Ekuhleleni i inkomfa ezayo ehlose ukuphikisana nesimiso sempi, ezobanjelwa e-American University ngo-September 22-24, angikwazi ukusiza kodwa ngidonsele enkulumweni umongameli wase-US owanikeze e-American University eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-50 edlule. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyavumelana nami ukuthi lena yikho inkulumo engcono kakhulu eyake yanikezwa ngumongameli wase-US, kufanele kube nokuphikisana okuncane ukuthi yilokho okukhulunywa ngakho konke okushiwo yiCapitol Hill noma e-White House namhlanje. Nayi ividiyo yesabelo esihle senkulumo:
UMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wayekhuluma ngesikhathi lapho, njengamanje, iRussia ne-United States babenezikhali zenuzi ezanele zokutshisana komunye nomunye ngesaziso somzuzwana sokubhubhisa umhlaba ngokuphila komuntu izikhathi eziningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, Nokho, ku-1963, kwakukhona izizwe ezintathu nje kuphela, hhayi ezisishiyagalolunye zanamuhla, ngezikhali zenuzi, nabaningi kakhulu kunamanje enamandla enyukliya. I-NATO yayisuswe kude nemingcele yaseRussia. I-United States yayingakaze iholele ukuxoshwa e-Ukraine. I-United States yayingakulungisi ukuvivinya impi ePoland noma ukubeka imicibisholo ePoland naseRomania. Futhi kwakungenzi ama-nukes amancane awakuchaza ngokuthi "angasetshenziswa kakhulu." Futhi kwakungesongo ukuwasebenzisa eNyakatho Korea. Umsebenzi wokuphatha izikhali zenuzi zase-US wabe esebizwa ngokuthi udumo emajoni ase-US, hhayi ukulahla izidakamizwa nokulahlekelwa yilokho okuye kwaba khona. Inzondo phakathi kweRussia ne-United States yayiphakeme ku-1963, kodwa inkinga yaziwa kabanzi nge-United States, ngokungafani nokungazi okukhulu kwamanje. Amanye amazwi enhlanzeko nokuvimbela avunyelwe emaphephandabeni ase-US ngisho nase-White House. UKennedy wasebenzisa isishoshovu sokuthula u-Norman Cousins njengesithunywa kuNikita Khrushchev, ongakaze achaze, njengoba uHillary Clinton echaze uVladimir Putin, ngokuthi "uHitler." Ngisho namabutho aseMelika naseSoviet ayexhumana nabanye. Akusenjalo.
U-Kennedy uhlele inkulumo yakhe njengendlela yokwelapha ngokungazi, ngokukhethekile umbono wokungazi ukuthi impi ayinakugwemeka. Lokhu okuphambene nalokho uMengameli uBarack Obama akushilo eHiroshima ngonyaka odlule nangaphambili ePrague nase-Oslo, nokuthi uLindsey Graham uthini ngempi eNyakatho Korea.
UKennedy wabiza ukuthula "isihloko esiqakatheke kakhulu emhlabeni." Walahla umbono we "Pax Americana ephoqelelwe emhlabeni ngezikhali zempi zaseMelika," ngokuqondile ukuthi yiziphi zombili amaqembu ezombangazwe amakhulu manje futhi amaningi akhulume ngempi ngabongameli abaningi baseMelika abadlule baye bajabulela. U-Kennedy uye waze wazibuza ukuthi uyakhathalela nge-100% kune-4% yesintu:
"... hhayi nje ukuthula kwabaseMelika kodwa ukuthula kubo bonke abesilisa nabesifazane-hhayi nje ukuthula esikhathini sethu kodwa ukuthula kuze kube nini nanini."
UKennedy wachaza impi nokulwa nempi nokuvimbela njengoba kungenasisekelo:
"Ingqikithi yempi ayinaki ingqondo ngesikhathi lapho amandla amakhulu angakwazi ukugcina amabutho enyukliya amakhulu futhi angenakuvinjelwa nokuzidela ngaphandle kokuziphendulela kulawo mabutho. Akusizi ngalesi sikhathi lapho isikhali esisodwa esisodwa sezikhali zenuzi sinezikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi amandla okuqhuma ahlinzekwa yiwo wonke amabutho ohlangene eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. Akusizi ngalesi sikhathi lapho izinhlayiya ezibulalayo ezikhiqizwa ukushintshaniswa kwezikhali zenuzi ziyoqhutshwa umoya kanye namanzi nomhlabathi kanye nenzalo ezindaweni ezikude zezwe kanye nezizukulwane ezingakazalwa. "
UKennedy walandela imali. Ukusetshenziswa kweMpi manje sekuphezu kokuqhathaniswa kwezimali zikahulumeni, futhi iTump ifuna ukuyiqhubekela phambili ku-60%.
"Namuhla," kusho uKennedy ku-1963,
"Ukusetshenziswa kwezigidigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ngezikhali ezitholakalayo ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi asidingeki sisebenzise kubalulekile ukugcina ukuthula. Kodwa ngokuqinisekile ukutholakala kwamasheya angenalutho-okungabhubhisa kuphela futhi angalokothi kudale-akuyona yedwa, okungenani kakhulu ephumelelayo, izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthula. "
Ku-2017 ngisho namakhosikazi obuhle ashintshile ekuphakamiseni impi kunokuba "ukuthula emhlabeni." Kodwa ku-1963 Kennedy wakhuluma ngokuthula njengobhizinisi obukhulu bukahulumeni:
"Ngikhuluma ngokuthula, ngakho-ke, njengokuphela komqondo okudingekile wamadoda anengqondo. Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi ukuphishekela ukuthula akuyona into ephawulekayo njengokuphishekela impi-futhi ngokuvamile amazwi alabo abaphishekelayo awela ezindlebeni eziyizithulu. Kodwa asinaso umsebenzi ophuthumayo. Abanye bathi akusizi ngalutho ukukhuluma ngokuthula emhlabeni noma umthetho wezwe noma ukulwa nezikhali zezwe-nokuthi ngeke kube usizo kuze kube yilapho abaholi beSoviet Union bamukela isimo sengqondo esengeziwe. Ngithemba ukuthi bayakwenza. Ngikholwa ukuthi singabasiza bona bakwenze. Kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi kumele sihlole kabusha isimo sethu sengqondo-njengabantu ngabanye kanye nesizwe-ngoba isimo sethu sengqondo sibalulekile njengabo. Futhi zonke iziqu zalesi sikole, sonke isakhamuzi esicabangelayo esinezinkinga zempi nesifiso sokuletha ukuthula, kufanele siqale ngokubuka ngaphakathi-ngokuhlola isimo sakhe sengqondo mayelana namathuba okuthula, e-Soviet Union, empini yempi ebandayo futhi ngokukhululeka nokuthula lapha ekhaya. "
Ungacabanga ukuthi yisiphi isikhulumi esamukelekile kumithombo yezinkampani noma iKapitol Hill ekhombisa ukuthi ubudlelwane base-US obuya eRussia yingxenye enkulu yenkinga kungase kube isimo sengqondo se-US?
Ukuthula, uKennedy uchaze ngendlela engavamile namuhla, kungenzeka ngokuphelele:
"Okokuqala: Ake sihlole isimo sethu sengqondo ngokuthula ngokwayo. Iningi lethu licabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka. Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka. Kodwa lokho kuyinkolelo eyingozi, inqotshwa. Kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi impi ayinakugwemeka-ukuthi isintu siyobhujiswa-ukuthi siboshwe amandla asikwazi ukulawula. Akudingeki ukwamukele lo mbono. Izinkinga zethu zenziwe ngezandla-ngakho-ke, zingaxazululwa ngumuntu. Futhi indoda ingaba enkulu njengoba efuna. Ayikho inkinga yesiphetho sabantu esingaphezu kwabantu. Isizathu somuntu nomoya kuye kwavamise ukuxazulula lokho okubonakala kungenakuqhathaniswa-futhi sikholelwa ukuthi bangayenza futhi. Angikubhekisele kumqondo ongenaphutha, ongapheli wokuthula kanye nenhloso enhle lapho ezinye izicabango kanye nabalingiswa bephupha. Angiyikuphika ukubaluleka kwamathemba namaphupho kodwa simane nje simema ukudumazeka nokungaqiniseki ngokwenza lokho okuwukuphela komgomo wethu. Ake sigxilise ekusebenzeni okungcono, okufinyeleleka kakhulu ekuthuleni ngokusekelwe ekuguqukeleni okungazelelwe emvelweni wabantu kodwa ekuziphendukeni kancane kancane ezikhungweni zabantu-ngochungechunge lwezenzo ezikhonjisiwe nezivumelwano eziphumelelayo ezithandekayo kubo bonke abathintekayo. Ayikho inkinobho eyodwa, elula kulokhu kuthula-akukho mshini omkhulu noma omlingo ozokwamukelwa yinye noma amabili amandla. Ukuthula kwangempela kufanele kube umkhiqizo wezizwe eziningi, inani lemisebenzi eminingi. Kumele kube yinto enamandla, hhayi isiteji, ishintshe ukuhlangabezana nenselele yesizukulwane ngasinye esisha. Ukuthula kuyindlela-indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga. "
U-Kennedy wabamba ezinye zezinsizwa ezivamile:
"Ngokuthula okunjalo, kusazoba khona izingxabano kanye nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo, njengoba zikhona emindenini nasezizweni. Ukuthula emhlabeni, njengokuthula komphakathi, akudingi ukuba umuntu ngamunye amthande umakhelwane wakhe-kudinga kuphela ukuthi bahlale ndawonye ngokubekezelelana, ukuhambisa izingxabano zabo ngokuvumelana nokuthula nokuthula. Futhi umlando usifundisa ukuthi inzondo phakathi kwezizwe, njengabantu phakathi kwabantu, ayihlali phakade. Kodwa-ke ukulungisa ukuthanda kwethu nokungathandeki kungase kubonakale, ukuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nemicimbi kuzovame ukuletha izinguquko ezimangalisayo ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwezizwe nomakhelwane. Ngakho ake sibekezele. Ukuthula akudingeki kube yimpumelelo, futhi impi akudingeki ingenakugwemeka. Ngokucacisa umgomo wethu ngokucacile, ngokwenza kubonakale kulawulwa futhi kuncane kakhulu, singasiza bonke abantu ukuba babone, ukudweba ithemba kuwo, nokuhamba ngokungaqondakali kuwo. "
U-Kennedy ukhalela lokho akucabangayo, noma ucabange ukucabanga, awunasisekelo se-Soviet paranoia mayelana nemibuso yase-US, ukugxeka kweSoviet ngokungafani nokugxeka kwakhe okuyimfihlo kwe-CIA. Kodwa ulandela lokhu ngokuyijikijela emphakathini wase-US:
"Kodwa kuyadabukisa ukufunda lezi zincwadi zaseSoviet-ukubona ukuthi ingakanani phakathi kwethu. Kodwa futhi isixwayiso-isixwayiso kubantu baseMelika abangangeni esicukeni esifanayo njengamaSoviets, ukuba bangaboni umbono ophikisayo futhi ongenathemba ohlangothini oluhlukile, ukungaboni ukuxabana okungenakugwemeka, indawo yokuhlala njengenakwenzeka, futhi ukukhulumisana akuyona into nje kunokushintshisana kwezinsongo. Akekho uhulumeni noma uhlelo lwezenhlalakahle olubi kangangokuthi abantu balo kumele babhekwe njengabantu abangenalo okuhle. Njengabantu baseMelika, sithola ukuxhumana kobuKhomanisi ngokumangazayo njengenhlonipho yenkululeko yomuntu nesithunzi. Kodwa singakwazi ukuthulisa abantu baseRashiya ngempumelelo yabo eminingi-kwisayensi nasesikhala, ekukhuleni kwezomnotho nezimboni, ngokweziko nangokwesibindi. Phakathi kwezici eziningi abantu bamazwe ethu amabili bafana, akekho onamandla kunokuba siphikisana ngokwempi kwempi. Cishe iyingqayizivele phakathi kwamandla omhlaba amakhulu, asikaze siphikisana. Futhi akekho isizwe emlandweni wempi esake sahlupheka ngaphezu kweSoviet Union ehlupheka ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Okungenani izigidi ze-20 zalahlekelwa ukuphila kwazo. Izigidi eziningi zamakhaya namapulazi zishiswa noma zathathwa. Ingxenye yesithathu yensimu yesizwe, kuhlanganise cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zesisekelo sayo sezimboni, yaphenduka indawo eyihlane-ukulahlekelwa okulingana nokubhujiswa kwaleli zwe empumalanga yeChicago. "
Cabanga nje namuhla uzama ukuthola abantu baseMelika ukubona iphuzu lesitha lesikhethiwe bese bebizelwa emuva ku-CNN noma i-MSNBC kamuva. Cabanga ucabangele ukuthi ngubani owenza iningi lokunqoba iMpi Yezwe II noma ukuthi kungani iRussia ingaba nesizathu esihle sokwesaba ubudlova kusukela entshonalanga!
UKennedy ubuyele esimweni esingenasimo sempi ebandayo, futhi manje:
"Namuhla, kufanele impi yonke imiswe futhi-kungakhathaliseki ukuthi-amazwe ethu amabili abe yiziphi izinjongo eziyinhloko. Kuyinto engavamile kodwa enembile ukuthi amandla amabili aqine kakhulu yiwona amabili engozini enkulu yokubhujiswa. Konke esikwakhe, konke esikusebenzele, kuzobhujiswa emahoreni okuqala we-24. Futhi ngisho nasempi ebandayo, ebeka imithwalo nezingozi ezizweni eziningi kangaka, kuhlanganise nalabo abasondelene nabo besizwe-amazwe ethu amabili athatha imithwalo enkulu kakhulu. Ngoba sobabili sibanikeza imali eningi ezikhalidini ezingasetshenziswa kangcono ukulwa nokungazi, ububha, nezifo. Sonke sibhekene nomjikelezo ononya futhi onobungozi lapho ukusola ngakolunye uhlangothi kuveza ukusola ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi izikhali ezintsha zizala izikhali zokulwa. Ngamafuphi, kokubili i-United States kanye nabalingani bayo, neSoviet Union kanye nabalingani bayo, banesithakazelo esijulile ekuthuleni okuqotho nokuyiqiniso nokuvimbela uhlanga lwempi. Izivumelwane zalokhu kuphezu kwezinhloso zeSoviet Union kanye nezethu-futhi ngisho nezizwe ezinonya kakhulu zingathembeka ukwamukela nokugcina lezo zinhloso zomthetho, kanye nezibophezelo zomthetho kuphela, ezithandayo. "
U-Kennedy ukhuthaza, ngokudabukisayo ngamazinga abanye, ukuthi i-United States ibekezelela ezinye izizwe ziphishekela imibono yazo:
"Ngakho-ke, masingaboni ukungafani kwethu-kodwa ake siphinde siqondise izithakazelo zethu ezivamile kanye nendlela okungahle kuxazululwe ngayo lokho kungezwani. Futhi uma singeke sikwazi ukuphela manje ukungezwani kwethu, okungenani singasiza ukuwenza umhlaba uphephe ngokuhlukahluka. Ngoba, ekuhloleni kokugcina, isixhumanisi sethu esiyisisekelo esivamile siwukuthi sonke sihlala kule planethi encane. Sonke siphefumula umoya ofanayo. Sonke siyazisa ikusasa lezingane zethu. Futhi sonke singabantu abafayo. "
U-Kennedy uvuselela impi ebandayo, kunabaseRussia, njengesitha:
"Masihlole kabusha isimo sethu sengqondo ngempi ebandayo, sikhumbule ukuthi asihlanganyeli enkulumweni, sifuna ukuhlanganisa izingqinamba zokuphikisana. Asikho lapha ukusakaza icala noma ukukhomba umunwe wesahlulelo. Kumelwe sibhekane nezwe njengoba kunjalo, hhayi njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi umlando we-18 iminyaka yokugcina uhlukile. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe siphikelele ekufuneni ukuthula ethembeni lokuthi izinguquko ezakhayo ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lamaKhomanisi zingase zilethe izixazululo ezifinyelelekayo ezibonakala zingaphezu kwethu. Kumele siqhube izindaba zethu ngendlela eba nesithakazelo samaKhomanisi ukuvumelana ngokuthula kwangempela. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngenkathi sivikela izithakazelo zethu ezibalulekile, amandla enyukliya kufanele aphenduke lezo zinkinga eziletha isitha ekukhethweni kokuhlazeka okululazayo noma impi yenuzi. Ukwamukela lolohlobo lwezinsuku zenuzi kungaba ubufakazi bokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwenqubomgomo yethu-noma ukufa okuhlangene-isifiso sezwe. "
Ngencazelo kaKennedy, uhulumeni wase-US ulandela isifiso sokufa kwezwe, njengoba nje incazelo kaMartin Luther King eminyakeni emine kamuva, uhulumeni wase-US "usefile ngokomoya." Okungasho ukuthi akukho lutho oluvela enkulumweni kaKennedy futhi umsebenzi owawulandela ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuba abulawe ngamabutho aseMelika. UKennedy uhlongozwe enkulumweni ekudalweni kwe-hotline phakathi kohulumeni ababili, okwakhiwa. Uhlongoze ukuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi futhi wamemezela ukuphela kuka-United States ukuzama ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi emkhathini. Lokhu kwaholela esivumelwaneni sokuvimbela ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngaphandle komhlaba. Futhi lokho kwaholela, njengoba uKennedy ayehlose, ukusebenzisana okukhulu kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokudalwa kwezikhali.
Le nkulumo iphinde iholele ama-degrees kunzima ukulinganisa ukumelana okukhulu kwe-US ukuqala izimpi ezintsha. Kwangathi kungasebenza ukugqugquzela a ukunyakaza ukuletha ukuqeda impi kube yiqiniso.
Izikhulumi ngempelasonto ezayo e-American University Kuzofaka: Medea Benjamin, Nadine Bloch, Max Blumenthal, Natalia Cardona, Terry Crawford-Browne, Alice Day, Day Lincoln, UThim DeChristopher, UDale Dewar, uThomas Drake, uPat Elder, uDan Ellsberg, uBruce Gagnon, UKathy Gannett, Ingabe uGriffin, uSymour Hersh, UTony Jenkins, uLarry Johnson, Kathy Kelly, Jonathan King, Lindsay Koshgarian, UJames Marc Leas, u-Annie Machon, Ray McGovern, Rev Lukata Mjumbe, uBill Moyer, U-Elizabeth Murray, u-Emanuel Pastreich, U-Anthony Rogers-Wright, Alice Slater, UGar Smith, u-Edward Snowden (ngevidiyo), USusi Snyder, UMike Stagg, uJill Stein, uDavid Swanson, uRobin Taubenfeld, uBrian Terrell, uBrian Trautman, uRichard Tucker, UDonnal Walter, uLarry Wilkerson, U-Ann Wright, u-Emily Wurth, Kevin Zeese. Funda i-bios yezikhulumi.
Izimpendulo ze-18
UMongameli uKennedy wabulawa ngenxa yale nkulumo kanye nemibono yakhe yokulwa nempi. Izakhiwo zezempi-zezimboni, lapho i-Eisenhower ebhekisele kulo, zazidinga uKennedy endleleni ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi impi engapheli, eholela enzuzweni enkulu, iqhubeke njalo. Ubufakazi buyiminyaka izwe leli liye lachitha ukudala izimpi emhlabeni jikelele. Uma ucabanga ukuthi i-9-11-01 yenziwa emandleni angaphandle, cabanga futhi.
Ngiyavuma, iRozanne, baseMelika babonakala benganaki ingxenye yethu esimweni esibucayi izizwe zizithola zizama ukuhamba. Siyakuphika ukuthi sinecala futhi sibonisa ukuzimisela kokuziphatha okulungile, kodwa empeleni iqembu elitezi lezigidigidi lilawula isiko lethu lempi nokuxhaphazwa. Manje, ngosizo lwaseRussia, zilawula zonke izici zikahulumeni wethu ohulumeni.
Eqinisweni, inkulumo engcono kakhulu nguMongameli waseMelika yayifushane kakhulu. Yanikezwa ku-1863 ku-Gettysburg, PA.
Ngokumangazayo inhlangano elwa nempi ayiginye imfundiso yesikole samabanga aphansi noma ibeke inkulumo yenkulumo yempi njengenkulumo enhle 🙂
U-Eisenhower naye wethule inkulumo enhle, wasixwayisa ngosongo lwezempi / lwezezimboni. Asilalelanga.
Umbhedo ongaka! Ngenkathi ufunda lokhu kuhlonishwa kuKennedy, ngabe waqubuka egameni elithi "Vietnam" noma kuphi? Abanye World Beyond War abantu bakhohlwa owabo umlando. Ukuzonda kukaKennedy ngobuhlanya kobukhomanisi kwamgcina esekela amabutho aseNingizimu Vietnam abulala futhi akhohlakele. UKennedy usichithile iSivumelwano SaseGeneva sokukhulisa ibutho laseNingizimu Vietnam futhi athumele ezinkulungwaneni zabeluleki bezempi base-US. Umbono wakhe we-Strategic Hamlet washiya abantu basemakhaya abayizigidi eziyi-8. Impi kaKennedy ekugcineni yabulala amasosha ase-60,000 e-US nezigidi zamasosha aseVietnam naseCambodia kanye nezakhamizi. Elinye iqhawe elilwa nempi!
I-Vietnam ayisho lutho emabhukwini omlando, ungalokothi ucabange ukuthi yini eyabangela ukubandakanyeka kwethu. 🙁
UKennedy usayine i-NSAM 263 ngo-Okthoba 11, 1963 ukuqala ukuhoxa eVietnam. Umyalelo kaKennedy waguqulwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba esuswe esikhundleni.
Umyalelo uwonke kodwa awukwazi kahle, ungafunda ikhophi http://www.jfkmoon.org/vietnam.html
UKennedy wayevakashele “iNingizimu” eVietnam ngo-1951 futhi wayetshelwe yisikhulu soMnyango Wezombuso u-Edward Gullion ukuthi abaseFrance ngeke bayinqobe impi eyayilwa nobukoloniyali. UJFK wenza amaphutha amaningi kodwa wafunda kuwo futhi iqiniso lokuthi wanquma ukuhoxa ngo-1963 alinakuphikwa. Ngisho nohlangothi lwaseNyakatho neVietnam lwalukwazi lokhu.
Okuwukuphela kwento engenangqondo nokuhlanya lapha ubuwula bukaBill Johnstone, kulandela ukuvalela inzondo elwa noKennedy evezwe ngamaLeftoid anjengoChomsky no-Alex Cockburn.
UJohn F. Kennedy wayengumbutho omkhulu kunazo zonke waseMelika wokuthula kusukela ekufeni kwe-FDR:
U-Kennedy wenqabe ukubandakanyeka kwezempi eLaos elikhulayo, kunalokho kusiza ukwakha uhulumeni we-neutralist-coalition oma kuze kube phakathi-1970s.
U-Kennedy wenqabe ikhava yomoya yase-United States nokubandakanyeka kwezempi ngenkathi kuqhutshwa i-Bay of Pigs.
Udonga lwaseBerlin lukhuphuka. U-Kennedy akasenzi lutho.
Njengoba iSouth Vietnam isemaphethelweni okuwa ngo-'61 nango-'62, cishe wonke uhulumeni kaJFK ucindezela ngokuqinile ukuthunyelwa kwamabutho aseMelika angama-100,000 ukuyosindisa umbuso weDiem. UKennedy uthumela abeluleki abayi-10,000 XNUMX esikhundleni salokho.
Ukwenqaba izingcingo zokubhomu nokuhlasela eCuba, ukwenqaba izingcingo zabanye ukuqala isiteleka senyukliya esandulela uMoscow, uKennedy uxazulule uMcibisholo weMissile ngokuvuma ukungahlaseli eCuba nokukhipha izimpi zenuzi zase-United States eziseTurkey, emngceleni waseSoviet.
UKennedy noMongameli wase-Indonesia uSukarno bathatha izinyathelo zokwakha uhulumeni ongathathi hlangothi e-Indonesia enezinkinga, i-JFK futhi yenqaba ukwamukela noma yiziphi izenzo ezicashile ezibhekiswe ezweni, ukwenqaba okwabuyiselwa emuva eminyakeni emibili kamuva yi-LBJ, okwaholela ekubulaweni kwabangaphezu kuka-1,000,000 XNUMX XNUMX abasolwa ngokuthi "ngabashiyi" futhi ukuketulwa kukaSukarno.
I-Kennedy isekela ukunyakaza kwamazwe / neutralist eNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi, e-Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
U-Kennedy uhlela kabusha isiteshi kuhulumeni wase-Castro.
E-American University, i-JFK ifuna kuphele iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, isikhumbuza ukuthi “sonke siphefumula umoya ofanayo, sonke siyalithanda ikusasa lezingane zethu, futhi sonke singabantu abafayo.”
U-Kennedy uhlela kabusha umzila ohulumeni waseNorth Vietnam, ngokusebenzisa abazalwane baseNg. (I-Kennedy oyithandayo no-CIA-stooge Sy Hersh.)
U-Kennedy ubonisa isivumelwano seNuclear Test Ban namaSoviet, evimbela zonke izivivinyo zenuzi emkhathini, ngaphansi komhlaba noma ngaphansi kwamanzi.
UKennedy wayala abantu baseMelika bokuqala abayinkulungwane ukuthi bahoxe eSouth Vietnam ngasekupheleni kuka-'1,000, esigabeni sokuqala sokuhlehliswa okuphelele kweVietnam.
E-United Nations ngoSepthemba 20, 1963, i-JFK ifuna ukuthi kuphuculwe izikhali zomhlaba, kuhulumeni wezwe ngenhloso yokuthula, isikhungo somhlaba sokulondolozwa nokwabiwa kokudla, kanye nohlelo lwezempilo lomhlaba wonke olwenza bonke abantu emhlabeni bavikeleke ngokwelashwa. . Uphinde futhi acele ukuphela kwe-Space Race, ngomzamo wobunye wokuhlola izinkanyezi, amaplanethi, inyanga - kanye nokuvinjelwa kwazo zonke izikhali zasemkhathini kanye neziphuphutheki eziqonde ezempi. Lokhu, kuhlangene nokwenqaba kukaKennedy ukwenza impi yaseMelika ibe seNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, bekuzobiza ama-vampire ezinkampani / amasosha / ama-intelligence izigidigidi zamadola.
Ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nodlame lapho wonke amandla emhlabeni engakuwe - lelo yiqhawe.
Omunye umlingisi wempi, eh Johnstone? Manje yiba ngumfana omuhle bese ubuka u-Amy Goodman.
Sicela ucacise ubufakazi bakho. Ngiyabonga.
I-JKF iqinisile, kuyingozi ukuqhubeka namanga ukuthi impi ayinakugwemeka. U-Reagan uphinde wathi lapho kuhlanganiswa khona amabutho kanye nezinyunyana zamahhala, ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kwenkululeko kuyisizukulwane esisodwa. Uphinde wasayina isivumelwano se-UN esitshela ukuthi ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo lokho okuqhubekayo kuhlushwa kuvele kulungile. Kubonakala sengathi wenze okuphambene nalokhu, kodwa ngingathanda ukubona amaphiko angakwesokudla echaza lokho. Lapha uvuma ukuthula kungenzeka, into ethi "izinkululeko" namuhla ayikwazi ngisho nokwamukela.
'Ethukuthele ngokusobala, uMnu. Reagan uqhubeke wathi: "Manje, ngicabanga ukuthi abanye babantu abaphikisana kakhulu futhi abenqaba ngisho nokuvuma umqondo wokuthola ukuqonda, noma ngabe bayakuqonda noma cha, labo bantu - phansi emicabangweni yabo ejule kakhulu - sebemukele ukuthi impi ayinakugwenywa nokuthi kufanele kube khona impi phakathi kwale mibuso emikhulu. ”
"Ngicabanga ukuthi uma nje unethuba lokulwela ukuthula," kwengeza uMongameli, "ulwela ukuthula."
Ekuphikiseni abagxeki besivumelwano, uMnu. Reagan wathi "banolwazi oluncane" ngalokho okuqukethwe yilesi sivumelwano. Ikakhulukazi, wanezela, abaphikisi '' abazi ngentuthuko eyenziwe ekuqinisekiseni. ''
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/04/world/president-assails-conservative-foes-of-new-arms-pact.html
http://articles.latimes.com/1988-01-03/opinion/op-32475_1_president-reagan
https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/education/For%20Educators/picturingcurriculum/Picturing%20the%20Presidency/7.%20INF%20Treaty/INF%20Card.pdf
'Waphela kanjalo "umdlalo wesiteki ophakeme kunabo bonke owake wadlalwa," njengoba uShultz akuchaza. Ngokwamagama kaReagan, “Siphakamise isiphakamiso esilawulayo nesinomusa kunazo zonke emlandweni. Sathembisa ukuqeda ngokuphelele yonke imicibisholo ye-ballistic — iSoviet neyaseMelika — ebusweni bomhlaba ngo-1996. Ngenkathi sihlukana nalesi sipho saseMelika sisetafuleni, sisondele kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ezivumelwaneni ezingaholela ekuphepheni okuphephile umhlaba ongenazo izikhali zenuzi. ”'
https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_09/Lookingback
Ngangikhona lapho kukhulunywa khona. Njengelungu leqembu le-varsity sithole ukuletha isixuku. Ngangiwumlando omkhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Okungihlabe umxhwele ukushintsha kwenqubomgomo yenkulumo ngemuva kokuthi uKennedy ekhohliswe yiCIA noMnyango Wezwe ukuba ahlasele iCuba. Wafunda okuthile futhi le nkulumo isitshela ezinye zezifundo kusuka kulokho okwenzekile.
amen
Lokhu kufanele kukhombise amandla alinganiselwe kakhulu "onamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni okhululekile" empeleni anawo. Noma yini ongayicabanga ngamakhomanisi kufanele uqaphele ukuthi intando yeningi yethu iyimbudane ngempela. Abantu balesi sizwe esake saba sikhulu cishe abanayo ingxenye ephumelelayo abangayidlala kulokho okuguqukile kwaba umphakathi ophethwe ngokubambisana ohlangene ohlelelwe ukuzuzisa iziqhwaga zokulawula abacebile abazithanda njengabakhulu. Uma ubheka lokho umphakathi wethu wamabhizinisi ubambisene nohulumeni ukwenzile kubantu baseMelika ngokuthumela umnotho wethu eChina yobukhomanisi kufanele kucace ukuthi sibekelwe umbuso wangomuso wobushiqela yilabo okuthiwa “abaholi” bethu. Ukungazi kwabantu nokulawula ngokuphelele ukuxhumana kubalulekile ekuphumeleleni kwabo.
Ngikhumbula ngifunda ngale nkulumo ngisemusha, sengivele nginentshisekelo ezindabeni zokuthula. Lolu hlobo lokucabanga, oluchazwe yiJFK futhi lwalubonisa kahle kangaka, luyadingeka kakhulu kulesi sikhathi esesabekayo. Ziningi izingqinamba okumele sibhekane nazo manje - ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njengokubaluleke kakhulu - okubhekene nomhlaba wonkana kunokuba nje izwe noma isifunda. Kepha singaphupha kanjani ngisho nezixazululo zomhlaba wonke ezinkingeni zomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokuthula kokwenza lokho kuphupha? Singavumelana kanjani emhlabeni wonke ekwenzeni lokho kuhlelwa noma ukuqala zonke izingxoxo ezidingekayo ukuze sibhekane nezinkinga ezinjalo? Singazifeza kanjani izisekelo ezidingekayo zokubambisana okunokuthula kunokuzonda okukhohlisayo okukhona manje kubantu bezwe?
Kufanele kuqale nathi ukuhlanza isenzo sethu. Uma ukhumbule isigameko seGary Powers ngenkathi ye-Eisenhower kufanele uqaphele ukuthi kwakuyiDulles nabantu ababesebenzela labo abenza umsebenzi obonakalayo wezinyosi ngokuqondile ukubulala ingqungquthela yomhlaba wonke wokuthula okwashiwo u-Eisenhower ukuqala ukuthula emhlabeni jikelele ukunyakaza. Izikhali zezimboni nezimboni zokuxhumana azange zivumele ukuxoxisana nokukhuthaza ukuthula emhlabeni jikelele. U-Eisenhower utshele uDulles ukuthi ngeke ahambe phezu kweRussia. UDulles wakwenza noma kunjalo. Kuhulumeni wethu / umphakathi wethu uhlala neqembu elingafuni ukuthula, ngeke livumele ukuthula kube ngokoqobo. Ukuphila kwabo kuxhomeke kokwesaba nempi futhi bayokubulala uma uhamba endleleni yabo. Isixuku esikhulu kakhulu esinabhajethi enkulu kakhulu.
Lokhu kubukeka kuyinkulumo uKennedy ayethula eqala e-American University ngomhlaka 10 kuNhlangulana 1963 - inkulumo enikezwa ukuqala izingxoxo ezaholela eSivumelwaneni Sokuvivinywa Sokuvota ngo-1963, esasayinwa ngo-Agasti walowo nyaka. Isithombe sibukeka njengoJuni kuneSepthemba kimi.
Iphutha lami - ngifunde kabi i-athikili - yingqungquthela engoSepthemba.