ngu-Marc Kodack / Isikhungo Sezulu Nokuphepha, Isazi Sezemvelo Ngokulwa Nempi, Agasti 20, 2021
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kusuka ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu angahle ahlasele izinhlamvu ezigcinwe kanye neziqhumane
UMarc Kodack / Isikhungo Sezulu Nezokuphepha
(Disemba 23, 2019) - Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzothinta izimpahla eziningi, isib. Izinhlamvu, i-Amy yase-US ethembele kuzo emisebenzini yokulwa. Njengoba amazinga okushisa anda izindawo ezomile zomhlaba, sesha njenge Emaphakathi Mpumalanga (okubaluleke kakhulu ku Ukuphepha kwezwe lase-US), ukugcinwa kwezinhlamvu neziqhumane (i-AE) ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa adlulele kungaholela ekungazinzini naseziqhumeni ezingaba khona ezingakahlelwa.
Kamuva esihlokweni in Isayensi yaseMelika [bona i-athikili engezansi - I-EAW] ihlola ukugcinwa kwezinhlamvu lapho “ukushisa okukhulu kunganciphisa ubuqotho besakhiwo, kubangele ukwanda okushisayo kwamakhemikhali aqhumayo futhi kulimaze izivikelo.”
Ama-munitions angamelana nokukhuphuka kwesikhashana ekushiseni okukhulu. Ukuqhuma okuhlobene nokushisa kunamathuba angama-60% emadepho ezinhlamvu phakathi kuka-Ephreli naphakathi kukaSepthemba lapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu enzeka ezindaweni ezinjengeMiddle East. Kusuka endatshaneni:
Ngaphandle kokuqapha okuvamile, izinto eziqhumayo ezifuthumelayo ngaphakathi kwezikhali zingaphoqa ukuthi zihambe ngezimpawu nezipulaki zokugcwalisa, izindawo ezinobuthakathaka begobolondo. INitroglycerin iba nozwelo kakhulu lapho imunca umswakama kangangokuthi ngisho nokunyakazisa okuncane nje kungayisusa… Umphumela womzimba wamazinga okushisa aphakeme ngokungajwayelekile ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokucindezeleka livela phakathi kwezakhi ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene wokunaba kwezinto ngazinye ... Amazinga okushisa aphezulu nawo ayakhuphula ingozi yokuphatha amaphutha ngabaphathi bezikhali abakhathele.
Lokhu kuphakamisa kakhulu izingozi zokuphathwa nokugcinwa okuphephile. Amasosha aseMelika anakho izinqubo yesitoreji se-AE ezimweni zamasu, ezingahluka ukusuka endaweni yokugcina kuya endaweni evulekile enezikhongozelo ezingenawo. I-AE ingagcinwa phansi noma endaweni engathuthukisiwe.
Ngokusho kuka-2016 Wezempi isiqondiso odabeni, izinto eziningi ze- “AE zizwela kakhulu ekushiseni futhi zisabela emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu kunalawo adingekayo ukubasa ukhuni olujwayelekile, iphepha nezindwangu… ukuwohloka kuyashesha lapho umswakama uhlanganiswa nokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa.” Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu akushiwo njengokuguquguqukayo okudinga ukucatshangelwa lapho kuhlelwa ukugcinwa kwe-AE, noma kunjalo.
Ukulawula amazinga okushisa ezindaweni ezomile ngaphakathi kwebanga elamukelekayo elingakwehlisi ukusetshenziswa kwe-AE, noma ngabe i-AE igcinwe ngaphakathi kwendawo noma endaweni evulekile, kuzoba yinselele. Amazinga okushisa akhuphukile kusuka ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu azokwandisa zonke izimo zokulondolozwa kwamasu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi noma yimiphi imishini ethunyelwe edinga ukuvikeleka nokugcinwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-AE eyanele yezinhlobo nama-quantify ihlala isebenza futhi itholakalela ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka, kungenye indawo lapho ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzothinta amandla oMbutho wokuphrojusa amandla nokufeza izinhloso zawo zokusebenza njengengxenye ye-Joint Force.
Kuthunyelwe ngokuya nge-Title 17, Isigaba 107, i-US Code, ngezinhloso ezingezona ezentengiselwano, zemfundo.
Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Kungenzeka Kuqhume Amadepho Ezikhali
Amagagasi amakhulu okushisa angazinzisa izingxenye zemishini, ikakhulukazi lapho iziqhumane zingagcinwanga kahle
UPeter Schwatzstein / iScientific American
(Novermber 14, 2019) - Bekusele kancane ngaphambi kwe-4 AM, ekuseni kungenawo umoya ngoJuni 2018, lapho idepho yezikhali eBaharka, e-Iraq Kurdistan, bhala phezulu. Kukhanyisa isibhakabhaka sokuntwela kwamakhilomitha nxazonke, ukuqhuma kwathumela amarokhethi, izinhlamvu kanye nemijikelezo yezikhali ehlasela nxazonke. Izikhulu zithi akekho umuntu obulewe. Kepha ukube bekungelona ihora lokuqala futhi kuncishiswe ibutho, isibalo sabantu abafayo kungenzeka ukuthi besesabekayo.
Ngemuva konyaka, enye kwaqhuma i-arsenal ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBaharka nje kuphela, kubikwa ukuthi icekela phansi izinhlamvu eziyizigidi zamarandi ezaziqongelelwe ngesikhathi kuliwa ne-ISIS. Ukuqhuma okumbili okufanayo ngaseBaghdad kulandele emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kwalokho, ukubulala nokulimaza inqwaba yabantu phakathi kwabo. Ngaphambi kokuphela kwaleli hlobo eledlule, okungenani amasayithi ayisithupha ezinsimbi zomlilo abesevutha amalangabi e-Iraq kuphela, ngokusho kwemithombo yezokuphepha e-Iraq.
Ngenkathi imininingwane yokuqhuma iyindlala, abaphenyi bavumile ukuthi izehlakalo eziningi zabelana ngendikimba efanayo: isimo sezulu esishisayo. Ukuqhuma ngakunye kweza phakathi nehlobo elide, elishisayo lase-Iraq, lapho amazinga okushisa ayevame ukudlula ama-45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit). Futhi wonke ashaye njengoba nje amagagasi anamandla okushisa enyuka. Ochwepheshe beziqhumane bathi ukushisa okukhulu okunjalo kunganciphisa ubuqotho besakhiwo semishini, kubangele ukwanda okushisayo kwamakhemikhali aqhumayo futhi kulimaze izivikelo.
Njengoba ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kukhuphula amazinga okushisa ehlobo futhi kukhulisa inani nobukhulu bamaza okushisa emhlabeni wonke, ongoti bezikhali baxwayisa ngokuqhuma okungakahleleki okunjalo ezindaweni zemishini, noma i-UEMS - ikakhulukazi ezindaweni esezivele zingene shí ezingxabanweni noma zinokuphathwa okungafanele kwezinqolobane, noma zombili.
Le nhlanganisela enamandla ibhebhethekisa ukubhujiswa nokufa okunezakhamizi ezisezindaweni ezinempi enkulu. “Lapho nje kushisa, sesaba okubi kakhulu,” kusho u-Emad Hassan, ongumshiseli waseDora, indawo yaseBaghdad eye yabhekana nezinhlekelele eziningana zedepho.
Kuthatha Okukodwa
Azikho izibalo eziphelele ezibandakanya ngqo iziqhumane ezihlobene nokushisa - hhayi okungenani ngoba zivame ukubulala ofakazi abaseduze futhi zichithe nobufakazi, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukuthi yini ngempela edala le micimbi. Kepha usebenzisa idatha kusuka ku-Small Arms Survey, iphrojekthi yokuqapha izingalo ezinze eGeneva, ukuhlaziywa okwenziwe ngumbhali wale ndatshana kuphakamisa ukuthi i-UEMS inamathuba acishe abe ngamaphesenti angama-60 phakathi kuka-Ephreli naphakathi kukaSepthemba.
Leyo datha ikhombisa nokuthi mayelana 25 amaphesenti zezinhlekelele zedepho ezinjalo azichazwa. Esinye isihlanu kucatshangwa ukuthi sihlobene nezimo zemvelo - okuphakamisa ukuthi ukushisa kungenzeka ukuthi sekuvele kuyimbangela yazo - ngokusho kochwepheshe bezikhali abayishumi nambili nezikhulu zamasosha okukhulunywe ngazo ngale ndatshana.
Iningi lemishini yokwakha yakhelwe ukumelana nokushisa okukhulu kepha esikhathini esifushane. Uma uvezwe emazingeni okushisa ashubile nomswakama isikhathi eside ngokwanele, imishini yezempi ingaba yimbi futhi ingahle izihlukanise ngokwengeziwe noma kancane. Izinkuni ezimayini zesigxobo sabasebenzi zibola; iraba noplastiki ezimayini zepulasitiki kungaphuka elangeni elingapheli. Ngaphandle kokuqapha okuvamile, izinto eziqhumayo ezifuthumelayo ngaphakathi kwezikhali zingaphoqa ukuthi zihambe ngezimpawu nezipulaki zokugcwalisa, izindawo ezinobuthakathaka begobolondo. INitroglycerin iba nokuzwela okukhulu lapho imunca umswakama kangangokuthi ngisho nokunyakaziswa okuncane kungayisusa. I-phosphorus emhlophe iyancibilika ibe uketshezi ku- 44 degrees C futhi ingaqhekeka ikesi elingaphandle lomshini njengoba likhula futhi lisebenza nezinga lokushisa.
Lapho kuqhuma iziqhumane, abanye basabela ngokungcola emoyeni ukuze bakhe amakristalu ayingozi ngaphandle abengaqhuma ngokushayisana noma ngokunyakaza. "Umphumela womzimba wamazinga okushisa aphakeme ngokungajwayelekile ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokucindezeleka livela phakathi kwezakhi ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene okukhulisa izinto ngazinye," kusho uJohn Montgomery, umeluleki omkhulu wezobuchwepheshe wokulahlwa kweziqhumane eHalo Trust, imayini yezimayini -caca inhlangano engenzi inzuzo.
Amagobolondo odaka, amarokhethi nemijikelezo yezikhali kusengozini enkulu ngoba kunikwe amandla ophephela abenza babe nesibopho sokuqalisa nganoma yini ecasulayo. Ama-stabilizers amakhemikhali avimbela ukuzishisa. Kepha kukho konke ukukhuphuka kwama-degree-C amahlanu ngaphezu kokushisa okulungile kokugcina, i-stabilizer iyaphela nge-1.7, ngokusho kweHalo Trust. Lokho kuncipha kuyashesha uma ama-munitions evezwa ekushintsheni okubanzi kokushisa phakathi nosuku.
Ekugcineni, akusekho ukuqiniswa - futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwesinye isikhathi akusekho indawo yezikhali. Iningi labo ICyprus yalahlekelwa ugesi ngoJulayi 2011 lapho isiteshi esikhulu samandla esizwe sikhishwa ngamabhonteyina angama-98 okuhambisa ayegcwele imishini yamasosha yase-Iranian eyathathwa eyaqhuma ngemuva kokupheka izinyanga ngaphansi kwelanga laseMedithera, yaqothula izihambisi zazo.
Amazinga okushisa aphakeme futhi anyusa ingozi yokuphatha amaphutha ngabaphathi bezikhali abakhathele. Ukusuka ezindaweni ezinokuphikisana okunesiyaluyalu kuya ezindaweni zokugcina ezisezingeni eliphakeme ze-NATO, amasosha athi ihlobo kulapho izingozi eziqhumayo ziphakama ngenxa yenhlanganisela yokuthatha izinqumo ngenkungu nemishini ebucayi, zombili ezidalwa ukushisa okukhulu. "Kwezempi, konke kuba nzima kakhulu uma kusehlobo," kusho isikhulu sezikhali zase-Iraq esizibiza ngo-Ali. “Manje ihlobo alikapheli.”
Inkinga Engaxazululeki
Ukuqagela kwesimo sezulu kuyahlukahluka eMiddle East naseNyakatho Afrika, kepha amazinga okushisa ashisayo kulezo zifunda angakhuphuka aze afike ama-degree ayisikhombisa C ngo-2100, isifundo se-2016 ku Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu kuphetha. Futhi a Ucwaningo lwe-2015 ithole ukuthi amadolobha asogwini eMiddle East azobona ukuphakama kwemicimbi enokushisa okukhulu nomswakama. Lezi zinkambiso zibeka ukuthi kungenzeka khona ama-UEMS amaningi ngokuzayo.
Yize inani eliphelele le-UEMS bekubonakala lincipha emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, njengoba izingalo zasendulo zeminyaka ebandayo zempi zisetshenzisiwe noma zaqedwa, amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo abukeka eyinciphisa le mpumelelo eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kusho u-Adrian Wilkinson, umhloli wezikhali osekunesikhathi eside leNhlangano yeZizwe kanye nezinye izinhlangano.
Ama-munitions emazweni amaningi asathuthuka ehlisa isithunzi esisheshayo kunasesikhathini esedlule ngenxa yokuchayeka ekushiseni, futhi amabutho ehluleka ukuwalahla ngesikhathi, kusho ochwepheshe bezikhali nezikhulu zamasosha abaxoxwa nale ndaba.
Kwezinye izindawo ezaziwa kakhulu ngezindawo zomhlaba, isimo esingenzi nzuzo samaqembu amaningi ahlomile sisho ukuthi banolwazi oluncane lobuchwepheshe futhi bavame ukwakha izindlu zemishini ezikhungweni zesikhashana, lapho kungabekwa khona kakhulu ukukhanya kwelanga nokuphathwa kabi, ngokusho kwezingalo ezizimele- isazi sokulawula uBenjamin King. Futhi ngoba Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungenzeka kube nomthelela odlameni ezindaweni eziningi ezifanayo lapho i-UEMS ehlobene nokushisa yanda khona, lokhu kuqhuma kungavimbela ukulungela kwamasosha kwezinye izifunda ngesikhathi sabo sokudinga okukhulu.
Kunezindlela ezingokoqobo zokubhekana nale nkinga, noma kunjalo. Ngokugcina imishini yokwakha ezindaweni ezilawulwa ukushisa ezinendawo ezungeze ibhulashi nezinye izinto ezivuthayo, amasosha anamarekhodi amabi okuphepha anganciphisa ukuba sengozini kwamadepho abo ekuqiniseni ukushisa nezinye izinto zemvelo, kusho uWilkinson. Mina
u-ndia ufunde lesi sifundo ngo-2000, lapho utshani obude butshisa umlilo kusatshiswa amalangabi endaweni yeziqhumane, kwashona abantu abahlanu. Ama-UEMS abulala kakhulu, kufaka phakathi eyodwa ngo-2002 okwabulala abantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane eNigeria, basezindaweni ezisemadolobheni - ngakho ngokwakha ezindaweni ezingazodwa ezinabahlali abambalwa, amabutho nawo anganciphisa ukuwa uma kwenzeka okubi kakhulu.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, amasosha adinga ukuthola okungcono ekubambeni kwabo, kusho ochwepheshe abaningi kanye nabangenzi inzuzo Isikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokususwa Kwamanzi Abantu baseGeneva. Abaqiniseki ukuthi banani ezimweni eziningi, abaphathi bamadepho abazi ukuthi imishini ehlukahlukene kufanele icekelwe phansi nini.
“Kufanele ube nawo wonke amarekhodi nemibhalo ehlobene nokugcinwa, ukushintsha kwamazinga okushisa, umswakama nokunye. Kuzofanele kube uhlelo oluphendula ngokugcwele, ”kusho uBlaz Mihelic, owayengumhloli wezikhali nowayengumphathi wamaphrojekthi kwa-ITF Enhancing Human Security, engenzi nzuzo eSlovenia lokho kusebenza ekwehliseni izingalo.
Kepha ukuze kwenzeke konke lokhu kuthuthukiswa, kuzofanele kube nokushintsha kolwandle ezimweni zengqondo, kusho ochwepheshe bezingalo. Amasosha amaningi awenzi imishini yokugcina izinto ebaluleke kakhulu, futhi bona - kanye nabezemvelo - abajabule ngethemba lokuthi kuzodingeka babhekane nenqubo ebizayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi engcolisayo yokubhubhisa nokuvuselela izinqolobane zabo kaningi.
"Kungaba nzima ukwenza noma yimuphi uhulumeni ukuthi agxile ezinhlamvwini zenhlamvu ngaphandle kokuthi kwenzeke okuthile okubi, ngoba akusona nje lesi sihloko esithandekayo," kusho uRobin Mossinkoff, oyinhloko yesigaba sokwesekwa eForamu Yokuphepha Kwezokuphepha e-intergovernmental Organisation for Security kanye Nokubambisana e-Europe. "Kodwa uma ukwazi ukukhipha imali eyizigidi ezingama- $ 300 ngezikhali ezintsha, ungakwazi ukwenza lokhu."
Kuthunyelwe ngokuya nge-Title 17, Isigaba 107, i-US Code, ngezinhloso ezingezona ezentengiselwano, zemfundo
