Abantu babamba umbhikisho e-Nago, eSifundazweni Sase-Okinawa, bephikisana nesizinda esihleliwe sokuthuthwa kwesizinda sezempi sase-US esibalulekile endaweni esogwini yedolobha i-Henoko ngomhla ka-Dis. 3, 2019. Isithombe: Kyodo nge-AP Images
Ibungazwe ngu-Maia Hibbet I-Intercept, Ngo-September 9, i-2022
UBill Clinton wathembisa ukuvala isisekelo ngo-1996. Kodwa izinhlelo zokwakha okwengeziwe kanye nokugxila okuphezulu ePacific kubeka iziqhingi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zazo eziyingqayizivele engozini ngokungapheli.
NGO-APRIL NYE NTAMBAMA eTokyo, umongameli wase-US wenza isithembiso esamukelekile sokunciphisa ukuba khona kwebutho lakhe e-Okinawa. Amalungu amathathu e-US adlwengule intombazane yase-Okinawan eneminyaka engu-12 ngoSepthemba odlule, kanti abantu bendawo ababethukuthele bagane unwabu bachitha izinyanga bebhikishela uxhaxha lwezikhungo zase-US esifundeni saseJapan.
"Lapho uNdunankulu esicela ukuba sicabangele ukukhathazeka kwabantu base-Okinawa futhi ngibajwayele, ngenxa yezinye zezenzakalo ezidabukisayo ozazi kahle," wathi UMongameli uBill Clinton, emi eduze noNdunankulu waseJapane uRyutaro Hashimoto, enkulumweni ka-April 1996, “kwangikhathaza ukuthi lezi zindaba bezingakaxazululwa ngaphambi kwamanje, ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi.” Abaphathi bakhe bavumile ukuvala i-Futenma Air Station, isizinda esikhulu seMarine Corps edolobheni elinabantu abaningi e-Okinawan, i-Ginowan, phakathi neminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisikhombisa.
NgoLwesibili kusihlwa eWashington, i-87 Okinawan kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi zamazwe ngamazwe zizothumela incwadi kuNdlu kanye naseSenate Armed Services Committees, benxusa iDemocratic Congress ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJoe Biden ukuthi ekugcineni ivale isisekelo. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-26 uClinton athembisa ukuphela ngokushesha kwe-Futenma Air Station, futhi ohulumeni baseJapan nabaseMelika bachithe amashumi eminyaka bephusha izinhlelo ezicekela phansi imvelo zokwakha kanye nezigxobo ezinyakazayo ukuze ziqedwe. Njengoba iminyaka iqhubeka, kungenzeka umugqa wesikhathi ngoba ukuvalwa kuka-Futenma kwasuka ekulinganisweni kwasekuqaleni kuka-2001-03 kwaya ku-2025, kuya ku-2035, kuya ku-2040, kuya - njengoba ababhali bencwadi bephikisana - empeleni, neze.
Isithombe sibonisa i-Marine Corps Air Station Futenma e-Ginowan City, Okinawa Prefecture, ngo-Jan. 7, 2022. Isithombe: Yomiuri Shimbun nge-AP
Ngenkathi izakhamizi zase-Okinawan zilindile, uFutenma uhlala evulekile, futhi Amasosha Asemanzini ami lapho ayaqhubeka nokwenza ukuba khona kwawo kwaziwe ngobudlova. Indawo ezungezile ibone indiza enophephela emhlane yezempi ukushayeka e-Okinawa International University kanye nocezu olulodwa oluwela emagcekeni esikole samabanga aphansi i-Futenma No. 2. I-Ginowan namanye amadolobha ase-Okinawan atholwe enamanzi angcolile avela emasosheni anobuthi igwebu lokucisha umlilo futhi amapayipi amafutha. Futhi i-Futenma, nakuba igxile ekuphusheni kokuvalwa, ikude kakhulu nesisekelo sase-US esidala izinkinga: I-Okinawa, enesisindo somhlaba esicishe sibe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ze-Rhode Island, inokufakwa kwamasosha angama-32 e-US.
Okubanjwayo wukuthi ukuvalwa akukona ngempela ukuvala; wukuthuthwa. Emehlweni kahulumeni wase-US kanye nohulumeni wase-Japan, iphrojekthi entsha eyisisekelo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Futenma Replacement Facility, noma i-FRF, kufanele iqedwe ngaphambi kokuthi i-Futenma ivalwe. Ukuze uyiqedele, uhulumeni waseJapan kufanele alahle indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu - ethathwe kuyo at-times-controversial izindawo kulo lonke elase-Japan nase-Okinawa - ukuya e-Henoko-Oura Bay, indawo eyingqayizivele yezinto eziphilayo eqhele ngamamayela angu-26 ukusuka e-Futenma. Incwadi ithi: “Ngokombono wobunjiniyela, alikho ithemba lokuthi isici saso esiyichazayo,” indawo yokuhlala esikhumulweni sezindiza, “siyoke sakhiwe.” Kulandela inhlolovo ye-geological eyenziwa nguhulumeni waseJapan, i phansi kolwandle lapho umzila wendiza uhloselwe khona kuthathwa “ithambile njengemayonnaise.”
Isayinwe izinhlangano ezingama-52 ezivela e-Okinawa naseJapan kanye nezingu-35 ezivela phesheya, okuhlanganisa i-Asia Pacific American Labour Alliance, iCentre for Biological Diversity, kanye neCODEPINK, le ncwadi iza ngesikhathi sokushuba kwesimo phakathi kwamandla asebenzisana naseNtshonalanga neChina ngenxa yokuzimela kweTaiwan. Ngenxa yokusondela kwayo eTaiwan, i-Okinawa - indawo yayo yezempi yase-US ethatha amaphesenti angu-15 omhlaba okhona wesiqhingi esikhulu - ibhekwa njengendawo ebalulekile yamasu. Ukwandisa umhlaba ukuze kubekwe isisekelo esisha, okucatshangwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukulwa neChina; ukumane kwehle kube ngu-31 akukho embuzweni.
"I-Okinawa yayibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseTaiwan, nasemcabangweni wohlobo lokuphoqelela noma lokuqukatha iChina," uJames Lin, isazi-mlando saseTaiwan yanamuhla eNyuvesi yaseWashington, etshela i-Intercept. Ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi uma kukhona ukungqubuzana okungaba khona kakhulu e-Okinawa.
NgoMashi, uhulumeni waseJapan limenyezelwe I-Okinawa "indawo yokulwa" esimweni sesimo esiphuthumayo sase-Taiwan.
Ngenyanga edlule, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela waseJapan uNobuo Kishi utshele abezindaba ukuthi imicibisholo emihlanu yokuhlola i-ballistic yaseShayina yayifike “endaweni yezomnotho kuphela” yaseJapane okokuqala ngqa. Imicibisholo, ithunyelwe ukuphendula impikiswano vakashela eTaipei nguSomlomo Wendlu uNancy Pelosi, kubikwa ukuthi wafika emanzini aseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeHateruma: esinye seziqhingi eziseningizimu ye-Okinawa Prefecture, cishe amakhilomitha angama-300 ukusuka esiqhingini esikhulu futhi cishe ingxenye yalelo banga ukusuka eTaiwan.
Esikhathini esingaphezu kwenyanga kusukela, i-China yenze izivivinyo eziningi zezempi futhi yabeka unswinyo lwezomnotho eTaiwan, ukubhuza ama-drones nezindiza nge-airspace yaseTaiwan futhi ukuvimbela ukuthunyelwa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezithelo ezihlukahlukene, izinhlanzi, nesihlabathi njengohlu olukhula njalo lwezikhulu zase-US ezathatha uhambo lokuya kulesi siqhingi.
Uhlu lwabanye abavakashi abasezingeni eliphezulu lufake uSens. Ed Markey, D-Mass., noMarsha Blackburn, R-Tenn.; Reps. John Garamendi, D-Calif.; Don Beyer, D-Va.; Alan Lowenthal, D-Calif.; Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen, R-American Samoa; kanye nababusi beRiphabhulikhi u-Eric Holcomb wase-Indiana kanye no-Doug Ducey wase-Arizona. Izithunywa zengqungquthela zithandwa kakhulu eTaiwan, kusho uLin, yize ukuvakasha kukaPelosi "bekuyingozi impela futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu eTaiwan, mayelana nokujeziswa kwezomnotho, mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemicibisholo."
"Ukungezwani okwandayo phakathi kwe-US neChina kwenze abaningi bethu e-Okinawa bangakhululeki kakhulu ngokuhlala lapha," u-Hideki Yoshikawa, umqondisi we-Okinawa Environmental Justice Project kanye nombhali oholayo wale ncwadi, wabhala ku-imeyili eya ku-Intercept. Yize ezama ukuthi angabi umuntu othusayo noma agcizelele izimo ezimbi kakhulu, u-Yoshikawa uthe, "obekwenzeka e-Ukraine kusukela ngoFebhuwari kulo nyaka kusenze sacabanga okubi kakhulu."
I-DYNAMIC PHAKATHI I-Japan ne-Okinawa ngezindlela eziningi zifana nobudlelwano i-United States enabo ne-Hawaii. Njengalelo qoqo leziqhingi zasePacific, i-Okinawa yake yabuswa ubukhosi bendawo, obaziwa endabeni ka-Okinawa ngokuthi iRyukyu Kingdom. I-Imperial Japan ne-China azabalazela ukulawula i-Ryukyus, eyahweba nayo yomibili le mibuso amakhulu eminyaka, kwaze kwaba yilapho iJapane iyithatha ngo-1879. Ukuphumelela kwekoloni yaseJapane kwenza uchungechunge lwesiqhingi olwaba yisifunda esincane kunazo zonke sase-Okinawa, sifana nesifunda sase-US. Amanye amaRyukyuan manje ahlelela ukuqokwa njengabantu boMdabu - iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene encome ukuthi iJapan inikeze - kodwa uhulumeni waseJapan usanqaba ukubabona.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, iJapan yanikela ngokusemthethweni kokubili kwezempi kanye nesifunda sayo esiseningizimu: Igunya elisha lokuthula kumthethosisekelo lalivimbela ukuba libe nebutho elinamandla okwenza icala, futhi iSivumelwano Sango-1951 saseSan Francisco sabeka i-Okinawa ngaphansi kwe-US. ukuphathwa komphakathi. Ngemva nje kweminyaka engama-20, iziqhingi zabuyela ekulawuleni amaJapane, ngombandela wokuthi i-US ingagcina umsebenzi wezempi kunethiwekhi yezisekelo - okuhloswe ngayo "njengesivimbeli samasu" ngokumelene neChina kanye nokumisa ukuvikela eJapane. Manje, njengoba ukungezwani kushubile eTaiwan, i-Okinawa isima ukuze igcine isibambisene.
"Uma ingxabano yezempi phakathi kwamandla amakhulu amabili (i-US ne-China), neJapane ehilelekile, iba ngokoqobo, kungaba ngecebo noma ngengozi, ngilindele, imicibisholo izondiza isuka eChina (noma imikhumbi yayo yempi nezindiza) ukuze ishaye i-US. izisekelo kanye nezisekelo ze-Japan Self-Defense Forces e-Okinawa,” u-Yoshikawa utshele i-Intercept.
I-United States ibambe amabutho ayo e-Okinawa phakathi nesiqephu sangaphambili esinengcindezi enkulu mayelana neTaiwan: Ngesikhathi Inkinga Yesithathu YaseTaiwan Strait, abaphathi bakaClinton bayalele uxhaxha lwemikhumbi yempi yase-US ukuthi ihambe isuka e-Okinawa inqamule echwebeni ngenxa yochungechunge lokuhlolwa kwemicibisholo yaseChina. Kwenzeka phakathi kuka-1995 no-1996 - nomvuthwandaba wakho ngaphambi nje kokuvalwa kwesisekelo se-Futenma - kwaba ahalaliselwe "njengokuboniswa okukhulu kwamandla ezempi ase-US e-Asia kusukela ngeMpi yaseVietnam" yi-BBC.
Ngenyanga edlule, ezithendeni zohambo oluhlukahlukene lwengqungquthela yase-US kanye nomphumela wokubonisa amandla wamaShayina, imikhumbi emibili yamasosha ase-US futhi. wahamba ngomkhumbi ngokusebenzisa iTaiwan Strait. Oklebe eCentre for Strategic and International Studies baye kuthiwa isimo samanje "Inkinga Yesine YaseTaiwan Strait."
Isithombe esisemoyeni sibonisa umsebenzi wokulahlwa kwemfucuza endaweni elisogwini lwase-Henoko e-Nago City, e-Okinawa Prefecture, ngomhla ka-Dec. 10, 2021. I-Henoko ikhethwe njengendawo yokuthutha ye-US Air Station Futenma. Isithombe: Yomiuri Shimbun nge-AP
“UHULUMENI WASEJAPANE iqinisa imizamo yayo yokuhlela iphrojekthi ye-FRF ekulandiseni kokuvimbela izinsongo ezivela emazweni angomakhelwane,” kubhala u-Yoshikawa kanye nabambisene naye encwadini yabo. Kodwa "ngokuqwashisa okukhulayo ngezindaba ezithambile ezingaphansi kolwandle kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kokwakhiwa kwe-FRF embuzweni onzima, izimpikiswano zikahulumeni mayelana nokuvimbela kanye namasu aziqinisekisi."
Isiphakamiso sokuqala salesi sikhungo besizodinga ukuthi uhulumeni agcwalise leli theku - ikhaya lezilwane zasemanzini ezingaphezu kuka-5,000, okuhlanganisa ne-Okinawa dugong esengozini enkulu yokushabalala, amakoloni aluhlaza aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nenqwaba yezinhlobo ezintsha zama-crustacean. Wathola ngo-2009 kuphela - ngokungcola. Isiphakamiso samanje sidinga lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wokuqinisa umhlabathi, noma ukushayelwa kwezinsika zesihlabathi ezihlangene endaweni engaphansi kolwandle ukuze kuqiniswe ukungaguquguquki kwayo okunodaka futhi kusekelwe isisekelo.
"Nakuba umsebenzi wokuqinisa ulwandle uwukubuyekezwa okubalulekile ohlelweni lokuqala, i-Okinawa Defence Bureau ayizange ibuyekeze ngokwanele ukuphepha kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kokwakhiwa kwesisekelo," kusho incwadi. Ngenxa yalokho, uDenny Tamaki, umbusi wesifunda sase-Okinawa - obhekene nomncintiswano wokuqokwa kabusha. egxile kakhulu udaba oluyisisekelo ngoSepthemba 11 - senqabe ngokuphindaphindiwe izicelo zokugunyaza izimvume zokwakhiwa kwesisekelo. Uhulumeni waseJapane uye wamthatha ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Le ncwadi iphinde icele uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi uphoqe uMnyango Wezokuvikela ukuthi udalule ukuthi ngempela uzwe nini ngodaba lwangaphansi kolwandle bese ukhipha eyawo imibiko. Uhulumeni waseJapan akazange avume inkinga kwaze kwaba ngu-2019, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inhlolovo yokwakheka komhlaba yaseJapane yayithola ngo-2015. Lapho abahloli behlola amandla adingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe isipike phansi olwandle, bathola “ukuthi esikhundleni sokushayelwa emhlabathini ngesando, ukuhlola i-spike yacwila esisindweni sayo.”
Esikhungweni se-Strategic and International Studies, esaziwa ngokushaya izigubhu zempi hhayi ukukhuthaza ukuzithiba, uMark Cancian wabhala ngo-2020 wephrojekthi ye-FRF: "Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi [ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo] kuzoke kuqedwe."
Ikhalazela isifiso seKomidi Lezinsiza Ezihlomile sokuqinisa isu lezempi laseMelika, le ncwadi ikuthola “kuyadabukisa ukuthi umthethosivivinywa ohlongozwayo ngoJuni 2020 yiKomidi Elingaphansi Le-Readiness Subcommittee leHouse Armed Services Committee, elizocela i-DoD ukuthi ifunde ngezindaba ezithambile zangaphansi kolwandle, ayizange yamukelwe ku-National Defence Authorization Act ka-2021. " Ngaleso sikhathi, uTamaki wayenakho esanda kuhlangana nezishayamthetho e-Washington, kanye nenguqulo ye-Readiness Subcommittee ye-NDAA kubikwa ukuthi iphoqe uMnyango Wezokuvikela ukuthi ucwaninge indawo engaphansi kolwandle ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwayo kanye nokuba khona kwemigqa yephutha lokuzamazama komhlaba. Kepha ayizange ibonakale ku-NDAA yokugcina. Ihhovisi likaRep. John Garamendi, usihlalo weKomidi elincane le-Readiness, akazange aphendule esicelweni se-The Intercept sokuphawula.
U-Yoshikawa uthemba ukuthi, uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ukulondolozwa kwemvelo akwanele, ukungasebenzi kahle kwephrojekthi ye-FRF kuzovumela abenzi bomthetho baseMelika ukuthi babone ukuthi inzuzo yayo yesu yethenjisiwe ngokweqile.
"Ngokusobala, ukwakha esinye isizinda esikhulu sase-US e-Okinawa akunciphi, kodwa kunalokho kwandisa, amathuba okuhlaselwa," incwadi iphikisana namanothi ayo okuphetha.
U-Yoshikawa uveze ukuthi izihloko ze-Geneva Convention, ezifuna ukuvikela izakhamuzi phakathi kwezingxabano zempi, zizobonakala zingenamsebenzi e-Okinawa: Ukusondelana ngokomzimba phakathi kwezisekelo nomphakathi kuzokwenza ukuvikela komhlangano kube nzima, uma kungenakwenzeka, ukuphoqelela.
"Sizosetshenziswa njengezihlangu zabantu ezisekelweni zamasosha, hhayi ngenye indlela," kusho uYoshikawa. “Asifuni ukusetshenziswa futhi asifuni ukuthi kusetshenziswe ulwandle, amahlathi, imihlaba kanye nesibhakabhaka uma kunezingxabano zezifundazwe.”
