokunikeza amacala angamashumi amabili amanje-izifundo zomashiqela emhlabeni wonke, bonke abasekelwa yi-US. Siphikisana ngokuthi, ngokwenza kanjalo, umbhali unikeza ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuphikisa umbono wokuthi i-US ime ngokumelene nondlovukayiphikiswa nezizwe ezilawulayo. Umbhali uphawula ukubaluleka kokunikeza ubufakazi obuqinisekisayo ngendlela yohlu. Kuhlala kunzima kakhulu ukususa umbono endaweni yawo emisiwe. Isisindo sobufakazi ngokuvamile siyadingeka, ikakhulukazi uma amandla ezithakazelo ezinikezwayo ephakeme kakhulu.
Ezigabeni zokuphetha, umbhali ugqamisa ukuziphatha kukahulumeni wase-US okungajwayelekile ekuhlomeni nasekuqeqesheni amasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle. Unikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bezibalo ngesimangalo sakhe sokuthi i-US, kuze kube manje, ingumnikezeli wezikhali wamazwe ngamazwe ohamba phambili, onesibopho sokufa okuhlobene nempi emhlabeni wonke kanye nomsebenzisi we-95% wezisekelo zezempi zomhlaba ezingaphandle kwezwe labo elilawulayo.
Umbhali uxoxa ngokuthi lokho okubizwa nge-'Arab Spring' ka-2011 kwagqamisa kanjani isimo esiphikisanayo sase-US; yazisholo obala ukuthi yeseka amabutho afuqa ukukhushulwa kwentando yeningi kodwa, empeleni, izenzo zayo zazinikeze izeluleko ezibalulekile kumibuso eholwa omashiqela abahlaselwa imibhikisho. Uthuthukisa umugqa wempikiswano ngendlela ekholisayo ngokukhomba iqiniso lokuthi i-US inomlando wokusekela ubushiqela isikhathi eside - ngokuvamile ngokwezempi - bese ibajikela uma izwa ukuthi izintshisekelo zayo zishintshile. Ukhomba ukusekelwa kwe-US kukaSaddam Hussein, uNoriega no-Assad ngezibonelo futhi uyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngezinye izimo eziningi, ezifana noRafael Trujillo, uFrancisco Franco, uFrancoise Duvalier, uJean-Claude Duvalier, u-Anastasio Somoza Debayle, uFulgencio Batista, kanye Shah wase-Iran.
I-rhetoric vs iqiniso
Siphikisana ngokuthi uSwanson ushaya isipikili ekhanda lapho ephawula:
'Uma ukwesekwa kwe-US kondlovukayiphikiswa kubonakala kungqubuzana nezinkulumo zase-US mayelana nokusabalalisa intando yeningi, ingxenye yencazelo yalokho ingase isetshenziselwe "intando yeningi" njengegama lekhodi elithi "uhlangothi lwethu" kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi ukuxhumana nentando yeningi yangempela noma uhulumeni omele noma ukuhlonipha amalungelo abantu' (p.88).
Ube esethi uma isitha singesona,
'nonya kodwa kunalokho iSoviet Union noma uKhomanisi noma ubuphekula noma i-Islam noma iSocialism noma iShayina noma i-Iran noma iRussia, futhi uma noma yini eyenziwa egameni lokunqoba isitha kubhalwe ngokuthi "intando yeningi," kusho insada yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi intando yeningi kubandakanya ukusekela ubushiqela nazo zonke izinhlobo zabanye ohulumeni abacindezela ngokulinganayo' (p.88).
Ekuphetheni kwakhe le ngxenye yomsebenzi, umbhali ubuye agcizelele ukubaluleka kwezimali, futhi esekelwe izibonelo eziningi, ikakhulukazi, izinga elibalulekile lokuxhaswa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe okunethonya elikhulu ekubunjweni kwenqubomgomo yase-US.
Ingxenye yokugcina yebhuku ikhuluma ngodaba olucindezelayo noluyinselelo lokuthi ukusekelwa kwe-US kobushiqela kungase kuqedwe kanjani. ISwanson ikhomba ku-'The Stop Arming Human Rights Abusers Act, HR 5880, 140', eyethulwe nguCongresswoman Ilhan Omar. ISwanson iphawula ukuthi uma lo mthethosivivinywa uba ngumthetho uzovimbela uhulumeni wase-US ekunikezeni ukwesekwa okubanzi kohulumeni abacindezela kakhulu emhlabeni. Kunzima ukungavumelani nemizwa evezwe umlobi ekugcineni kwencwadi yakhe:
'Umhlaba udinga kakhulu ukulawula ohulumeni bawo uqhelelane namashiqela nababulali. I-United States idinga kakhulu ukususa izinto eziza kuqala kuyo kusukela kwezempi engalawuleki nezikhali ezisebenzelana namabhizinisi anokuthula. Isinyathelo esinjalo singaba ngcono kakhulu ngokokuziphatha, kwezemvelo, kwezomnotho, futhi ngokomthelela kumathemba okuphila komuntu' (p.91).
Umbhali uveza ukukhohlisa okugculisayo kwempikiswano yokuthi i-US ihlezi ilwa ngasohlangothini lwentando yeningi, iphikisana ngokuthi ukuthi umbuso (noma umholi) ubhekwa njengosekela i-US noma u-anti-US umbuzo obalulekile (umbono ongakwazi , futhi ngokuvamile iyashintsha). Ubunjalo bukahulumeni wangaphandle uqobo akuwona umshayeli wokungenelela.
Njengaphesheya, kanjalo nasekhaya
Ngakho-ke i-Swanson igqamisa indlela ephikisana ngokujulile yenqubomgomo yangaphandle futhi ibheka ngokujulile, siphikisa ngokuthi ukugqama kubonakala ngokulinganayo kunqubomgomo yasekhaya. Ngokombono odumile (waseMelika), inkululeko iyisisekelo okwakhiwe kuso i-USA. Kepha ekusetshenzisweni kwalesi simiso okuthiwa siyisisekelo uhulumeni waseMelika ukhetha ngendlela ekhathazayo - kunqubomgomo yasekhaya kanye neyangaphandle. Inkululeko yokukhuluma yezakhamizi zaseMelika kanye nokuhlangana ngokuthula kwezakhamizi zaseMelika ezimweni eziningi ziye zanganakwa uhulumeni wazo lapho kuphazamiseka izintshisekelo zamuva.
Akuvamile ukuthi lokhu kubonakale kakhulu kunasempendulweni yemibhikisho eqhubekayo yeBlack Lives Matter elandela ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd. Naphezu kokuvikelwa okucacile kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, imibhikisho eminingi enokuthula iye yacindezelwa ngenkani. NgoJuni 1st Isigameko siwuphawu, lapho amaphoyisa asebenzise isisi esikhalisa izinyembezi, izinhlamvu zenjoloba namabhomu aqhumayo ukuze asuse iLafayette Square yababhikishi abanokuthula ukuze avumele uMongameli uTrump ukuba athwebule izithombe ngaphandle kwesonto likaSt John (Parker et al 2020). Khonamanjalo enkulumweni ye-White House, umongameli umemezele 'umfelandawonye wabo bonke ababhikishi abanokuthula' - umfelandawonye, kubonakala sengathi, ovuna ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezingezona ezokuthula ukuvala inkulumo yenkululeko.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukucindezelwa kombhikisho okufanayo kuye kwagxekwa ngokungananazi lapho elinye izwe kungumenzi wobubi. Ku-tweet yangoMeyi 2020, uTrump unxuse uhulumeni wase-Irani ukuthi angasebenzisi udlame kubabhikishi futhi 'yeka izintatheli zizulazule'. Ukuvikela okunezimiso okunjalo kokubaluleka komshini wokunyathelisa ngokukhululeka akuzange, nokho, kuholele ekutheni umongameli avume noma agxeke inqwaba yokuhlaselwa kwamaphoyisa kwezintatheli ezikhuluma ngemibhikisho yeBlack Lives Matter e-USA (ngokwe-US Press Freedom Tracker, kusukela ngomhlaka-15 Juni. , ukuhlaselwa kwezintatheli ngamaphoyisa ngenombolo ku-57). Umsuka walokhu kungahambisani akunzima ukuwuchaza.
Futhi, ngeshwa, ukunganakwa kwenkululeko yokuChitshiyelwa kokuQala okukhethekile kumongameli kaTrump onesiphithiphithi, noma nakulawo amaRiphabhulikhi. Ngokwesibonelo, abaphathi baka-Obama babone imibhikisho ye-Standing Rock yangowezi-2016 ephikisana nokwakhiwa kwepayipi i-Dakota Access Pipeline emhlabeni waboMdabu baseMelika - lapho amaphoyisa aphendula khona ngesisi esikhalisa unyembezi, amabhomu engqubuzana kanye nezimbangi zamanzi emazingeni okushisa abandayo. UMongameli u-Obama wehlulekile ukugxeka lolu dlame lwamaphoyisa oludlangile olubhekiswe kubabhikishi abanokuthula (Colson 2016), icala elicacile lenkulumo yamahhala ecindezelwa ngenkani.
Nakuba lesi simo samanje sengcindezelo sidlulele, asikaze sibe yinto engakaze ibonwe. Indlela kahulumeni wase-US ekhethayo ngokubaluleka kwenkululeko ibonakala ekuphatheni kwakhe izakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi endaweni yokubhikisha (Price et al 2020). Ekugcineni, amalungelo omthethosisekelo asho okuncane ekusebenzeni uma enganakwa noma ephulwa ngokuphelele nguhulumeni okufanele uwagcine, bese ethatha isinqumo sokushaya inqubomgomo ehambisana nentando yeningi.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi umbhali uyaphawula,
'Inhloso yale ncwadi emfushane iwukwenza abantu bazi ukuthi impi yase-US isekela ubushiqela, ekupheleni kokuvula izingqondo ekungabazeni impi' (p.11).
Siphikisana ngokuthi uphumelele ngempela ukufeza lo mgomo. Okubalulekile, ukwenza kanjalo ngenkathi egqamisa ukuphikisana okujulile okuhilelekile kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US; ukungqubuzana esikuphikisa ngenhla kuyabonakala nakunqubomgomo yasekhaya. Ngakho-ke inqubomgomo yase-US 'ihlala ingahambisani'. Ivezwa njengesekelwe ngokuyisisekelo phezu kokuvikela inkululeko kanye nentando yeningi kanti, empeleni, isekelwe ekulandeleni izintshisekelo zikahulumeni wase-US kanye namaqembu engcindezi enamandla ngemuva kokusungulwa kwe-US.
Sikholelwa ukuthi incwadi kaSwanson inegalelo elikhulu engxoxweni; usekela zonke izimpikiswano zakhe ngobufakazi obukholisayo obukhulu; ubufakazi esiphikisayo kufanele banele ukuze bakholise umfundi onomqondo ovulekile ngobuqiniso bokuhlaziya kwakhe. Sincoma ngokusuka enhliziyweni lo msebenzi kubo bonke abanentshisekelo yokuqonda amandla okushayela agqugquzele ukuziphatha kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US.
Okubhekwayo
U-Colson, N., 'Ukuthula Kobugwala kuka-Obama ku-Standing Rock', Usonhlalonhle Disemba 1, 2016.
Freedom House,Amazwe Nezindawo'.
U-Parker, A., Dawsey, J. kanye no-Tan, R., 'Ngaphakathi kokuphushela ababhikishi besisi esikhalisa izinyembezi ngaphambi kwesithombe sikaTrump', Washington Post Juni 2, 2020.
Price, M., Smoot, H., Clasen-Kelly, F. kanye no-Deppen, L. (2020), '“Akekho kithina ongaziqhenya.” IMeya igxeka iCMPD. I-SBI izobuyekeza ukusetshenziswa kwe-ejenti yamakhemikhali embhikishweni,' UCharlotte Observer Juni 3.
Whitney, R., 'I-US Ihlinzeka Ngosizo Lwezempi Kumaphesenti angama-73 Obushiqela Bomhlaba,' Ngaphandle, Ngo-September 23, i-2017.
Impendulo eyodwa
u-trump ungomunye womashiqela ababi kakhulu!