Ucwaningo olusha luthola ukuchayeka ezinsimbi ezisindayo nobunye ubuthi obunomthelela omubi esizukulwaneni esikhule phakathi kwamabhomu angapheli nodlame.
Ibhalwe nguJon Queally, Amaphupho ajwayelekile
Emzamweni wokufunda kabanzi ngomthelela wokuchayeka isikhathi eside ezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye nobunye ubuthi obuhlobene nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-warzone kanye nokufakwa kwezempi, ucwaningo olusha olukhishwe ngoLwesihlanu luhlole isampula yamazinyo anikeziwe lwathola ukuthi izingane zase-Iraq zihlushwa ukwethusa. amazinga ezinto ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi umthofu.
Ucwaningo lunesihloko I-Prenatal Metal Exposure in the Middle East: Imprint of War in the Deciduous Teeth of Children-igxile e-Iraq, ehlaselwe yi-US kanye namabutho omfelandawonye eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu edlule, ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamabhomu abantu bayo ababone eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu edlule kanye nezinga elikhathazayo lomdlavuza kanye nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa manje okufakazelwa kubantu abangase bahlobene. kulobo budlova obungapheli. Amazinyo ase-Iraqi aqhathaniswa namasampula anikelwe avela kokubili eLebanon, okubone izinga elilinganiselwe lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu nezimpi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye ne-Iran, ethole ukuthula okulinganiselwe kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi yase-Iraq/Iran ngo-1988.
“Ezindaweni zempi,” i-abstract yocwaningo iyachaza, “ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, izinhlamvu, nezinye izinhlamvu kukhipha ama-neurotoxicants amaningi endaweni ezungezile. I-Middle East njengamanje iyindawo yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemvelo ngamabhomu amakhulu. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezisekelo zamasosha ase-US, ezikhipha izinto ezingcolisa indawo ezungezile ezinobuthi obukhulu, sezakhiwe kusukela ngo-2003. Ulwazi lwamanje lusekela umbono wokuthi ukungcola okubangelwa impi kuyimbangela enkulu yokwanda kokukhubazeka kanye nomdlavuza e-Iraq.”
Ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi “amazinyo aphukayo” omuntu, lawo abuye abizwe ngokuthi “amazinyo omntwana” awusizo ekucwaningeni, abacwaningi bayachaza, ngoba “asuka ekuphileni kombungu futhi angase abe usizo ekulinganiseni ukuchayeka kwensimbi ngaphambi kokubeletha.” Abacwaningi bathi abakutholile kuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi e-Iraq ekhungethwe yizimpi amazinga okungcola atholakele ayephezulu kakhulu kunalawo mazwe abone udlame oluncane ngokuphawulekayo.
"I-hypothesis yethu yokuthi ukwanda kwempi kuhambisana namazinga ensimbi akhuphukayo emazinyweni amaqabunga iqinisekiswa yilolu cwaningo," kufunda ucwaningo. “Amazinga omthofu ayefana emazinyweni aseLebanon nase-Iranian ancipha. Amazinyo anqumayo avela ezinganeni zase-Iraqi ezinokukhubazeka kokuzalwa abe namazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-Pb [lead]. Amazinyo amabili ase-Iraqi ayene-Pb ephindwe kane, kanti izinyo elilodwa lalino-Pb ophindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunamasampula avela eLebanon nase-Iran.”
Ukuqhubeka nokuchaza umongo nemithelela yabacwaningi abasanda kushicilelwa, kufanelekile ukucaphuna ucwaningo ngobude:
Ezindaweni zempi, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, izinhlamvu, nezinye izinhlamvu kukhipha ama-neurotoxicants amaningi endaweni ezungezile, okunezela emthwalweni wokuchayeka ebuntwaneni. Ucwaningo lwakamuva e-Iraq lukhombisa ukuchayeka komphakathi okusabalele ezinsimbini ze-neurotoxic (Pb ne-mercury) okuhambisana nokwanda okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kokukhubazeka kokuzalwa kanye nomdlavuza emadolobheni amaningana (Savabieasfahani 2013). Ulwazi lwamanje lusekela umbono wokuthi ukungcola okudalwe yimpi kuyisici esikhulu ekwandeni kwezinombolo zokukhubazeka kanye nomdlavuza e-Iraq.
I-Middle East ibe yindawo yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemvelo ngamabhomu. Ngo-2015 kuphela, i-USA yehlisa amabhomu angaphezu kuka-23,000 eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kwaphonswa amabhomu ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nambili e-Iraq/Syria (Zenko2016). Izisekelo zamasosha ase-US nazo zikhiqiza futhi zikhiphe izinto ezingcolisa imvelo ezinobuthi kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Yize ulwazi lwethu lunomkhawulo, umbiko wakamuva ka Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) unikeza isilinganiso esingaguqukiyo sezigidi ezimbili ezabulawa eMpumalanga Ephakathi kusukela ngo-2003 i-US ihlasela i-Iraq. Cishe abantu abayisigidi babulewe e-Iraq, abangama-220,000 e-Afghanistan, kanye nabangu-80,000 ePakistan. Isamba esingaba yizigidi eziyi-1.3, esingafakiwe kulesi sibalo, sibulewe kwezinye izindawo zempi ezisanda kwakhiwa njengeYemen neSyria (Odokotela Bomsebenzi Womphakathi (PSR)).
Kungase kubonakale kungenangqondo ukugxila emiphumeleni yempi “yesikhathi eside” kuyilapho le miphumela esabekayo yempi isikhona futhi manje. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela yempi yesikhathi eside yezempilo yomphakathi idinga ukuhlolwa kangcono uma sifuna ukuvimbela izimpi ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo (Weir 2015). Ukuze senze lokho, lapha sibika imiphumela yamasampula ethu okugcina avela endaweni yempi ekhulayo.
Amazinyo anqumayo ezingane ezivela e-Iraq, Lebanon, nase-Iran angabonisa ukuqhubeka kokuchayeka okuhlobene nempi okuphezulu kuya kokuphansi ezinganeni. Izilinganiso zamasampula emvelo ezindaweni esizithandayo azivamile ezincwadini. Ngakho-ke, sithola ukuthi ukuqhubeka kokuchayeka okuhlobene nempi okuphakeme kuya kokuphansi kungatholwa ezinganeni zezindawo ezikhethiwe ngokusekelwe olwazini lwenombolo nobude bezimpi ezilwiwe ezweni ngalinye ezikhathini zanamuhla. Siyazi ukuthi i-Iraq iyaqhubeka nokuba yisisulu sokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okuphindaphindiwe kanye nemisebenzi yezempi, ukuthi iLebanon ibe yindawo yezimpi eziningi, nokuthi imisebenzi yezempi yenzeke eLebanon ngezikhathi ezithile kuze kufike ku-2016 (Haugbolle). 2010). Ngokuphambene, i-Iran ibe yindawo yempi eyodwa kuphela ezikhathini zanamuhla, eyaphela ngo-1988 (Hersh 1992). Inhloso yethu ukuhlola amazinyo aphukayo ukuthi ayafaneleka yini ukusebenza njengezimpawu zokuchayeka ngaphambi kokubeletha ezinsimbi ezisindayo ezine-neurotoxic.
Izinsimbi zingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zamabhomu, izinhlamvu, nezinye izikhali. Buncombe (2011) inikeza i-akhawunti yomlando yenani elikhulu kakhulu lamabhomu nezinhlamvu ezajikijelwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngemva kuka-2003. Ukwengeza, izisekelo zezempi zase-US eziyi-1500 nezinsiza-nokungcola kwazo okunobuthi-ziye zakhiwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi kusukela ngo-2003 (i-Nazaryan. 2014; Umvini 2014). Kuphakanyiswe ukuthi izizinda zamasosha ase-US ziphakathi kwemisebenzi engcolisa kakhulu emhlabeni (Nazaryan 2014; Broder 1990; UMilmo 2014).
E-Iraq, njengamanje kunezisekelo zezempi zase-US ezingaphezu kuka-500 (Kennedy 2008; Umvini2014). Ukungcola okukhishwe kulezi zisekelo kubikwa ukuthi kulimaze impilo yabantu (Institute of Medicine, IOM 2011). Izinsimbi zikhishwa endaweni ezungezile ngobuningi phakathi nezimpi ezilandelanayo, kungaba ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okuqondile noma ngenxa yemfucuza ekhiqizwa futhi ikhishwe ukufakwa kwezempi (IOM). Izinsimbi ziyaphikelela emvelweni (Li et al. 2014), kanye nemiphumela yabo emibi empilweni—ikakhulukazi impilo yabantu abazwelayo (okungukuthi, omama abakhulelwe, imibungu, izingane ezikhulayo)—kuye kwasungulwa (Parajuli et al. 2013; Grandjean futhi Landrigan 2014). Ukuchayeka emphakathini ezintweni ezingcolisayo ezihlobene nempi kukhula njengoba izimpi ziba njalo futhi njengoba ukukhishwa kwemvelo kwemfucuza ehambisana nezisekelo zamasosha kwanda. Ukuchayeka kwensimbi nobuthi kuvame ukubikwa ezinganeni, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala ezindaweni zokuhlaselwa kwamasosha isikhathi eside eMpumalanga Ephakathi (Alsabbak et al. 2012; UJergovic et al. 2010; Savabieasfahani et al.2015).
“Njengoba ukuchayeka kwangaphambi kokubeletha kuba kubi kakhulu futhi kuvame ezindaweni ezinempi,” kubhala ababhali, “isilinganiso esinembile salokho kuchayeka ngaphambi kokubeletha kuba okuphuthumayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamazinyo aphukayo, aqala ekuphileni kwengane, njengesibonakaliso sezinto eziphilayo zokuchayeka ngaphambi kokubeletha, kuyasiza uma sizovikela izingane ekuchayekeni okunjalo esikhathini esizayo.”
