NguDavid Swanson
Ekuhleleni i inkomfa ezayo kanye nesenzo esingenzi lutho kuhloswe ukuphonsela inselelo isikhungo sempi, nengqungquthela ezoba se-American University, angikwazi ukuzibamba kodwa ngakhangwa yinkulumo umongameli wase-US ayinikeza e-American University eminyakeni engaphezudlwana kwengu-50 edlule. Noma ngabe uyavumelana nami noma cha ukuthi lena yinkulumo enhle kunazo zonke ezake zanikezwa ngumongameli wase-US, akumele kube nempikiswano encane yokuthi yinkulumo engahambisani nalokho noma ngubani ozokusho emhlanganweni kazwelonke weRiphabhulikhi noma weDemocratic Alliance kulo nyaka . Nayi ividiyo yengxenye enhle yenkulumo:
UMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ubekhuluma ngesikhathi lapho, njengamanje, iRussia ne-United States bezinezikhali zenuzi ezanele ezilungele ukudubulana zodwa ngomzuzwana wokucekela phansi umhlaba ngempilo yabantu kaningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, nokho, ngo-1963, kwakukhona izizwe ezintathu kuphela, hhayi lezi eziyisishiyagalolunye zamanje, ezinezikhali zenuzi, futhi eziningi zimbalwa kunamanje ngamandla enuzi. I-NATO isuswe kude nemingcele yaseRussia. I-United States yayingagcinanga nje ngokugudluza umbuso e-Ukraine. I-United States ibingahleleli ukuzivocavoca kwezempi ePoland noma ukubeka imicibisholo ePoland naseRomania. Futhi kwakungeyona eyokukhiqiza izinduna ezincane ezazichaza ngokuthi "zisebenziseka kalula." Umsebenzi wokuphatha izikhali zenuzi zase-US ngaleso sikhathi wabonwa njengodumazayo embuthweni wamasosha ase-US, hhayi indawo yokulahla izidakwa nokungaziphathi kahle. Ubutha phakathi kweRussia ne-United States babuphakeme ngo-1963, kodwa inkinga yayaziwa kabanzi e-United States, ngokungafani nokungazi okukhulu okukhona manje. Amanye amazwi okuhlanzeka nokuzithiba avunyelwe kwabezindaba base-US ngisho naseWhite House. UKennedy wayesebenzisa isishoshovu sokuthula uNorman Cousins njengesithunywa sikaNikita Khrushchev, angakaze amchaze, njengoba uHillary Clinton echaze uVladimir Putin, njengo “Hitler.”
UKennedy wakha inkulumo yakhe njengekhambi lokungazi, ikakhulukazi umbono wokungazi ukuthi impi ayinakugwenywa. Lokhu kuphambene nalokhu okushiwo nguMengameli uBarack Obama muva nje eHiroshima nasekuqaleni ePrague nase-Oslo. UKennedy ubize ukuthula ngokuthi “isihloko esibaluleke kunazo zonke emhlabeni.” Isihloko esingathintwanga emkhankasweni kaMongameli wase-US wase-2016. Ngilindele ngokuphelele ukuthi umhlangano kazwelonke weRiphabhulikhi walo nyaka ugubhe ukungazi.
UKennedy uwulahlile umqondo we “Pax Americana ephoqelelwa umhlaba yizikhali zempi zaseMelika,” kanye lokho amaqembu womabili ezombusazwe manje nezinkulumo eziningi zempi ezenziwa omongameli abaningi baseMelika abedlule. UKennedy uhambe waze wathi unakekela ama-100% kune-4% yesintu:
"... hhayi nje ukuthula kwabaseMelika kodwa ukuthula kubo bonke abesilisa nabesifazane-hhayi nje ukuthula esikhathini sethu kodwa ukuthula kuze kube nini nanini."
UKennedy wachaza impi nokulwa nempi nokuvimbela njengoba kungenasisekelo:
"Ingqikithi yempi ayinaki ingqondo ngesikhathi lapho amandla amakhulu angakwazi ukugcina amabutho enyukliya amakhulu futhi angenakuvinjelwa nokuzidela ngaphandle kokuziphendulela kulawo mabutho. Akusizi ngalesi sikhathi lapho isikhali esisodwa esisodwa sezikhali zenuzi sinezikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi amandla okuqhuma ahlinzekwa yiwo wonke amabutho ohlangene eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. Akusizi ngalesi sikhathi lapho izinhlayiya ezibulalayo ezikhiqizwa ukushintshaniswa kwezikhali zenuzi ziyoqhutshwa umoya kanye namanzi nomhlabathi kanye nenzalo ezindaweni ezikude zezwe kanye nezizukulwane ezingakazalwa. "
UKennedy walandela imali. Ukusetshenziswa kwezempi manje sekungaphezu kwesigamu semali esetshenziswayo yokuzikhethela, kepha nokho uDonald Trump noHillary Clinton abakushongo noma babuzwe ngisho nangamazwi angaqondakali lokho abangathanda ukukubona kusetshenziselwa ezempi. “Namuhla,” kusho uKennedy ngo-1963,
"Ukusetshenziswa kwezigidigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ngezikhali ezitholakalayo ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi asidingeki sisebenzise kubalulekile ukugcina ukuthula. Kodwa ngokuqinisekile ukutholakala kwamasheya angenalutho-okungabhubhisa kuphela futhi angalokothi kudale-akuyona yedwa, okungenani kakhulu ephumelelayo, izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthula. "
Ku-2016 ngisho namakhosikazi obuhle ashintshile ekuphakamiseni impi kunokuba "ukuthula emhlabeni." Kodwa ku-1963 Kennedy wakhuluma ngokuthula njengobhizinisi obukhulu bukahulumeni:
"Ngikhuluma ngokuthula, ngakho-ke, njengokuphela komqondo okudingekile wamadoda anengqondo. Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi ukuphishekela ukuthula akuyona into ephawulekayo njengokuphishekela impi-futhi ngokuvamile amazwi alabo abaphishekelayo awela ezindlebeni eziyizithulu. Kodwa asinaso umsebenzi ophuthumayo. Abanye bathi akusizi ngalutho ukukhuluma ngokuthula emhlabeni noma umthetho wezwe noma ukulwa nezikhali zezwe-nokuthi ngeke kube usizo kuze kube yilapho abaholi beSoviet Union bamukela isimo sengqondo esengeziwe. Ngithemba ukuthi bayakwenza. Ngikholwa ukuthi singabasiza bona bakwenze. Kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi kumele sihlole kabusha isimo sethu sengqondo-njengabantu ngabanye kanye nesizwe-ngoba isimo sethu sengqondo sibalulekile njengabo. Futhi zonke iziqu zalesi sikole, sonke isakhamuzi esicabangelayo esinezinkinga zempi nesifiso sokuletha ukuthula, kufanele siqale ngokubuka ngaphakathi-ngokuhlola isimo sakhe sengqondo mayelana namathuba okuthula, e-Soviet Union, empini yempi ebandayo futhi ngokukhululeka nokuthula lapha ekhaya. "
Ungacabanga ukuthi noma yisiphi isikhulumi esivunyelwe ku-RNC noma i-DNC yalo nyaka siphakamisa ukuthi ebudlelwaneni base-US neRussia ingxenye enkulu yenkinga kungaba yizimo zengqondo zase-US? Ngabe uzimisele ukubheja umnikelo wakho olandelayo kunoma yiliphi lalawo maqembu? Ngingajabula ukuwamukela.
Ukuthula, uKennedy uchaze ngendlela engavamile namuhla, kungenzeka ngokuphelele:
"Okokuqala: Ake sihlole isimo sethu sengqondo ngokuthula ngokwayo. Iningi lethu licabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka. Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka. Kodwa lokho kuyinkolelo eyingozi, inqotshwa. Kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi impi ayinakugwemeka-ukuthi isintu siyobhujiswa-ukuthi siboshwe amandla asikwazi ukulawula. Akudingeki ukwamukele lo mbono. Izinkinga zethu zenziwe ngezandla-ngakho-ke, zingaxazululwa ngumuntu. Futhi indoda ingaba enkulu njengoba efuna. Ayikho inkinga yesiphetho sabantu esingaphezu kwabantu. Isizathu somuntu nomoya kuye kwavamise ukuxazulula lokho okubonakala kungenakuqhathaniswa-futhi sikholelwa ukuthi bangayenza futhi. Angikubhekisele kumqondo ongenaphutha, ongapheli wokuthula kanye nenhloso enhle lapho ezinye izicabango kanye nabalingiswa bephupha. Angiyikuphika ukubaluleka kwamathemba namaphupho kodwa simane nje simema ukudumazeka nokungaqiniseki ngokwenza lokho okuwukuphela komgomo wethu. Ake sigxilise ekusebenzeni okungcono, okufinyeleleka kakhulu ekuthuleni ngokusekelwe ekuguqukeleni okungazelelwe emvelweni wabantu kodwa ekuziphendukeni kancane kancane ezikhungweni zabantu-ngochungechunge lwezenzo ezikhonjisiwe nezivumelwano eziphumelelayo ezithandekayo kubo bonke abathintekayo. Ayikho inkinobho eyodwa, elula kulokhu kuthula-akukho mshini omkhulu noma omlingo ozokwamukelwa yinye noma amabili amandla. Ukuthula kwangempela kufanele kube umkhiqizo wezizwe eziningi, inani lemisebenzi eminingi. Kumele kube yinto enamandla, hhayi isiteji, ishintshe ukuhlangabezana nenselele yesizukulwane ngasinye esisha. Ukuthula kuyindlela-indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga. "
U-Kennedy wabamba ezinye zezinsizwa ezivamile:
"Ngokuthula okunjalo, kusazoba khona izingxabano kanye nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo, njengoba zikhona emindenini nasezizweni. Ukuthula emhlabeni, njengokuthula komphakathi, akudingi ukuba umuntu ngamunye amthande umakhelwane wakhe-kudinga kuphela ukuthi bahlale ndawonye ngokubekezelelana, ukuhambisa izingxabano zabo ngokuvumelana nokuthula nokuthula. Futhi umlando usifundisa ukuthi inzondo phakathi kwezizwe, njengabantu phakathi kwabantu, ayihlali phakade. Kodwa-ke ukulungisa ukuthanda kwethu nokungathandeki kungase kubonakale, ukuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nemicimbi kuzovame ukuletha izinguquko ezimangalisayo ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwezizwe nomakhelwane. Ngakho ake sibekezele. Ukuthula akudingeki kube yimpumelelo, futhi impi akudingeki ingenakugwemeka. Ngokucacisa umgomo wethu ngokucacile, ngokwenza kubonakale kulawulwa futhi kuncane kakhulu, singasiza bonke abantu ukuba babone, ukudweba ithemba kuwo, nokuhamba ngokungaqondakali kuwo. "
U-Kennedy ukhalela lokho akucabangayo, noma ucabange ukucabanga, awunasisekelo se-Soviet paranoia mayelana nemibuso yase-US, ukugxeka kweSoviet ngokungafani nokugxeka kwakhe okuyimfihlo kwe-CIA. Kodwa ulandela lokhu ngokuyijikijela emphakathini wase-US:
"Kodwa kuyadabukisa ukufunda lezi zincwadi zaseSoviet-ukubona ukuthi ingakanani phakathi kwethu. Kodwa futhi isixwayiso-isixwayiso kubantu baseMelika abangangeni esicukeni esifanayo njengamaSoviets, ukuba bangaboni umbono ophikisayo futhi ongenathemba ohlangothini oluhlukile, ukungaboni ukuxabana okungenakugwemeka, indawo yokuhlala njengenakwenzeka, futhi ukukhulumisana akuyona into nje kunokushintshisana kwezinsongo. Akekho uhulumeni noma uhlelo lwezenhlalakahle olubi kangangokuthi abantu balo kumele babhekwe njengabantu abangenalo okuhle. Njengabantu baseMelika, sithola ukuxhumana kobuKhomanisi ngokumangazayo njengenhlonipho yenkululeko yomuntu nesithunzi. Kodwa singakwazi ukuthulisa abantu baseRashiya ngempumelelo yabo eminingi-kwisayensi nasesikhala, ekukhuleni kwezomnotho nezimboni, ngokweziko nangokwesibindi. Phakathi kwezici eziningi abantu bamazwe ethu amabili bafana, akekho onamandla kunokuba siphikisana ngokwempi kwempi. Cishe iyingqayizivele phakathi kwamandla omhlaba amakhulu, asikaze siphikisana. Futhi akekho isizwe emlandweni wempi esake sahlupheka ngaphezu kweSoviet Union ehlupheka ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Okungenani izigidi ze-20 zalahlekelwa ukuphila kwazo. Izigidi eziningi zamakhaya namapulazi zishiswa noma zathathwa. Ingxenye yesithathu yensimu yesizwe, kuhlanganise cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zesisekelo sayo sezimboni, yaphenduka indawo eyihlane-ukulahlekelwa okulingana nokubhujiswa kwaleli zwe empumalanga yeChicago. "
Cabanga nje namuhla uzama ukuthola abantu baseMelika ukubona iphuzu lesitha lesikhethiwe bese bebizelwa emuva ku-CNN noma i-MSNBC kamuva. Cabanga ucabangele ukuthi ngubani owenza iningi lokunqoba iMpi Yezwe II noma ukuthi kungani iRussia ingaba nesizathu esihle sokwesaba ubudlova kusukela entshonalanga!
UKennedy ubuyele esimweni esingenasimo sempi ebandayo, futhi manje:
"Namuhla, kufanele impi yonke imiswe futhi-kungakhathaliseki ukuthi-amazwe ethu amabili abe yiziphi izinjongo eziyinhloko. Kuyinto engavamile kodwa enembile ukuthi amandla amabili aqine kakhulu yiwona amabili engozini enkulu yokubhujiswa. Konke esikwakhe, konke esikusebenzele, kuzobhujiswa emahoreni okuqala we-24. Futhi ngisho nasempi ebandayo, ebeka imithwalo nezingozi ezizweni eziningi kangaka, kuhlanganise nalabo abasondelene nabo besizwe-amazwe ethu amabili athatha imithwalo enkulu kakhulu. Ngoba sobabili sibanikeza imali eningi ezikhalidini ezingasetshenziswa kangcono ukulwa nokungazi, ububha, nezifo. Sonke sibhekene nomjikelezo ononya futhi onobungozi lapho ukusola ngakolunye uhlangothi kuveza ukusola ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi izikhali ezintsha zizala izikhali zokulwa. Ngamafuphi, kokubili i-United States kanye nabalingani bayo, neSoviet Union kanye nabalingani bayo, banesithakazelo esijulile ekuthuleni okuqotho nokuyiqiniso nokuvimbela uhlanga lwempi. Izivumelwane zalokhu kuphezu kwezinhloso zeSoviet Union kanye nezethu-futhi ngisho nezizwe ezinonya kakhulu zingathembeka ukwamukela nokugcina lezo zinhloso zomthetho, kanye nezibophezelo zomthetho kuphela, ezithandayo. "
U-Kennedy ukhuthaza, ngokudabukisayo ngamazinga abanye, ukuthi i-United States ibekezelela ezinye izizwe ziphishekela imibono yazo:
"Ngakho-ke, masingaboni ukungafani kwethu-kodwa ake siphinde siqondise izithakazelo zethu ezivamile kanye nendlela okungahle kuxazululwe ngayo lokho kungezwani. Futhi uma singeke sikwazi ukuphela manje ukungezwani kwethu, okungenani singasiza ukuwenza umhlaba uphephe ngokuhlukahluka. Ngoba, ekuhloleni kokugcina, isixhumanisi sethu esiyisisekelo esivamile siwukuthi sonke sihlala kule planethi encane. Sonke siphefumula umoya ofanayo. Sonke siyazisa ikusasa lezingane zethu. Futhi sonke singabantu abafayo. "
U-Kennedy uvuselela impi ebandayo, kunabaseRussia, njengesitha:
"Masihlole kabusha isimo sethu sengqondo ngempi ebandayo, sikhumbule ukuthi asihlanganyeli enkulumweni, sifuna ukuhlanganisa izingqinamba zokuphikisana. Asikho lapha ukusakaza icala noma ukukhomba umunwe wesahlulelo. Kumelwe sibhekane nezwe njengoba kunjalo, hhayi njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi umlando we-18 iminyaka yokugcina uhlukile. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe siphikelele ekufuneni ukuthula ethembeni lokuthi izinguquko ezakhayo ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lamaKhomanisi zingase zilethe izixazululo ezifinyelelekayo ezibonakala zingaphezu kwethu. Kumele siqhube izindaba zethu ngendlela eba nesithakazelo samaKhomanisi ukuvumelana ngokuthula kwangempela. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngenkathi sivikela izithakazelo zethu ezibalulekile, amandla enyukliya kufanele aphenduke lezo zinkinga eziletha isitha ekukhethweni kokuhlazeka okululazayo noma impi yenuzi. Ukwamukela lolohlobo lwezinsuku zenuzi kungaba ubufakazi bokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwenqubomgomo yethu-noma ukufa okuhlangene-isifiso sezwe. "
Ngencazelo kaKennedy, uhulumeni wase-US ulandela isifiso sokufa kwezwe, njengoba nje incazelo kaMartin Luther King eminyakeni emine kamuva, uhulumeni wase-US "usefile ngokomoya." Okungasho ukuthi akukho lutho oluvela enkulumweni kaKennedy futhi umsebenzi owawulandela ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuba abulawe ngamabutho aseMelika. UKennedy uhlongozwe enkulumweni ekudalweni kwe-hotline phakathi kohulumeni ababili, okwakhiwa. Uhlongoze ukuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi futhi wamemezela ukuphela kuka-United States ukuzama ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi emkhathini. Lokhu kwaholela esivumelwaneni sokuvimbela ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngaphandle komhlaba. Futhi lokho kwaholela, njengoba uKennedy ayehlose, ukusebenzisana okukhulu kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokudalwa kwezikhali.
Le nkulumo iphinde iholele ama-degrees kunzima ukulinganisa ukumelana okukhulu kwe-US ukuqala izimpi ezintsha. Kwangathi kungasebenza ukugqugquzela a ukunyakaza ukuletha ukuqeda impi kube yiqiniso.
Izimpendulo ze-30
Siyabonga ngokuthumela lokhu kanye namazwana akho acacile. Ngingumqondisi we-March we-Life For Our Life 2016 .in Philly.
Umqondo kanye nomqondo wokuthula awudluli…. sidinga ukulikhuluma futhi samukele iqiniso Lokuthula. Asisodwa kule micabango. sidinga nje ukuhlangana sikhulume ngakho… sihlangane ngamaqembu amancane namaqembu amakhulu… ngokuthula ngokuthula ngokuthula.
Ngiyabonga
j. UPatrick Doyle
Kuyinto inkulumo enhle, kuhle. UKennedy wayehlale engumelene noKhomanisi onzima. Futhi lokho kwakusenjalo lapho eqala ukuba nguMengameli. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho kusekhona kuyi-1963 yindaba yokuphikisana. Mhlawumbe wayene-epiphany ngempela. Ukube wayengakabi olwaphikisana noKhomistani onzima ngo-1963, uma empeleni eba yinto engcono kakhulu mayelana nempi, i-nyukliya kanye nokunye, lokho kungaba isizathu sokuba abulawe. Ngeke sazi ukuthi ngabe kunjalo yini noma cha.
U-Kennedy wayethembekile ngesifiso sokufa sokuhlangana, okwakubonakala sengathi abaseMelika namuhla banecala elingapheli futhi lokugcina.
Ngiyavuma uLucymarie Ruth, inkulumo enhle impela kaMongameli uKennedy yokulwa nokungazi. Ngiyabonga worldbeyondwar.org ngokuletha umbono wokuthula ku-Election 2016. Ngibheke phambili ukuya engqungqutheleni yakho ngoSepthemba, futhi ngizokuthumela lokhu kuFacebook nakuTwitter… Stay the Course!
UBobby Kennedy, enkulumweni ngenkathi esebenzela uMongameli ngemuva kokubulawa komfowabo, wagcizelela ukuthi uJFK akasoze avumela amaVietnam ukuba asuse amandla amakoloni ezweni labo. UBobby ucaphune umbono we-domino ekucaciseni. Ngakho-ke amagama kaJFK azwakala emuhle impela, kepha isenzo sakhe besizokhuluma kakhulu kunamazwi akhe.
Yebo, sesazi okuningi manje kunangesikhathi ekhuluma. Ukuze uthole umbono ophelele wokuthi kungani abulawa, sicela ufunde incwadi ebhalwe ngokumangalisayo kaJames Douglass, “JFK and the Unspeakable.”
Lucymarie Ruth,
Ake ngikubuze lokhu okulandelayo: ingabe umelene no-communist olwazinzima wenze lokhu okulandelayo:
I-1. Bhala uNobhala Wombuso uJohn Foster Dulles incwadi enemibuzo emine engamashumi amane nesikhombisa mayelana nokuthi i-US ihlose kangakanani eVietnam, bebuza indlela isisombululo sempi (kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ze-athomu) empeleni kungenzeke (njengeSenator, ku-1953)?
2. Vikela inkululeko yase-Algeria esigungwini seSenate (1957), ngokumelene neningi lemibono yezepolitiki yase-US kanye nokungavunyelwa ngisho no-Adlai Stevenson "oqhubeka"?
I-3. Ukuvikela uPatrice Lumumba nokuzimela kwe-Congan ngokumelene nezithakazelo zasentshonalanga (i-European-American) ezazifuna ukudweba zonke izinhlangano ezinjengokuxhumana kwamaKhomanisi?
I-4. USukarno wase-Indonesia, omunye umholi wezwe ongeyena ohlangene naye obambelele ebuhlotsheni bamaKhomanisi, futhi asebenze noDag Hammarskjold hhayi kuphela eCongo, kodwa futhi nesimo se-Indonesian?
I-5. Yenza umgomo wokuthi akukho mandla aseMelika ahileleke kulokho ayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuyihlelo lokuCuban lokubuyisela lesi siqhingi (i-Bay of Pigs), futhi ubambelele kulokho njengoba ukuhlasela kubonakala sengathi kuyinhlekelele?
I-6. Ukunciphisa ukulinganisa impi eLaos futhi ugxile ekuhlaleni kwe-neutralist?
I-7. Ukuncipha, okungenani izikhathi ezingu-9 ku-1961 yedwa, ukufaka amabutho asemhlabeni ukuya e-Vietnam, futhi, cishe uqobo, unxuse kuleso sikhundla empikiswaneni yamaviki amabili nabeluleki ngoNovemba ka-1961?
I-8. Landela lokhu ngenhloso eyaqala ku-1962 futhi yafakwa ephepheni (ngo-Meyi ka-1963) ukuhoxisa ngisho nabacebisi abathumele kuyo?
I-9. I-Order Jikelele uLucius Clay ukuhambisa amathangi akhe emuva emngceleni eBerlin ngenkathi yeBerlin Inkinga?
I-10. Sebenzisa isiteshi esisha emuva kokubili uKrushchev ukuze uzungeze ezempi, i-CIA kanye nabacebisi bakhe ngesikhathi nangemva kwe-Crisis Missile, futhi futhi futhi yedwa umuntu weqembu (njengoba kuboniswe imihlangano ehlongozwayo) ukuze ahlale ephikisana nakho konke- ukubhujiswa kwamabhomu nokuhlasela kwesiqhingi?
I-11. Sebenzisa isiteshi esisemuva esifanayo ukuze uzame ukunciphisa izinkinga futhi uvule ubudlelwane obumbano noCastro ku-1963?
Khona-ke zibuze lo mbuzo: Umuntu onjengaRichard Nixon, umfana owenza umsebenzi we-Red-baiting, umfana owayesungula u-Alger Hiss, umfana ongaphansi kuka-Eisenhower wayengomunye wabakhi beCIA ohlela ukuhlasela eCuba, wenze ngokufanayo?
Manje-ke, umuntu angakhomba ezinye ze-JFK's more saber-rattling, "bear any umthwalo" izinkulumo. Kepha kungani ungakhulumi futhi nge-JFK eyenza lezi zitatimende:
“Inguquko yase-Afro-Asia yokushisekela ubuzwe, ukuvukela umbuso wobukoloniyali, ukuzimisela kwabantu ukulawula ikusasa labo lobuzwe… ngokombono wami ukwehluleka okubuhlungu kokuphatha kwabo bobabili iRepublican neDemokhrasi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II ukuqonda uhlobo lwale nguquko, kanye amandla wokuhle nokubi, uvune isivuno esibuhlungu namuhla — futhi ngamalungelo nangesidingo inkinga enkulu yomkhankaso wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle engahlangene nokulwa nobukhomanisi. ” - kusuka enkulumweni eyanikezwa ngesikhathi somkhankaso kaStevenson, ngo-1956)
"Kumele sibhekane neqiniso lokuthi i-United States ayinamandla onke futhi ayazi konke, ukuthi singabantu abangu-6% kuphela emhlabeni, ukuthi asikwazi ukubeka intando yethu kwabanye abantu abangu-94%, ukuthi asikwazi ukulungisa konke okungalungile noma ukuguqula konke ubunzima, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngeke kube khona isixazululo saseMelika kuzo zonke izinkinga zomhlaba. ” - kusuka kukheli e-University of Washington, Seattle, Novemba 16, 1961
Labo abenza inguquko enokuthula ingenzeki bazokwenza inguquko enobudlova ingagwemeki. - UJohn F. Kennedy, evela emazwini ngesikhumbuzo sokuqala se-Alliance for Progress, ngoMashi 13, 1962
Iningi laleli bhizinisi lokubuyekeza mayelana ne-JFK "i-hard-line anticommunist" lincike kwezinye zezinto zakhe zomphakathi, ezazenziwa ngoba wayehlala azi ngesimo sezulu okwakumele asebenze kuso. Kepha ake ngibuze lokhu: U-Obama wenza izitatimende eziningi zomkhankaso ezingagcinwanga ngezenzo zakhe ehhovisi. Ungabuhlulela kanjani ubuMongameli bakhe, ngalokho akushoyo noma ngalokho akwenzile?
Ngingaphakamisa ukuthi ufunde lezi zincwadi ezilandelayo ukuthola umbono ongcono wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yeJFK:
I-1. URichard Mahoney, u-Ordeal E-Afrika
I-2. UFiliphu E. Muehlenbeck, UkuBheja kwabase-Afrika
I-3. URobert Rakove, uKennedy, uJohnson kanye neNational Nonaligned
I-4. UGreg Poulgrain, i-Incubus yokuPhikisana
I-5. John Newman, JFK naseVietnam
I-6. UJames Blight, JFK Virtual: Vietnam uma uKennedy Wayedla
I-7. I-Gordon Goldstein, Izifundo Ezinhlekelele
8. UDavid Talbot, I-Chessboard KaDeveli
I-9. UJames Douglass, JFK kanye noNgenakwenzeka
Izahluko ezine zokuqala kanye nezahluko ezimbili zokugcina zikaJames DiEugenio's Destiny Betrayed.
Uma wenza umsebenzi wesikole owenzelwa ekhaya, uzobona ukuthi inkulumo yase-American University ayimangazi kangako, ayibi “noshintsho” kunalokho okuvelayo, nokuningi kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okunengqondo enkambweni i-JFK eyayizibekele yona.
I-PS ngivumelana nokuhlola kukaDavid ukuthi le nkulumo "ayihambisani kakhulu nalokho noma ubani azokusho emhlanganweni kazwelonke weRiphabhulikhi noma weDemocratic Alliance kulo nyaka." Empeleni nginombono wokuthi lokhu "ukuphuma kwesinyathelo" kuveza uKennedy ngokujwayelekile. Kunzima ukuthola izimo zengqondo nokuziphatha okulingana nokwakhe phakathi kwabahlala e-White House, okungenani eminyakeni engama-75 edlule noma ngaphezulu.
I-PPS Ngokushesha kwami ngafushanisa isihloko se- (1); empeleni i- "JFK: Ordeal in Africa."
Impendulo enkulu!
Uma ezepolitiki, ikakhulukazi ezepolitiki eziletha uguquko, kumele zisuselwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezenhlalo, kungafundisa kakhulu ukuhlola izakhiwo zikaMnu. Kennedy kule nkulumo, ezimbili zazo, ubu-Ireland bakhe nobuKatolika bakhe, ukuze kugxilwe ezimpandeni "isifiso sethu sokufa", engisithola kozalo lwethu lwamaJalimane. UHans-Peter Hasenfratz, encwadini emfushane, engeyona eyezemfundo (eyashicilelwa ngesiNgisi njengeBarbarian Rites), uthi intando yeningi yaseJalimane, yize yayiphethe izigqila, yanikela eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule eya ekuzilimazeni, ekudlwenguleni umhlaba. isiko engingalibiza ngokuthi umbono, esikhundleni sombono ngiwumcabango, engizowufanekisela emazwini akhe, njengodokotela wezazi onguchwepheshe womlando wezenkolo, ukuthi insizwa yaseJalimane yalesi sikhathi yathola udumo olukhulu phakathi komndeni nabangane ngokuqala ukulwa ngokusemandleni ayo umngani kunokwenza okuthile okwakhayo, njengokuthi, ukutshala i-oats noma ukwakha isikebhe. Ngokusobala ukushayisana kweLobukholwa, ekuphikisaneni kwalo ngobumbano nobudlova, kwaveza okubi kakhulu esikweni lamaJalimane futhi kwacindezela okungcono kakhulu. Yini okwakungcono kakhulu: igama elithi “into” igama lesiNorse, okusho ukuthi, isiJalimane, umhlangano wasedolobheni. I-sine qua eyisisekelo engekho kwifilosofi futhi ngaleyo ndlela yokuziphatha futhi ngenxa yalokho umthetho ukuthi enye iyakwazi ukuphikisana nami. Mina nanoma ngubani, sinayo le nto. Noma ngabe sonene kangakanani.
Ngendlela, ngicabanga ukuthi iFrance kakade inezikhali zenuzi ku-1963.
Singambonga futhi ngempi enhle yase-US eVietnam!
Cha! Lokho kwakunguLBJ. I-JFK ilinganisele ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwabambalwa kakhulu, futhi ibihlose ukuhoxa – Bheka incwadi ye-Douglass eshiwo ngenhla ukuqonda kangcono.
Kwakunzima kakhulu kunalokho. UTruman waphelezela imikhumbi yaseFrance yokuhlasela kabusha ngo-1945. U-Ike wavimba ukhetho lokuhlanganisa futhi wafaka abeluleki bezempi baseMelika abangamakhulu amaningana. I-JFK inyuse inani "labeluleki" laya ngosayizi weqembu lezinsana kodwa ngaphandle kwezikhali ezisindayo, kepha abokugcina babeseduze nemikhumbi ye-US Navy nezisekelo ze-USAF. I-LBJ neNixon bayikhulisa kakhulu impi.
Singaphindela emuva uma kuziwa e-US kolonialism e-Asia nasePacific.
Ngikholelwa ukuthi i-JFK yayiyiqiniso ngempela ngesikhathi salolo nkulumo. Futhi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyisihloko esinamandla kakhulu nge-World Without War okufanele sifundwe yibo bonke abaholi bezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi labo abafuna i-POTUS e-US.
I-Turkey yayiselungu ilungu le-NATO - futhi lalinqamula iSoviet Union. I-Turkey ibelana nomngcele neGeorgia ne-Armenia; ngasemva kwabo amanga eRussia ngokwayo.
I-revolution exhaswe akuyona ukukhishwa.
Ngokusobala uyiphuzile iKool-Aid engenza uKennedy abonakale njengongcwele ofel 'ukholo. Esikhathini sakhe esifushane esisehhovisi, izinkolelo zakhe zama-hawkish zazicace bha ngokwakhiwa kwezingalo kwaqhubeka kusuka e-Ike, kuya ekuhlaselweni okuhlukahlukene 'okuthambile' kwaseNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi okusize ukuvula indlela eya emibusweni enesihluku eqhubeka ngoReagan njalonjalo . Singakhohlwa ubudlova obumangalisayo asize ngabo ukusungula e-S.Vietnam, amadokhumende amabili abalulekile ayehlukaniswe ngaphambilini i-NSAM 263 ne-NSAM 273 afakazela ukuthi ngeke ahlehle ekubekeni impi ebanzi eVietnam. Masingahluleli umuntu ngamazwi akhe amnandi futhi abonakala enomphefumulo, kepha ngezenzo zakhe uzomazi. Ngingasikisela ucwaningo oluthe xaxa lwezazi ngaphambi kokuba uhlabelele izindumiso zomuntu owayengumphini wempi nempiko yangakwesokudla encike njengalezo ezikhona namuhla…
Ngiyavumelana nawe 100%. Izinkulumo zisetshenziselwa ukukhohlisa ukuhlonishwa komphakathi nokuphenya. Izenzo, ikakhulukazi amabhomu nezinhlamvu, zibala ngaphezu kwamagama, ikakhulukazi kulabo abasemuva kokuthola.
U-Ike wenza okunye ukwakha izakhiwo zezimboni ezihlala njalo kunabo bonke abanye abaengameli, futhi wayazi ukuthi kwenzekani, njengoba inguqulo yokuqala yenkulumo yakhe edumile yanikezwa entwasahlobo ka-1953, ngasekuqaleni kwekota yakhe yokuqala.
I-Free World Yezikhali Zase-Nuclear
NguGeorge P. SHULTZ, u-WILLIAM J. PERRY, UHENRY A. KISSINGER no-SAM NUNN
Kubuyekezwe uJan 4, 2007 12: 01 am ET
Izikhali zenuzi namuhla ziletha izingozi ezinkulu, kepha futhi nethuba eliyingqophamlando. Ubuholi base-US kuzodingeka buse umhlaba esigabeni esilandelayo - esivumelwaneni esiqinile sokuguqula ukuthembela kuzikhali zenuzi emhlabeni jikelele njengegalelo elibalulekile ekunqandeni ukwanda kwazo ezandleni ezingaba yingozi, futhi ekugcineni kuziphele njengosongo emhlabeni.
Izikhali zenuzi zazibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuvikeleka kwamanye amazwe ngesikhathi seCold War ngoba babeyindlela yokuvimbela. Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwenza imfundiso yokuqedwa kwamaSoviet-American engapheli. Ukunciphisa okuqhubekayo kuhlolisisa ngokufanelekile emazweni amaningi mayelana nokusongelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa ukuthembela kwezikhali zenuzi kule njongo kuya ngokuya kuyingozi futhi kuphumelela ngokuphumelelayo.
Isivivinyo senuzi saseNyakatho Korea sakamuva nokwenqaba kwe-Iran ukumisa uhlelo lwayo lokunothisa i-uranium - okungenzeka kube sezingeni lezikhali - kugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi umhlaba ususemkhawulweni wesikhathi esisha nesiyingozi senuzi. Ngokushaqisa kakhulu, ayanda amathuba okuthi amaphekula angewona ombuso athole izandla zawo ezikhaliweni zenuzi. Empini yanamuhla eqhutshwa ngokuhleleka komhlaba ngamaphekula, izikhali zenuzi ziyindlela yokugcina yokucekela phansi abantu abaningi. Futhi amaqembu amaphekula angewona ombuso anezikhali zenuzi ngokomqondo angaphandle kwemingcele yecebo lokuvimbela futhi aletha izinselelo ezinzima zokuphepha ezintsha.
- AMAZISO -
Ngaphandle kosongo lwamaphekula, ngaphandle kokuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezintsha eziphuthumayo, i-US maduze izophoqeleka ukuthi ingene enkathini entsha yenuzi ezoba yingozi kakhulu, idideke ngokwengqondo, futhi ibize kakhulu ngokwezomnotho ukwedlula lokho okwakuvimbela iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Akuqinisekile ukuthi singakwazi ukuphindaphinda ngempumelelo ukubhujiswa okudala kweSoviet-American ngenani elikhulayo lezitha zenuzi emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokukhulisa kakhulu ubungozi bokuthi izikhali zenuzi zizosetshenziswa. Izizwe ezintsha zenuzi azinayo inzuzo yeminyaka yokuvikela igxathu negxathu eyenziwayo ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi ukuvimbela izingozi zenuzi, ukwahlulela kabi noma ukwethulwa okungagunyaziwe. I-United States neSoviet Union bafunda emaphutheni ayengaphansi kokubulala. Womabili la mazwe ayekhuthele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi asikho isikhali senuzi esasetshenziswa ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngokwakhiwa noma ngengozi. Ngabe izizwe ezintsha zenuzi kanye nomhlaba kuzoba nenhlanhla eminyakeni engama-50 ezayo njengoba sasinjalo ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi?
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Abaholi balusukumele lolu daba ezikhathini zakudala. Enkulumweni yakhe ethi "Atoms for Peace" ayibhekise kwiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1953, uDwight D. Eisenhower wathembisa "ukuzimisela kweMelika ukusiza ukuxazulula inkinga esabekayo ye-athomu - ukunikela ngayo yonke inhliziyo nengqondo yayo ukuthola indlela okuzokwenza ngayo isimangaliso somuntu angazinikeli ekufeni kwakhe, kodwa angcweliselwe impilo yakhe. ” UJohn F. Kennedy, efuna ukwephula i-logjam mayelana nezikhali zenuzi, uthe, "Umhlaba wawungadalelwanga ukuba ube yijele lapho umuntu elindele ukubulawa kwakhe."
URajiv Gandhi, ekhuluma ne-UN General Assembly ngoJuni 9, 1988, wanxusa, “Impi yenuzi ngeke isho ukufa kwabantu abayizigidi eziyikhulu. Noma izigidi eziyinkulungwane. Kuzosho ukuqothulwa kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine: ukuphela kwempilo njengoba sazi emhlabeni wethu. Siza kwiZizwe Ezihlangene ukuzofuna ukuxhaswa nguwe. Sifuna ukwesekwa kwakho ukunqanda lolu hlanya. ”
URonald Reagan ucele ukuthi kuqedwe "zonke izikhali zenuzi," abezithatha "njengezingenangqondo ngokuphelele, ezingenabuntu ngokuphelele, ezingasizi ngalutho ngaphandle kokubulala, okungenzeka ukuthi zibhubhisa impilo emhlabeni nempucuko." UMikhail Gorbachev wabelane ngalo mbono, nawo obuye wavezwa ngomongameli baseMelika bangaphambilini.
Nakuba uReagan noMnu. Gorbachev behlulekile eReykjavik ukufeza umgomo wesivumelwane sokuqeda zonke izikhali zenuzi, baphumelela ekuguquleni uhlangothi lwezingalo ekhanda. Baqala izinyathelo eziholela ekunciphiseni okuphawulekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla enyukliya asekude nesikhathi esiphakathi, okuhlanganisa nokuqedwa kwekilasi lonke lezingqamuzana ezisongelayo.
Kuyothatha ukuthini ukuvuselela umbono owabelwana nguReagan noMnu Gorbachev? Kungaba nokuvumelana okubanzi emhlabeni wonke okuchaza uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezingokoqobo eziholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwengozi yenuzi? Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokubhekana nenselele evezwe yile mibuzo emibili.
I-Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) yabheka ukuphela kwazo zonke izikhali zenuzi. Ihlinzeka (a) echaza ukuthi ayinayo izikhali zenuzi njengoba i-1967 ivuma ukungayitholi, futhi (b) ukuthi labo abanakho bavumelana nokuzihlukanisa lezi zikhali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Wonke umongameli wezinhlangothi zombili kusukela uRichard Nixon eseqinisekisile lezi zibopho zomthetho, kodwa izikhali ze-non-nyukliya zikhulile ngokungaqiniseki ngobuqotho bamandla enyukliya.
Imizamo eqinile yokungaqhubeki iyasebenza. Uhlelo Lokunciphisa Ukubambisana Lokubambisana, Uhlelo Lokunciphisa Inkohlakalo Yomhlaba Wonke, Uhlelo Lokulondeka Kwezokuthuthukiswa Kwamaphutha kanye Nezinhlelo Zokungeza ezengeziwe zindlela ezintsha ezinikeza amathuluzi amandla amasha okuthola imisebenzi ephula i-NPT futhi engozini ukuphepha kwezwe. Bafanelwe ukuqaliswa ngokugcwele. Izingxoxo mayelana nokwandiswa kwezikhali zenuzi eNyakatho Korea nase-Iran, ezibandakanya wonke amalungu angunaphakade eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha kanye neJalimane neJapane, zibaluleke kakhulu. Kumelwe baxoshwe ngamandla.
Kepha bebodwa, azikho kulezi zinyathelo ezanele engcupheni. UReagan noNobhala Jikelele uGorbachev babefisa ukufeza okuningi emhlanganweni wabo eReykjavik eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule - ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngokuphelele. Umbono wabo wethuse ochwepheshe kwimfundiso yokunqanda amandla enuzi, kepha kwaqinisa ithemba labantu emhlabeni wonke. Abaholi bamazwe amabili anezindawo ezinkulu zokugcina izikhali zenuzi baxoxa ngokuqedwa kwezikhali zabo ezinamandla kakhulu.
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Yini okufanele yenziwe? Ingabe isithembiso se-NPT kanye namathuba okuboniswa kuReykjavik angenziwa ngokuphumelelayo? Sikholelwa ukuthi umzamo omkhulu kufanele uqaliswe yi-United States ukuveza impendulo enhle ngezigaba zekhonkolo.
Okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi omningi nabaholi bamazwe anezikhali zenuzi ukuguqula umgomo wezwe ngaphandle kwezikhali zenuzi zibe ibhizinisi elihlangene. Ibhizinisi elinjalo elihlangene, ngokubandakanya izinguquko esimweni sezinto eziphethe izikhali zenuzi, kungakhokhela isisindo esingeziwe emikhankanyeni esele ikhona ukuze kugweme ukuvela kweNyakatho Korea ne-Iran ehlomile.
Uhlelo okumele lufunwe kuzo izivumelwano luzokwenza uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezivunyelweneyo eziphuthumayo ezizobeka umgomo wezwe elingenasongo lombuso wakho. Izinyathelo zizofaka:
Ukuguqulwa kwesimo se-Cold War sokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi ukuze ukwandise isikhathi sokuxwayisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela unciphise ingozi yokusetshenziswa ngengozi noma okungagunyaziwe kwezikhali zenuzi.
Ukuqhubeka nokunciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu bamandla enyukliya kuwo wonke amazwe anayo.
Ukuqeda izikhali zenuzi ezincane ezenzelwe ukuthunyelwa phambili.
Ukuqalisa inqubo ye-bipartisan ne-Senate, kufaka phakathi ukuqonda ukukhulisa ukuzethemba nokuhlinzekela ukubuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ukufeza ukuqinisekiswa kweSivumelwano Sokuvivinya Isivivinyo Esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukusebenzisa inzuzo yentuthuko yamuva, nokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ezinye izizinda eziyinhloko.
Ukuhlinzeka ngezindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zokuphepha kuzo zonke izinqolobane zezikhali, izikhali-ezisetshenziswayo i-plutonium, futhi zicebile kakhulu i-uranium kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni.
Ukulawula inqubo yokuvuselela i-uranium, kuhlanganiswe nesiqinisekiso sokuthi i-uranium yezigameko zamandla enyukliya ingatholakala ngenani elifanele, okokuqala ku-Nuclear Suppliers Group bese ivela kwi-International Atomic Energy Agency (i-IAEA) noma ezinye izindawo ezilawulwayo zamazwe omhlaba. Kuzophinde kudingekile ukubhekana nezinkinga zokusabalala ezinikezwa yi-fuel esebenziwe kusuka ku-reactors okhiqiza ugesi.
Ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphathekayo ngezikhali emhlabeni jikelele; ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium enothile kakhulu kwezohwebo kanye nokususa izikhali-i-uranium esebenzayo kusuka ezindaweni zokucwaninga emhlabeni jikelele futhi unikeze izinto eziphephile.
Ukuvuselela imizamo yethu yokuxazulula izingxabano zesifunda kanye nokuphikisana okwenzela amandla enyukliya amasha.
Ukufeza umgomo wezwe ongekho izikhali zenuzi kuzodinga izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokuvimbela noma ukuphikisana nanoma yikuphi ukuziphatha okuhlobene nenyukliya okungase kusongela ukuphepha kwanoma yimuphi umbuso noma abantu.
Ukuqinisekiswa kabusha kombono womhlaba ongenazo izikhali zenuzi kanye nezindlela ezisebenzayo zokufeza leyo nhloso kungaba, futhi kuzobonwa njengesinyathelo esinesibindi esihambisana nefa laseMelika lokuziphatha. Umzamo ungaba nomthelela omuhle ekuvikelekeni kwezizukulwane ezizayo. Ngaphandle kombono onesibindi, izenzo ngeke zibonakale njengezilungile noma ziphuthuma. Ngaphandle kwezenzo, umbono ngeke uthathwe njengobonakalayo noma ongenzeka.
Sivumela ukubeka umgomo wezwe ngaphandle kwezikhali zenuzi futhi usebenze ngokuzimisela ekwenzeni okudingekayo ukuze kufezwe lowo mgomo, kuqala ngezinyathelo ezibalulwe ngenhla.
UMnu. Shultz, umuntu ovelele eHoover Institution eStanford, wayengunobhala wezwe kusuka ku-1982 kuya ku-1989. UMnu Perry wayengunobhala wezokuphepha kusuka ku-1994 kuya ku-1997. UMnu. Kissinger, usihlalo we-Kissinger Associates, wayengunobhala wezwe kusuka ku-1973 kuya ku-1977. UMnumzane Nunn uyingumongameli weKomidi Lezinsiza Ezizimele.
Ingqungquthela ehlelwe nguMnu. Shultz noSidney D. Drell yabanjelwa eHoover ukuba bacabangele umbono owawuboniswa nguReagan noMnu Gorbachev kuReykjavik. Ngaphezu kwalabo abakwaMos. Shultz noDrell, abahlanganyeli abalandelayo bayagunyaza umbono kule nkulumo: UMartin Anderson, Steve Andreasen, Michael Armacost, uWilliam Crowe, uJames Goodby, uThomas Graham Jr., uThomas Henriksen, David Holloway, Max Kampelman, Jack UMatlock, uJohn McLaughlin, uDon Oberdorfer, uRozanne Ridgway, uHenry Rowen, uRoald Sagdeev no-Abraham Sofaer.
Ukulalela le nkulumo kungenza ngizibuze ukuthi kubandakanyeka kangakanani ukukhiqiza izikhali ekufeni kwakhe.
Inkulumo enhle. Ngingasho ukuthi i-Eisenhower isixwayiso sezingozi ze-Military-Industrial Complex kufanele ihlolwe futhi.
Sizohlala nini sifunde ubudlova buqala ubudlova obengeziwe futhi ukuze siphule lo mjikelezo wempi esiyidingayo ukuze sithole indlela yokungafuni ukuzuza ngokwezimali kwezombangazwe (abama-republicans kanye nama-democrats) abaholele (futhi baqamba amanga) kulokhu kuthungela abaningi iminyaka manje?
Siyabonga ngendatshana yakho futhi usikhumbuze le nkulumo. Ngokuvamile kulula ukutolika izinkulumo zikamongameli ngesihlungi sezinhloso zabo kanye nokuchema kwabo. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola inhloso yangempela nenjongo. Umuntu kumele njalo acabange ukuthi kukhona ukucatshangelwa kwesimo sendawo nendawo, ukuthi kwakudingeka kanjani ukuthi kudlalwe kubavoti, yiziphi izinhloso ezingashiwo ezingase zikhuthaze noma ziphikise, njll. Noma kunjalo, amagama, athathwa nje ngokubaluleka, abalulekile, futhi Amagama akhulunywa obala ngumholi wase-United States anamandla amakhulu. Umongameli akayona inkosi noma undlovukayiphikiswa, kepha izinkulumo zakhe zomphakathi zinamandla amakhulu okuthonya nokukhuthaza. Angikwazi ukucabanga ngenye inkulumo ngusopolitiki enikeze ithemba elingaka kanye nogqozi, ngenkathi ngisaqinile ngokomqondo, ngiphupha futhi ngicabanga, ezinhliziyweni nasezingqondweni zabantu yonke indawo emhlabeni, ngaleso sikhathi namanje. UMartin Luther King wayewukuphela komunye umuntu womphakathi engimaziyo owayengakwenza ngobuciko njengalokhu. Futhi bobabili babesekhasini elilodwa maqondana nesidingo sokuthula ngokomoya nangokwemvelo. Sizidinga manje kunanini ngaphambili. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, nguDennis Kucinich kuphela osondele. Ngiyabonga David ngakho konke okwenzayo ukugcina lo mqondo uqhubeka.
Sonke kudingeka sikhumbule lo mlayezo namhlanje. Ngiyabonga!
Kumele siphikelele ekufuneni ukuthula. Impi ayinakugwemeka. - JFK
Angikhumbuli le nkulumo. Ngifisa sengathi nginakho futhi ukuthi lokhu bekube ngumgomo omkhulu wezwe. Kuningi kakhulu leli zwe alinalo umqondo wangempela wezwe ngaphandle kwempi njengomphumela wokuthula. Yeka indlela enhle ngayo umcabango wezwe onokuthula okuqhubekayo, izwe ngalinye elisebenzela ukwenza wonke amalungu aphumelele, okufaka isandla ekulinganeni kwabo bonke.
Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi sesihambele emuva kakhulu emuva kwenkulumo kaKennedy. Idinga ukulalelwa njengocingo lokuvuka.
“Thina, abasayindwe ngezansi, singamaRussia ahlala futhi asebenza e-USA. Besilokhu sibheka ngokukhathazeka okwandayo njengoba izinqubomgomo zamanje ze-US ne-NATO zisibeke enkambweni eyingozi kakhulu yokushayisana neRussia Federation, kanye neChina. Abantu abaningi baseMelika abahlonishwayo, abathanda izwe labo, abanjengoPaul Craig Roberts, uStephen Cohen, uPhilip Giraldi, uRay McGovern nabanye abaningi bebelokhu bekhipha izexwayiso mayelana neMpi Yezwe Yesithathu eseduze. Kepha amazwi abo alahlekile ngokuphelele phakathi komsindo wabezindaba omkhulu ogcwele izindaba ezikhohlisayo nezingafanele ezichaza umnotho waseRussia njengosenkingeni namasosha aseRussia abuthaka — konke lokhu kungasekelwe ebufakazini. Kepha thina-sazi umlando waseRussia kanye nesimo samanje somphakathi waseRussia namasosha aseRussia, asikwazi ukuwagwinya la manga. Manje sesibona ukuthi kungumsebenzi wethu, njengamaRussia ahlala e-US, ukuxwayisa abantu baseMelika ukuthi bayaqanjelwa amanga, nokubatshela iqiniso. Futhi iqiniso yilokhu:
Uma kuzoba nempi neRussia, khona-ke i-United States
ngokuqinisekile kuyobhujiswa, futhi iningi lethu lizophela lifile.
Ake sithathe isinyathelo emuva bese sibeka okwenzekayo kumongo womlando. I-Russia ine… .. ”Funda KABANZI ……. http://cluborlov.blogspot.ca/2016/05/a-russian-warning.html
Ividiyo enkulu, kodwa ingabe kukhona indlela ongayengeza ngayo amazwibela avaliwe? Ngiyazi izingxenye zenkulumo zinyatheliswa kulesi sihloko, kodwa akusikho ngendlela.
Kusukela ekwenqabeni kwakhe kokuqala ukukhipha ibheyili ekuhlaselweni kwe-Anti-Castro Cuba ne-USAF eBay of Pigs ngo-Ephreli ka-1961, ukwenqaba kwakhe ukudonswa empini yokudutshulwa eBerlin ngo-Agasti ka-1961, kuya ekuxoxweni kwakhe kwaseLaos ( ayikho impi yokudubula), ngokwenqaba kwakhe ngo-11/22/61 (!) ukwenza amabutho empi ase-US eVietnam, ekuphatheni kwakhe iCuban Missile Crisis, ekuphikeleni kwakhe (nakubuchule bezepolitiki) ekutholeni isivumelwano seNuclear Test Ban Convention , esinqumweni sakhe ngo-Okthoba ka-1963 ukuqala ukuhoxiswa kwawo wonke amabutho ase-US asuka eVietnam - ukuhoxa okufanele kuqedwe ngo-1965 - konke kukhombisa ukuzibophezela ekugwemeni impi futhi nakanjani ukugwema izimo ezandayo lapho impi yaba yinto engenakugwemeka.
UJFK, njengomongameli, wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukugwema impi. Wenza okungaphezulu kakhulu kunoma yimuphi omunye umongameli, ngaphambi noma kusukela, ukuguqula impi. Wayebonile impi esiseduze futhi eyedwa, futhi wayazi izinto ezimbi.
Izikhundla zakhe zavutha kakhulu uMshini Wezempi kuleli zwe ukuthi bambulala. Futhi akekho umengameli oye waba nesibindi sokuthatha isimiso esinamandla sokuvimbela impi.
I-Kennedy iyishumayelo yokuziphatha okuvela embonweni wesonto-epulpiti. Ingabe kukhona okushiwo yinzuzo enkulu kubenzi bezikhali !!,, imbangela eyisisekelo yokudinga isitha, i-USSR, ukuze iqhubeke nokukhipha izimali kulowo mshini. I-USSR ikhethwe ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ukusungula ubukhomanisi - ukuyala umphakathi ukuba ududuza abantu abakhona. Lokhu kusongela njalo Abanikazi bethu, abazuzi bethu. Normaha@pacbell.net
I-Kennedy iyishumayelo yokuziphatha okuvela embonweni wesonto-epulpiti. Ingabe kukhona okushiwo yinzuzo enkulu kubenzi bezikhali !!,, imbangela eyisisekelo yokudinga isitha, i-USSR, ukuze iqhubeke nokukhipha izimali kulowo mshini. I-USSR ikhethwe ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ukusungula ubukhomanisi - ukuyala umphakathi ukuba ududuza abantu abakhona. Lokhu kusongela njalo Abanikazi bethu, abazuzi bethu.