Impi nenkulumo-mpilo yempi ivame ukuvutha futhi ivuselelwe ubuhlanga, ukucwaswa, inzondo yenkolo, nezinye izinhlobo zobuhlanga.
Isazi-mlando uKathleen Belew uthi kuye kwaba khona ukulungiswa e-United States emkhatsini wempi kanye nokuphakama kobudlova obukhulu be-supremacist.
"Uma ubheka, ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezingaphansi kobulungu beKu Klux Klan, zivumelanisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezilwane ezivela empini nokulandela impi kunokuba zihambisane nokulwa nokufuduka kwamanye amazwe, i-populism, ubunzima bezomnotho, noma noma yikuphi ezinye izici izazi-mlando ezivame ukuzisebenzisa, "usho kanje.
UDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. udumile ukuthi kufanele sibhekane nezinkinga ezintathu zokuxubana ndawonye: ubuhlanga, impi, nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo.
Nansi i-extract from Impi Ngamanga nguDavid Swanson:
I-Bigoted Racist Jingoism Iseza Imithi Yehla
Okwenza amanga amahle kakhulu futhi angabhalwe phansi angabeka ukwehlukana nobandlululo, ngokumelene nabanye futhi ngokuthanda kwethu. Ngaphandle kokuhlukunyezwa ngokwenkolo, ukucwasa ubandlululo kanye ne-jingoism yezwe, izwe liyoba nzima ukuthengisa.
Inkolo sekuyisikhathi eside isilungele izimpi, ezazilwelwa onkulunkulu ngaphambi kokuba zilwelwa amaharahara, amakhosi, nabamakhosi. Uma uBarbara Ehrenreich enelungelo lakhe encwadini yakhe ethi Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War, abaqaphi bokuqala bezimpi babeyizimpi ezilwa nezizingonyama, izingwe kanye nezinye izidumbu ezimbi zabantu.16 Eqinisweni, lezo zilwane ezidlalayo kungenzeka isisekelo esakhiwa kuzo onkulunkulu-futhi ama-drones angabanjwanga ngamagama (isib. "i-Predator"). "Umhlatshelo wokugcina" empini ungase uhlotshaniswe ngokujulile nomkhuba womhlatshelo womuntu njengoba wawukhona ngaphambi kwezimpi, njengoba sazi, waba khona. Imizwelo (hhayi izivumelwane noma izinto ezifeziwe, kodwa ezinye izinzwa) zenkolo nempi zingase zifanane kakhulu, uma zingenjalo, ngoba le mikhuba emibili inomlando ovamile futhi ayizange ihluke kakhulu.
Imikhosi kanye nezimpi zamakholoni kanye nezinye izimpi eziningi ziye zaba nezizathu zenkolo. AmaMelika alwa izimpi zenkolo ngezizukulwane eziningi ngaphambi kwempi yokuzibusa ngaphandle kweNgilandi. UCaptain John Underhill e-1637 wachaza impi yakhe enobuqhawe ekwenzeni i-Pequot:
UCaptaine Mason engena eWigwam, wakhipha uphawu lomlilo, ngemuva kokuthi elimele abaningi endlini; wabe esetshisa iWestside… mina ngishise umlilo ngasemaphethelweni aseNingizimu ngesitimela sePowder, imililo yomibili yomhlangano enkabeni yeFort yavutha kakhulu, futhi yashisa konke esikhaleni sika-halfe houre; abantu abaningi ababekhuthazeka babengazimisele ukuphuma, futhi balwa kanzima kakhulu… ukuze bashiswe futhi basha… futhi babhubha ngobuqhawe…. Eziningi zashiswa eFort, abesilisa, abesifazane nezingane. 17
Lokhu ku-Underhill kuchaza njengempi engcwele: "INkosi iyathokoza ukusebenzisela abantu bayo izinkathazo nezinhlupheko, ukuze yena abonakale kubo ngesihe, futhi abonise ngokucacile umusa wakhe wamahhala emithonjeni yabo." 18
Ngaphansi kwemvelo kusho umphefumulo wakhe, futhi abantu bakaJehova bangabantu abamhlophe. AbaseMelika baseMelika kungenzeka ukuthi babe nesibindi futhi banesibindi, kodwa babengaziwa njengabantu ngokugcwele. Emakhulwini amabili namakhulu amahlanu kamuva, abaningi baseMelika basebenze umbono obaluleke ngokwengeziwe, futhi abaningi babengenalo. UMongameli uWilliam McKinley wayebheka amaPhilippines njengesidingo somsebenzi wezempi ngokwabo.
Ngokwakhe uqobo, uMcKinley ku-1899 utshele umhlangano wamaMethodisti ukuthi wayengafuni iPhilippines, futhi "lapho beza kithi, njengesipho esivela konkulunkulu, bengingazi ukuthi benzeni nabo." UMcKinley uthe wayethandazile futhi wathola ukukhanya okulandelayo. Kungaba "ukwesaba nokuhlazeka" ukunikeza iPhilippines eSpain, "ibhizinisi elibi" lokubanika iJalimane noma iFrance, futhi bekuyosho ukuthi idale "i-anarchy ne-misrule" ukuphuma ePhilippines kuya ePhilippines. Ngakho-ke, ngokuqondiswa nguNkulunkulu, uMcKinley wabona ukuthi wayengenayo ikhetho: "Kwakungekho lutho esilufanele senze kodwa ukuzithatha konke, nokufundisa abasePhilippines, nokuvuselela nokuzivuselela nokuzikhohlisa." UMcKinley wayehlongoza ukwenza isizwe esineminyaka eyinkulu kunaye eyunivesithi kuneHarvard kanye neChristanize abantu abayinhloko yamaRoma Katolika.19
Akungabazeki ukuthi amalungu amaningi ekuthunjweni kwamaMethodisti abuza ukuhlakanipha kukaMcKinley. Njengoba uHarold Lasswell ephawula ku-1927, "Amasonto cishe cishe zonke izincazelo angathembeka ekubusiseni impi ethandwayo, futhi abone kuwo ithuba lokunqoba kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu abakhetha ukuqhubeka nawo." Konke okudingekayo, uLasswell wathi, kwakuzoba "abafundisi abavelele" ukusekela impi, futhi "izibani ezincane zizozamazama." Amaphephandaba e-United States phakathi neMpi Yezwe I yabonisa ukuthi uJesu wayegqoke ikhaki futhi ebona phansi umgqomo. ULasswell wayekade elwa nempi eyayilwe namaJalimane, abantu abayinhloko yenkolo efanayo nabaseMelika.20 Kulula kangakanani ukusebenzisa inkolo empini ngokumelene namaSulumane ngekhulu le-21. UKarim Karim, uprofesa ohlangene e-School of Journalism and Communication yaseCarleton University, uyabhala:
Isithombe esisekelwe ngokomlando 'seSulumane embi' siye sabasiza kakhulu ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga abahlela ukuhlasela amazwe amaningi amaSulumane. Uma umbono womphakathi emazweni abo ungaqiniseka ukuthi amaSulumane ayamahloni futhi ahlukumeza, bese ebabulala nokubhubhisa impahla yabo ibonakala iyamukeleka.20
Empeleni, empeleni, inkolo yomuntu ayilungisisani ukwenza impi, futhi abaengameli base-US abasasayikuthi bayakwenza. Kodwa ukuguqulwa kwamaKhristu kuvamile emasosha aseMelika, futhi inzondo yamaSulumane. Amasosha aye abikele e-Military Religious Freedom Foundation ukuthi lapho efuna ukululekwa kwezempilo yengqondo, athunyelwe kubafundisi kodwa abanikezele ukuba bahlale "empini" ukuze "babulale amaSulumane ngoKristu." 22
Inkolo ingasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza inkolelo yokuthi lokho okwenzayo kuhle ngisho noma kungenangqondo kuwe. Umuntu ophakeme uyakuqonda, ngisho noma ungakwenzi. Inkolo ingayinikeza impilo emva kokufa kanye nenkolelo yokuthi ubulala futhi usengozini yokufa ngenxa yesizathu esiphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa inkolo akuyona yedwa umehluko weqembu ongasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izimpi. Noma yikuphi umehluko wesiko noma ulimi oluzokwenza, futhi amandla okubandlulula ukusiza izinhlobo ezimbi kunazo zonke zokuziphatha komuntu zisungulwe kahle. USeninkulu u-Albert J. Beveridge (R-IN) wanikela iSenate umqondo wakhe oqondiswa uNkulunkulu ngempi ePhilippines:
UNkulunkulu wayengakalungiseleli abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi nabaseTeutonic iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ngaphandle kwezezimali ngaphandle kokuzicabangela nokuzicabangela okungenangqondo nokuzihlonipha. Cha! Usenze sibe abahleli bezwe bomhlaba ukusetha isimiso lapho izihluku zibusa khona.23
Izimpi zomhlaba ezimbili eYurophu, ngenkathi zilwa phakathi kwezizwe manje ezicatshangwa ngokuthi "zimhlophe," ezihilelekile ngokohlanga ngokobuhlanga. Iphephandaba laseFrance i-La Croix ngo-Agasti 15, i-1914, lagubha "ama-Gauls, amaRoma, namaFrance asekuqaleni," futhi wathi "amaJalimane kumele ahlanjululwe kusukela ebhange elingakwesokunxele le-Rhine. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezimbi kumele zibuyele emuva emingceleni yazo. I-Gauls yaseFrance neBelgium kufanele ikhumbule lo mhlaseli ngenkani, ngokukodwa. Impi yomncintiswano ibonakala. "24
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva kwaba ukuphenduka kwe-United States ukulahlekelwa ingqondo yayo. NgoDisemba 7, 1917, i-Congressman Walter Chandler (D-TN) ememezele phansi eNdlu:
Kuye kwathiwa uma uzohlaziya igazi lomJuda ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, uzothola iTalmud ne-Old Bible zizulazula kwezinye izinhlayiya. Uma uhlaziya igazi lommeleli waseJalimane noma uTeuton uzothola izibhamu zomshini nezinhlayiya zamagobolondo namabhomu ezungeza egazini…. Lwa nabo uze uqede yonke inqwaba.25
Lolu hlobo lokucabanga alusizo nje ekunciphiseni izincwadi zokuhlola izimali eziphuma emaphaketheni amalungu eCongress, kodwa futhi nokuvumela abantu abasha abathumele empini ukubulala. Njengoba sizobona esahlukweni 5, ukubulala akufiki kalula. Mayelana namaphesenti angu-98 abantu bavame ukumelana kakhulu nokubulala abanye abantu. Muva nje, isazi sengqondo sathuthukisa indlela yokuvumela i-US Navy ukuba ilungiselele kangcono ababulali bokubulala. Kubandakanya amasu, "ukuze amadoda acabange ngezitha ezingase zizobhekana nazo njengezinhlobo ezingezansi zokuphila [namafilimu] ahlose ukwethula isitha njengabantu abangaphansi kwesintu: ubuwula bemasiko wendawo buhlekwa usulu, ubuntu bendawo enikezwe njengamademigods amabi. "26
Kulula kakhulu isosha lase-US ukubulala i-haji kunabantu, njengoba kwakulula kumabutho amaNazi ukuba abulale abantu abangenasidingo kunabantu bangempela. UWilliam Halsey, owayala amabutho aseMelika aseNtshonalanga Pacific ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, ecabanga ngenjongo yakhe ngokuthi "Ukubulala Japs, ukubulala iJaps, ukubulala amaJaps amaningi," futhi wafunga ukuthi lapho impi iphelile, ulimi lwaseJapane kwakuzokhulunywa kuphela esihogweni.27
Uma impi iguquke njengendlela yokuthi abantu ababulala izilwane ezinkulu bahlale bematasa ukubulala abanye abantu njengoba lezo zilwane zafa, njengoba kusho u-Ehrenreich, ubuhlanga bawo nobuhlanga kanye nakho konke okuhlukile phakathi kwamaqembu abantu kuyinto ende. Kodwa ubuzwe buyisimo esisha kakhulu, esinamandla, futhi esingaqondakali sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esihambisana nempi, futhi lowo owakhula ngokwenza impi. Ngenkathi ama-knights endala ayezofela inkazimulo yawo, amadoda nabesifazane banamuhla bazofa ngenxa yendwangu ebomvu yengubo enemibala engabakhathaleli lutho. Ngosuku olulandelayo i-United States yamemezela impi eSpain ku-1898, umbuso wokuqala (eNew York) wadlulisela umthetho odinga ukuthi izingane zesikole zibingelela ifulegi lase-US. Abanye bangalandela. Ubuzwe buyizinkolo ezintsha.28
Kubikwa ukuthi uSamuel Johnson uthi ukuthanda izwe kuyisiphephelo sokugcina sesiqubuzana, kanti abanye baye basikisela ukuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho, yilokuqala. Uma kuziwa ekugqugquzeleni imizwelo yempi, uma ukuhlukana okunye kungaphumeleli, kuhlale njalo lokhu: isitha asiyona yezwe lakithi futhi sibingelela ifulegi lethu. Lapho i-United States iqamba amanga ngokujulile eMpini yeVietnam, bonke kodwa ama-senators amabili bavotela isinqumo seGulf of Tonkin. Omunye walaba ababili, uWayne Morse (D-OR) utshele ezinye izintshumayelo ukuthi utshelwe yiPentagon ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kweNyakatho yeVietnam kwase kuqubuke. Njengoba sizoxoxa ngesahluko 2, ulwazi lukaMorse lwalungile. Noma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa kwakuzocasuliwe. Kodwa, njengoba sizobona, ukuhlasela ngokwayo kwakuyiqiniso. Osebenza nabo baseMorse abazange bamphikise ngenxa yokuthi wayephutha, noma kunjalo. Esikhundleni salokho, isenenja yamtshela ukuthi, "Isihogo, uWayne, awukwazi ukulwa nomongameli lapho wonke amafulegi evuleka futhi sesizoya emhlanganweni wesizwe. Bonke [uMongameli] uLyndon [Johnson] ufuna isicu sephepha esitshela ukuthi senze khona lapho, futhi sisekela. "29
Njengoba impi yaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, ngokungenangqondo kubhubhisa izigidi zabantu, ama-senator kwiKomiti Yezobudlelwane Zangaphandle baxoxisana ngokuyimfihlo ukukhathazeka kwabo ukuthi babekhohlisiwe. Noma kunjalo bakhetha ukuthula, futhi amarekhodi alawo mhlangano awazange ashicilelwe umphakathi kuze kube yi-2010.30 Amaflegi ayebonakala ekhuphuka phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka ephakathi.
Impi inhle ekuthandweni kwezwe njengokuthanda izwe kungenxa yempi. Lapho iMpi Yezwe I iqala, abaningi bezenhlalakahle eYurophu bavumelana namafulegi abo ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene futhi bashiya umzabalazo wabo wokusebenza emazweni angaphandle.31 Namanje, akukho okuphikisa ukuphikiswa kwamaMelika ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba jikelele njengohulumeni waseMelika empini nokuphikelela ukuthi amasosha ase-US akakaze kuncike kunoma yiliphi igunya ngaphandle kweWashington, DC
Imibhalo Yamuva:
