NguJohn Scales Avery, May 21, 2019
NgoMsombuluko, i-13 May 2019, i-New York Times ithumele isihloko esithi "Ukubuyekezwa Kwezindlu ZaseMhlophe Ezimpi Zama-Iran. ku-Echoes of Iraq War ". Ngaphandle kwezokuthutha izindiza nezinye izindiza zempi ezithunyelwe ePersian Gulf, izinhlelo zihlanganisa ukuthumela abaningi njengebutho le-120,000 US esifundeni. Kukhona ingozi enkulu ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iran kungase kuvezwe yi-Gulf-of-Tonkin-like yamanga isigameko sefulege esihilela imikhumbi yamafutha aseSaudi.
NgeSonto, i-19 May, uDonald Trump uthi: "Uma i-Iran ifuna ukulwa, lokho kuyoba ukuphela komthetho we-Iran. Ungalokothi usongele i-United States futhi! "Akazange acacise ukuthi i-Iran yayisongela kanjani i-US noma nini.
Kungani kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha e-Iran kukhathaze kakhulu? Impi enjalo ingayilimaza ngokuphelele iMiddle East esivele ingazinzile. EPakistan, ukungathandwa kombuso wobumbano lwe-US-Israel-Saudi, kanye nenkumbulo yezihlukumezi eziningi, kungaholela ekugumbuqelweni kukahulumeni wasePakistan ongazinzile, ebeka izikhali zenuzi zasePakistan ezandleni ezingezona ezikahulumeni. I-Russia ne-China, okuyizinkampani ezadlelana isikhathi eside ne-Iran, nazo zingadonselwa ezingxabanweni. Kungaba nengozi enkulu yokwanda kube yimpi yenuzi ephelele.
I-Iran yisizwe esinokuthula kodwa sivame ukuhlaselwa
I-Iran inempucuko yasendulo futhi enhle ehlehlela emuva ku-7000 BC, lapho kwasungulwa khona idolobha laseSusa. Eminye yemibhalo yokuqala esiyaziyo, eyayisukela cishe ku-3,000 BC, yasetshenziswa yimpucuko yama-Elamite eduzane naseSusa. Ama-Irani anamuhla ahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi anamasiko, futhi adume ngokungenisa izihambi, ukuphana nokuba nomusa kubantu angabazi. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, abantu base-Irani benze amagalelo amaningi kwezesayensi, ezobuciko kanye nezincwadi, futhi amakhulu eminyaka bengazange bahlasele omakhelwane babo. Yize kunjalo, ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule, bebeyizisulu zokuhlaselwa kanye nokungenelela kwangaphandle, iningi lazo elihlobene kakhulu nemithombo kawoyela negesi yase-Iran. Esokuqala salokhu senzeka ngonyaka we-1921-1925, lapho i-coup eyayixhaswe ngabaseBrithani igumbuqela ubukhosi bakwaQajar yabe isifaka uReza Shah.
UReza Shah (1878-1944) waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengoReza Khan, isikhulu sezempi. Ngenxa yobuhlakani bakhe obuphakeme wavuka ngokushesha ukuba abe umlawuli weThabriz Brigade yamaCossacks asePheresiya. Ku-1921, uGeneral Edmond Ironside, owabeka amabutho aseBrithani amadoda e-6,000 alwa namaBolsheviks enyakatho yePersia, waqamba ukuxoshwa (ekhokhelwa iBrithani) lapho uRaza Khan ehola khona i-15,000 Cossacks eya enhloko-dolobha. Wabuqeda uhulumeni, waba umfundisi wempi. Uhulumeni waseBrithani wasekela lo mbhikisho ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi umholi oqinile wayedinga e-Iran ukumelana namaBolsheviks. Ku-1923, uRaza Khan waphonsela i-Qajar Dynasty, futhi ku-1925 wabeka umqhele njengoReza Shah, ebizwa ngokuthi uPahlavi.
UReza Shah wayekholelwa ukuthi wayenenhloso yokuvuselela i-Iran, ngendlela efanayo naleyo uKamil Ata Turk ayenze ngayo iTurkey yanamuhla. Phakathi neminyaka yakhe eyi-16 yokubusa e-Iran, kwakhiwa imigwaqo eminingi, kwakhiwa iTrans-Iranian Railway, abantu abaningi base-Iranian bathunyelwa ukuyofunda eNtshonalanga, kwavulwa iNyuvesi yaseTehran, kwathathwa nezinyathelo zokuqala zokubhekela ezemboni. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zikaReza Shah kwesinye isikhathi zazinzima kakhulu.
Ngo-1941, ngenkathi iJalimane ihlasela iRussia, i-Iran yayingathathi hlangothi, mhlawumbe incike kancane ohlangothini lweJalimane. Kodwa-ke, uReza Shah wayegxeka uHitler ngokwanele ukuba anikeze ukuphepha e-Iran kubabaleki abavela kumaNazi. Ngokwesaba ukuthi amaJalimane azokwazi ukulawula izinkambu zikawoyela i-Abadan, futhi ifisa ukusebenzisa iTrans-Iranian Railway ukuletha izimpahla eRussia, iBrithani yahlasela i-Iran isuka eningizimu ngo-Agasti 25, 1941. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibutho laseRussia lahlasela izwe lisuka enyakatho. UReza Shah ucele usizo kuRoosevelt, ecaphuna ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-Iran, kepha kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. NgoSepthemba 17, 1941, waphoqwa ukuba adingiswe, esikhundleni sakhe kwathathwa indodana yakhe, uCrown Prince Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Bobabili iBrithani kanye neRussia bathembisa ukuthi bazohamba e-Iran ngokushesha nje lapho impi isiphelile. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili esele, yize u-Shah omusha ayengumbusi wase-Iran ngegama nje, izwe lalilawulwa yimikhosi eyayihlangene nayo.
U-Reza Shah, ube nomqondo oqinile wokuthunywa, futhi waba nomuzwa wokuthi kwakuwumsebenzi wakhe wokuvuselela i-Iran. Wadlulisela lo mqondo wokuthunyelwa endodaneni yakhe, u-Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi osemusha. Inkinga ebuhlungu yobumpofu yayibonakala yonke indawo, futhi bobabili uReza Shah nendodana yakhe babona ukuqala kwe-Iran njengendlela kuphela yokuqeda ubumpofu.
Ku-1951, u-Mohammad Mosaddegh waba nguNdunankulu wase-Iran ngokusebenzisa ukhetho lwentando yeningi. Wayevela emndenini owabekwa kakhulu futhi wayekwazi ukulandelela okhokho bakhe emasimini emakhosi akwaKajar. Phakathi kwezinguquko eziningi ezenziwe nguMosaddegh kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwamafutha e-Anglo-Iranian Impahla yenkampani e-Iran. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-AIOC (okwathi kamuva yaba yiBritish Petroleum), yanxenxa uhulumeni waseBrithani ukuba axhase ukuguqa okuyimfihlo okwakuzoketula uMosaddegh. AbaseBrithani bacele uMongameli wase-United States u-Eisenhower ne-CIA ukuthi bajoyine i-M16 ekwenzeni lo mbhikisho, bethi ukuthi uMosaddegh ubemele usongo lwamaKhomanisi (impikiswano ehlekisayo, kubhekwa isizinda sobukhosi bukaMosaddegh). U-Eisenhower wavuma ukusiza iBrithani ekwenzeni lo mbhikisho, futhi kwenzeka ngo-1953. Ngaleyo ndlela u-Shah wathola amandla aphelele e-Iran.
Umgomo wokuvuselela i-Iran nokuqeda ubumpofu wamukelwa njengesithunywa esicishe sibe yingcwele ngu-Shah osemusha, uMahammad Reza Pahlavi, futhi kwaba yisisusa se-White Revolution yakhe e-1963, lapho umhlaba omkhulu ungabanikazi bezwe kanye nomqhele yasatshalaliswa kubantu abahlala emakhaya. Kodwa-ke, i-White Revolution yathukuthela kokubili isigaba sokudoba umhlaba kanye nabafundisi, futhi sabeka ukuphikiswa okukhulu. Ekusebenzelaneni nalokhu kuphikisa, izindlela ze-Shahs zazinzima kakhulu, njengalabo obaba. Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okwenziwa yizindlela zakhe ezinonya, nangenxa yamandla abandayo abaphikisi bakhe, u-Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi ixoshwe ku-Iranian Revolution ye-1979. Ukuguqulwa kwe-1979 kwaba ngezinga elithile elibangelwa ukukhishwa kwe-British-American kwe-1953.
Umuntu angasho futhi ukuthi ukusentshonalanga, lapho u-Shah Reza nendodana yakhe behlose khona, kwaveza impendulo elwa nentshonalanga phakathi kwezinhlangano ezilondolozayo zomphakathi wase-Iranian. I-Iran "ibiwela phakathi kwezitulo ezimbili", ngakolunye uhlangothi isiko lasentshonalanga kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi isiko lendabuko lalelizwe. Kubonakala ngathi iphakathi nendawo, okungeyona eyakhe. Ekugcineni ngo-1979 abefundisi bamaSulumane banqoba futhi i-Iran yakhetha isiko.
Khonamanjalo, ngo-1963 i-US yayisekele ngasese ukugumbuqelwa kwamasosha e-Iraq okwanikeza uSaddam Hussein iqembu leBa'ath Party. Ngo-1979, ngenkathi uShahan wase-Iran owayesekelwa entshonalanga egumbuqelwa, i-United States yathatha umbuso wamaShi'ite owawungena esikhundleni sakhe njengosongo ekunikezelweni kukawoyela ovela eSaudi Arabia. IWashington yabona i-Iraq kaSaddam njengendawo yokuvikela uhulumeni waseShi'ite wase-Iran okwakucatshangwa ukuthi isongela ukunikezwa kukawoyela ovela emazweni angamazwe aseMelika afana neKuwait neSaudi Arabia.
Ku-1980, ekhuthazwa ukwenza kanjalo ngokuthi i-Iran ilahlekelwe yi-US, uhulumeni kaSaddam Hussein uhlasele i-Iran. Lokhu kwakuyisiqalo sezimpi ezibhubhisa kakhulu futhi ezibhubhisayo ezahlala iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, zibulala abantu abangaba yizigidi ezizweni ezimbili. I-Iraq isetshenziswe kokubili igesi lwesinaphi kanye negesi lezinzwa zeTabun neSarin ngokumelene ne-Iran, ngokwephula i-Geneva Protocol.
Ukuhlaselwa kwamanje e-Iran, okubili kanye nokusongelwa, kunokufana okufana nempi eyayilwa ne-Iraq eyasungulwa yi-United States ngo-2003. Ngo-2003, lokhu kuhlasela kwakushukunyiswa ngegama lokuthi kwakuzokwakhiwa izikhali zenuzi, kodwa okwangempela Isisusa sasihlobene kakhulu nesifiso sokulawula nokusebenzisa izinsizakusebenza zikaphethiloli e-Iraq, nangokwesaba okukhulu kuka-Israyeli kokuba nomakhelwane onamandla nonobutha. Ngokunjalo, ukuhlukunyezwa kwezinqolobane ezinkulu zikawoyela negesi zase-Iran kungabonakala njengesinye sezizathu ezinkulu zokuthi kungani i-United States njengamanje idemoniya i-Iran, futhi lokhu kuhlanganiswe nokwesaba okucishe kube yindida kuka-Israyeli nge-Iran enkulu futhi enamandla. Uma ubheka emuva empumelelweni "yempumelelo" yango-1953 eyayilwa noMosaddegh, u-Israel kanye ne-United States mhlawumbe banomuzwa wokuthi unswinyo, izinsongo, ukubulala nezinye izingcindezi kungadala ushintsho kuhulumeni oluzoletha uhulumeni ovumelana kakhudlwana namandla e-Iran - uhulumeni ozokwamukela Ubudlova base-US. Kepha izinkulumo ezinolaka, izinsongo nokucasula kungakhuphukela empini ephelele.
Angifisi ukusho ukugunyazwa kukahulumeni wamanje ongokwasezulwini wase-Iran. Kodwa-ke, abantu base-Irani abanomoya wokungenisa izihambi, abanamasiko futhi abanobungane abafanelwe yizinhlupheko zempi. Abafanelwe ukuhlupheka esivele kubekiwe kubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa kodlame olubhekiswe e-Iran kuzoba ukuhlanya nobugebengu. Kungani uhlanya? Ngoba umnotho wamanje wase-US kanye nomhlaba awukwazi ukusekela enye ingxabano enkulu; ngoba iMiddle East isivele iyisifunda esinenkinga enkulu; futhi ngoba akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ubukhulu bempi, uma iqale, ingahle ibe yiMpi Yesithathu Yomhlaba, ngenxa yokuthi i-Iran isondelene kakhulu neRussia neChina. Kungani eyisigebengu? Ngoba udlame olunjalo lungephula kokubili i-Charter ye-UN kanye neMigomo yeNuremberg. Akukho themba nakancane ngekusasa ngaphandle kokuthi sisebenzele umhlaba onokuthula, olawulwa ngumthetho wamazwe omhlaba, kunokuba kube yizwe elinovalo lapho kulawula khona amandla anonya.
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