NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Julayi 16, i-2020
Incwadi entsha kaNicholson Baker, Okungenasisekelo: Ukuseshwa Kwami Kwezimfihlo Emanxiweni Omthetho Wenkululeko Yolwazi, muhle ngokumangalisayo. Uma ngikhomba noma yiziphi izikhalazo ezincane ngayo, kuyilapho nginganaki, isibonelo, yonke ingqungquthela yakamuva yabezindaba kaTrump, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaphutha agqama emsebenzini wobuciko ngenkathi enza umfaniswano we-Trumpandemic Talk.
U-Baker uqala sengathi unombuzo ongaphenduleki futhi okungenzeka ukuthi awuphenduleki: Ingabe uhulumeni wase-US wazisebenzisa izikhali zebhayoloji ngeminyaka yawo-1950? Yebo, yebo, kunjalo, ngifuna ukuphendula. Yazisebenzisa eNyakatho Korea futhi (kamuva) eCuba; yabavivinya emadolobheni ase-US. Siyazi ukuthi ukusabalala kwesifo iLyme kwaphuma kulokhu. Singaqiniseka ukuthi uFrank Olson wabulawelwa lokho ayekwazi ngempi yebhayoloji yase-US.
Akucaci ekuqaleni, njengoba kubonakala kamuva, ukuthi u-Baker uphakamisa ukungaqiniseki okuningi kunalokho anakho ngempela - mhlawumbe ngoba yilokho okwenzayo ekuqaleni kwencwadi ukuze ungathusi abafundi ababuthakathaka.
U-Baker uqhubekela phambili nokuxoxa ngokukhungatheka okungapheli kokuzama ukukhipha ulwazi oludala kakhulu kuhulumeni wase-US ngokusebenzisa uMthetho Wenkululeko Yolwazi (FOIA), owathi uhulumeni uyawephula njalo. U-Baker uphakamisa ukuthi le ncwadi izoba kakhulu mayelana nalokhu kusesha ulwazi, futhi okwesibili kuphela mayelana nempi yebhayoloji (BW). Ngenhlanhla, i-BW kanye nezihloko ezihlobene zihlala zikhona encwadini, kuyilapho ingxoxo yokuthola ulwazi isalokhu ithakazelisayo. U-Baker usendlalela lokho angakwazi ukukwenza kanye nalokho acabanga ukuthi kusho - imodeli yokwethula ucwaningo ngesihloko esinzima kanye nokuphikisa ukufihlwa kolwazi yilabo abanalo.
Le ncwadi isinika ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuthi uhulumeni wase-US ubenohlelo olubalulekile, olucasulayo, lwezikhali zebhayoloji (uma kungelona uhlelo olukhulu njengoba wawufisa ukuba nalo), ukuthi wazama kubantu ngesikhathi nangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, nokuthi wenza njalo. waqamba amanga ngalokho ekwenzayo. Ukuhlola kwamadokhumenti e-Baker kusetshenziswa okungeyona ingozi kangako esikhundleni sezikhali zebhayoloji ezenziwe uhulumeni wase-US emadolobheni amaningi ase-US.
Le ncwadi ibhala ngokungangabazeki imizamo emikhulu kanye nezinsiza ezinikelwe eminyakeni eminingi ekucabangeni, ekucwaningeni, ekuthuthukiseni, ekuhloleni, ekusongeleni, ekuzenziseni, nasekuqambeni amanga nge-BW. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukucekelwa phansi ngamabomu kwezinambuzane nezilwane ezincelisayo ngamabomu, kanye nokufaka ushevu endaweni ezungezile, amanzi kanye nezitshalo. Ososayensi bahlola ukuqedwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuqedwa kwenani lezinhlanzi, nokusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni, ama-arachnid, izinambuzane, izimbungulu, ama-vole, amalulwane, kanye nezimpaphe ukuze zisakaze izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, bahlaba inqwaba yezinto ababehlolwa, okuhlanganisa izinkawu, izingulube, izimvu, izinja, amakati, amagundane, amagundane nabantu. Bakha izimayini nama-torpedo ukuze bafake ubuthi olwandle. I-aquifer engaphansi kwe-Fort Dietrich iphakathi kwezindawo ezingcoliswe kakhulu e-United States, ngokusho kwe-EPA - engcoliswe ngezinto ezenziwe ngamabomu njengezingcolisi.
Yonke imiphumela eyinhlekelele yezemvelo yokusetshenziswa kwenqwaba yezimboni ngokusobala ifundwe njengesiphetho esihlosiwe ngokwaso yibutho lase-US / CIA.
Le ncwadi iveza ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi, yebo, i-United States yasebenzisa i-BW eKorea, noma ngabe akukho ukuvuma izono noma ukuxolisa okuzayo. Lapho amaShayina ebika ngokuningiliziwe ngaphandle kwenjongo ethile lokho i-CIA ebikade isebenza ngakho futhi ihlela ukukwenza, futhi lapho kungekho manga noma iqiniso elivela kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi elingadala noma iyiphi incazelo ezwakalayo ngaphandle kokuthi kwenzekile ngempela, ilinde a ukuvuma izono kuyisenzo sokusebenzelana okungenangqondo, hhayi ukuqina kwezemfundo. Futhi lapho i-CIA inganikezi isizathu, futhi akukho okubonakala kungenzeka, ekugcineni imibhalo eyimfihlo eseneminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ubudala, umthwalo wobufakazi kufanele uhlale kulabo abathi le mibhalo ayinanto enamahloni noma ebeka icala.
Le ncwadi ihlinzeka ngobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi i-United States ayigcinanga nje ngokulahla izimpaphe ezigulayo nezimbungulu eKorea ezindizeni, kodwa futhi yasebenzisa amasosha ase-US ahlehlayo ukusabalalisa abathwali bezifo ezindlini abantu ababezobuyela kuzo - kanye nobufakazi bokuthi izisulu lo msangano wawuhlanganisa namasosha ase-US ngokwawo. Uhulumeni waseMelika ngeminyaka yawo-1950s wasola iChina ngokuqubuka kwesifo, futhi wakhipha imibiko okuthiwa ifakazela ngokwesayensi ukuthi isifo besingeke siqhamuke esikhalini se-bioweapon - zombili lezi zenzo ezijwayeleke ngendlela ephazamisayo ngo-2020.
Akunasisekelo kufaka phakathi ubufakazi obuqinile bobugebengu engangingabazi ngaphambili, okunye okungaba kuhle ukuba nobufakazi obengeziwe. Nakuba isidingo sobufakazi obengeziwe ngokuvamile kuwukubalekela ezombusazwe zase-US, izaba zokungathwesi icala noma ukushushisa noma ukugwetshwa noma ukwenza ngenye indlela, kulokhu kufaneleka ngokuphelele ukuthi u-Baker afune ubufakazi obengeziwe. Nokho, u-Baker uqoqe ubufakazi obugculisayo bokuthi i-United States yasakaza ikholera yengulube eMpumalanga Jalimane, yanikeza izifo ezitshalweni eCzechoslovakia, Romania, naseHungary, yacekela phansi isivuno sekhofi eGuatemala, yasakaza isifo esisebenza ngendlela esabekayo esitshalweni serayisi eJapane 1945 - ngokunokwenzeka okubandakanya nezindiza ezenzeka ezinsukwini ezinhlanu nesithupha ngemuva kokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu eNagasaki, futhi zabulala isivuno esikhulu sikakolweni e-United States ngezifo ngo-1950 - zafaka ngephutha izikhali zase-United States ezakhelwe ukolweni waseSoviet.
U-Baker usola amalebhu e-BW, hhayi nje i-Lyme, kodwa nokuqubuka kwe-Rabbit fever, i-Q fever, umkhuhlane wezinyoni, ukugqwala kwe-wheat stem, i-African swine fever, kanye nekholera yengulube. Ukuzilimaza nokufa, njengokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi namanye amalungiselelo empi, kuye kwavamile kososayensi nabasebenzi kanye nabantu abasanda kuphila endaweni engafanele ngesikhathi esingalungile.
Futhi endleleni, u-Baker usinikeza imicabango nemizwa yakhe kanye nesimiso sansuku zonke. Usinika ngisho nobuntu bokugxeka kakhulu futhi okudabukisayo kanye nenhlalo yabantu babakhiqizi bezinto eziphilayo abafundayo. Kodwa lokho labo balingisi abasinika kona ngokuyinhloko kuwukuzenzisa nokuqagela isitha esifiswayo, ukuzenzisa ukuthi icala liwukuzivikela, isidingo esicatshangwayo sokuthuthukisa izindlela ezintsha ezixakile zokubulala nokudangala ubuhlungu ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi omunye umuntu angenza kanjalo kuqala. Leli qiniso alishintshi ngandlela-thile iqiniso elisobala lokuthi ohulumeni ngaphandle kwabase-United States nabo benze izenzo ezimbi kakhulu. Akunasisekelo ibhala phansi ukuboleka kukahulumeni wase-US izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezesabekayo kuhulumeni wamaNazi nowaseJapan. Kodwa ngeke nje sithole ubufakazi bokuthi uhulumeni wase-US uphishekela lo msangano ngoba amaSoviet akwenza lokho kuqala, kodwa sithola ubufakazi bokuthi uhulumeni wase-US uthuthukisa lezi zikhali ezimbi futhi ufuna ukwenza amaSoviet aqaphele, ngisho nokukhohlisa amaSoviet. ekholelwa ukuthi i-United States inamakhono engazange ibe nawo ukuze ikhuthaze, futhi mhlawumbe ingaqondi kahle, ukutshalwa kwezimali kweSoviet ku-BW.
Omunye wemibono engiyithandayo exhaswe ngabakhokhi bentela base-US engifunde ngayo kule ncwadi - engikwaziyo ukuthi ayizange isetshenziswe - kwakuwukubeka amavesti amancanyana e-napalm kumalulwane, futhi ngiwathumele endaweni ehlala ngaphansi kwezindlebe zezindlu. , lapho ayezogqamuka khona amalangabi. Ikakhulukazi ngiyawathanda lawa malulwane ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi angase enze imascot enhle esikhundleni seWashington Redskins.
U-Baker uphakamisa, ngokuqhathaniswa, ukuthi ukuphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zebhayoloji nezamakhemikhali empini yaseVietnam kuqede izinhlelo ezinjalo e-United States, noma okungenani kuzinciphise kakhulu. Cishe lokhu kwakamuva kuyiqiniso. Kodwa sebehambile? U-Baker usitshela ukuthi i-Fort Dietrich "yaphinde yahlolelwa" ucwaningo lomdlavuza - okusho ucwaningo lokuvimbela umdlavuza, hhayi ukusabalala komdlavuza. Kodwa ingabe kwakunjalo? Ingabe i-anthrax iwusizo ocwaningweni lomdlavuza? Ingabe uhulumeni wase-US ushintshile? Ingabe Ukwenza IMelika Kuhle Futhi akuyona idrayivu yokuvuselela zonke izici ezimbi kakhulu zama-1950s?
U-Baker ucace bha kuyo yonke le ncwadi ngalokho akwaziyo nokuthi ukwazi kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi iziphetho ezingafinyelelwa ngokuqiniseka. Ngakho, kunzima ukusho ukuthi kukhona akutholayo okungalungile. Kodwa kungase kube nezinto ezimbalwa. Uthi icebo elikhulu lokubulala elake laklanywa kwakuwuhlelo lwamaNazi lokubulala amaJuda, futhi okwesibili kwakuwuhlelo oluyimfihlo lwase-US lokukhipha igesi amadolobha aseJapane. Kodwa amacebo empi kaHitler adlula kude kunalokhu obekulindelekile futhi afeza amacebo akhe ngamaJuda. Ngisho nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwangempela kwakuhlanganisa izigidi zezisulu ezazingewona amaJuda. Futhi, ukuthatha isibonelo esisodwa secebo lokubulala elikhulu kakhulu, uDaniel Ellsberg liyasitshela ukuthi izinhlelo zempi yenuzi yase-US ekuphenduleni noma yikuphi ukuhlasela kweSoviet kwakulindeleke ukuthi zibulale ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabo bonke abantu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi u-Baker naye unephutha lapho echaza impi njengehlanganisa ukubulawa kwabantu ababengathanda ukuthola eminye imisebenzi kahulumeni - ngaphandle kwamasosha namatilosi nabashayeli bezindiza. Ngiyakuzonda ukuveza lokhu, ngoba iphrozi ka-Baker inamandla, futhi inkondlo, kodwa abantu abaningi ababulawa empini bayizakhamuzi ezingenayo nhlobo imisebenzi kahulumeni, futhi iningi lomphakathi wase-US likholelwa amanga ukuthi abantu abaningi ababulawa ezimpini bangamasosha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi labantu ababulawa ezimpini zase-US ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezimpi, futhi abantu abaningi e-United States bakholelwa amanga ukuthi abalimele base-US benza amaphesenti aphezulu abantu abalimala ezimpini zase-US. Ngisho nama-mercenaries aseMelika afa ezimpini zase-US ngamanani aphezulu kunamalungu ezempi ase-US, kodwa kokubili kuhlangene kwenza iphesenti elincane labafile. Ngakho-ke, ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi siyeke ukwenza lokhu okungalungile.
Akunasisekelo kuhlanganisa ama-tangents amaningi, wonke anenzuzo. Kokunye sifunda ukuthi i-US Library of Congress yenza ifilimu encane futhi yaphonsa inqwaba yezinto eziphrintiwe ezibizayo ukuze kuvuleke indawo yokwenza ucwaningo lwe-US Air Force - icwaninga imigomo ezoqhunyiswa ngamabhomu emhlabeni wonke - konke ukuze usize i-Air. Phoqa ukukopela umthetho wokuthi ingaqasha izakhamuzi ezingaki. I-Library of Congress yayihloselwe ukwenza umsebenzi manje owenziwe njenge-Google Amamephu, futhi lowo msebenzi uwodwa kufanele usenze sicabange kabusha izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni wase-US. Ikhono lebutho laseMelika lokuthenga ezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni njengoba kudingeka kuyisizathu esisodwa nje sokuhambisa imali enkulu yamaloli emali iphume kuyo iye ezintweni ezihloniphekile.
