Usuku lwe-Armistice, Ummeli WaseChicago Owavimbe Impi, nokuthi Kungani Izimpi Ziqhubeka Zenzeka

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 12, 2023

Amazwi e-Chicago ngoNovemba 12, 2023

 

 

Kwi-movie Sawubona, eVietnam isikhulu esiphezulu esingenalwazi sitshela umlingiswa kaRobin Williams:

“Ngibambe abantu ezindaweni abangakacabangi nokuthi bazophuma kanjani kuzona. Awucabangi ukuthi ngingaqhamuka nento enhle? Ungakwazi yini ukubona ezinye izindlela ezingakhangi kangako?”

Futhi uRobin Williams, ngaphandle kokuphuthelwa, uthi “Hhayi ngaphandle kwamaslayidi.”

Ngakho-ke, ngizozama ukusebenzisa amaslayidi lapha, njengoba ngiceliwe. Ngixolise uma kukhona okungajabulisi kubo. Impi inonya futhi inonya futhi sinesibopho sokuyiqeda.

Ngisanda kutshelwa ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini engalungile ngempi ngayinye ehlukene ngaphandle kokuthi baye lapho. Ngisanda kubuka inhlolokhono emnandi yothile wase-US owathi wayengaluqondi ubandlululo lwase-Israel waze waya lapho. Esikhathini esingeside esidlule ngifunde umlobi wephephandaba i-New York Times eqhosha ngokuthi wayekuphikile ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwaze kwaba yilapho othile emndizela endaweni eyiqhwa. Kulo nyaka umlobi wephephandaba waseRussia uphakamise ukuthi kusetshenziswe isikhali senuzi esincane ukuze kufundiswe abantu ukuthi siyini ukuze bangasisebenzisi. Ngakho-ke, ngethemba lokuthi empeleni akudingeki ukuthi sindize wonke umuntu siye kuyo yonke indawo eMhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela sizuze ukufa okuphelele nge-jet fuel, noma sizilahlele noma imaphi amabhomu njengezinsiza zokufundisa, ngizocela ukuthi nonke nizame yenza ngamaslayidi.

Ngisola ngasese ukuthi ubungeke uze udinge ngisho nama-slides uma ungenawo amathelevishini namaphephandaba ukuze uzame ukuwanqoba. Ngibona ukuvota ukuthi abantu abasha badla imidiya encane nokuthi abantu abasha bahlakaniphile, isibonelo ekuphikisaneni okungenani izimpi ezithile. Ngakho, ithemba lami njalo ukukhomba abantu endleleni yokuthola ulwazi kanye nokuqonda okungcono kunalutho, kodwa ngisho lutho nje, kumuntu omdala ovamile, kungaba isinyathelo esikhulu phezulu.

Inhlangano yokuthula yama-1920s e-United States naseYurophu yayinkulu, inamandla, futhi ivame kakhulu kunangaphambili noma kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1927-28 iRiphabhulikhi eshisayo yaseMinnesota ogama layo linguFrank owaqalekisa ngasese abantu ababelwela ukuthula wakwazi ukunxenxa amazwe amaningi eMhlabeni ukuthi avimbele impi. Wayeshukunyiselwe ukwenza kanjalo, ngokumelene nentando yakhe, ngesidingo sokuthula somhlaba wonke kanye nokubambisana kwe-US neFrance okudalwe ngokuxoxisana okungekho emthethweni ngabashisekeli bokuthula. Amandla ashukumisayo ekuzuzeni le mpumelelo eyingqophamlando kwakuyinhlangano yokuthula yase-US ebumbene ngokuphawulekayo, enamasu, futhi engapheli ngokusekelwa kwayo okuqine kakhulu eMidwest; abaholi bayo abaqine kakhulu oprofesa, abameli, nomongameli bamanyuvesi; amazwi ayo eWashington, DC, lawo ezikhulu zeRepublican ezivela e-Idaho naseKansas; imibono yalo yamukelwa futhi yakhuthazwa amaphephandaba, amasonto, namaqembu abesifazane ezweni lonke; kanye nokuzimisela kwayo okungashintshwanga ishumi leminyaka lokuhlulwa nokwehlukana.

Ukunyakaza kwakuncike kakhulu emandleni ezombusazwe amasha abavoti besifazane. Lo mzamo ubungase ubhuntshile ukube uCharles Lindbergh akazange andishayele indiza olwandle, noma uHenry Cabot Lodge akafanga, noma kube neminye imizamo yokuletha ukuthula nokuncishiswa kwezikhali bekungeyona ukwehluleka okudabukisayo. Kodwa ingcindezi yomphakathi yenza lesi sinyathelo, noma into efana naso, yacishe yagwemeka. Futhi lapho iphumelela - nakuba ukuchithwa kwempi kungakaze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele ngokuhambisana nezinhlelo zababoni bayo - iningi lezwe lalikholelwa ukuthi impi yenziwe ngokungekho emthethweni. UFrank Kellogg wathola igama lakhe ku-Kellogg-Briand Pact kanye neNobel Peace Prize, izinsalela zakhe e-National Cathedral eWashington, kanye nomgwaqo omkhulu eSt. umuntu ongaqageli ukuthi umgwaqo uqanjwe ngenkampani yezinhlamvu.

Izimpi empeleni zanqandwa futhi zavinjelwa. Futhi lapho, noma kunjalo, izimpi ziqhubeka futhi impi yezwe yesibili igubuzela imbulunga yonke, leyonhlekelele yalandelwa ukuqulwa kwamacala amadoda asolwa ngobugebengu obusha shw bokudala impi, kanye nokwamukelwa kwembulunga yonke koMthetho-sisekelo weZizwe Ezihlangene, incwadi eyayibekwe icala. okuningi kumanduleli wayo wangaphambi kwempi ngenkathi lisasilela emibonweni yalokho ngeminyaka yawo-1920 eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Outlawry movement. Eqinisweni i-Kellogg-Briand Pact yayivimbe yonke impi. I-UN Charter isemthethweni noma iyiphi impi ebizwa ngokuthi ivikela noma egunyazwe yi-UN - yenza ezimbalwa uma zikhona izimpi ezisemthethweni, kodwa ivumela abantu abaningi ukuba bakholwe ngamanga ukuthi izimpi eziningi zisemthethweni.

Ngaphambi kukaKellogg-Briand, impi yayisemthethweni, zonke izimpi, zonke izinhlangothi zazo zonke izimpi. Izenzo zonya ezenziwa phakathi nezimpi cishe zazisemthethweni. Ukunqotshwa kwendawo kwakungokomthetho. Ukushiswa nokuphanga nokuphanga kwakusemthethweni. Ukuthathwa kwezinye izizwe njengamakoloni kwakungokomthetho. Inhloso yokuthi amakoloni azame ukuzikhulula yayintekenteke ngoba kwakungenzeka ukuthi abanjwe esinye isizwe uma egqashula kumcindezeli wawo. Ukujeziswa kwezomnotho kwezizwe ezingathathi hlangothi kwakungekho emthethweni, nakuba ukuhlanganyela empini kungase kube njalo. Futhi ukwenza izivumelwano zohwebo ngaphansi kosongo lwempi kwakungokomthetho ngokuphelele futhi kwamukeleka, njengoba kwakuqala enye impi uma isivumelwano esiphoqelelwe esinjalo sephulwa. Unyaka ka-1928 waba umugqa ohlukanisayo wokunquma ukuthi yikuphi ukunqoba okusemthethweni nokuthi yikuphi okungekho emthethweni. Impi yaba ubugebengu, kuyilapho unswinyo lwezomnotho lwaba umthetho. Ukunqotshwa kwendawo kwehle ngamaphesenti angama-99.

UFrank Kellogg wahudulwa ekhahlela futhi eklabalasa okwaba yiphupho elixakile, kwavunyelwana ngokuthi kuqedwe impi ekamelweni elinamandla eligcwele amadoda lapho amaphepha ababewasayina ayethi ngeke baphinde balwe. Wahudulelwa lapho yinhlangano yokuthula ebanzi futhi ehlukahlukene neyamazwe ngamazwe eyakhiwe inqwaba yezinhlangano namadlelandawonye ahlukahlukene, inhlangano ehlukene kangangokuthi yaxoxisana ngokuvumelana phakathi kwayo. Umbono owagcina usufinyelele ukuvinjelwa kwempi wawuvela eKomidini LaseMelika elitholakala yonke indawo le-Outlawry of War, empeleni okwakuyingaphambili lomuntu oyedwa futhi elixhaswa kakhulu ngemali ephuma ephaketheni lakhe. I-American Committee for the Outlawry of War kwaba ukudalwa kukaSalmon Oliver Levinson. I-ajenda yayo ekuqaleni yayiheha labo bameli bokuthula ababephikisana nokungena kwe-US kuNhlangano Yezizwe kanye nemifelandawonye yamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa i-ajenda yayo yokuqeda impi yagcina ihehe ukwesekwa kwayo yonke inhlangano yokuthula lapho i-Kellogg-Briand Pact iba isisekelo esihlanganisayo ebesingekho.

Ithonya likaWilliam James lalibonakala ekucabangeni kukaLevinson. U-Levinson uphinde wabambisana eduze nesazi sefilosofi uJohn Dewey, lowo uJames ayemthonye kakhulu, kanye noCharles Clayton Morrison, umhleli we-Christian Century, kanye noSenator uWilliam Borah wase-Idaho, owayezoba uSihlalo weKomidi Lezobudlelwane Bangaphandle ngesikhathi nje. wayedingeka lapho. UDewey wayesekele iMpi Yezwe I futhi wagxekwa ngayo nguRandolphe Bourne noJane Addams, phakathi kwabanye. I-Addams izophinde isebenze noLevinson ku-Outlawry; bobabili bezinze eChicago. Kwakuyisipiliyoni seMpi Yezwe I esaletha uDewey. Ngemva kwempi, u-Dewey wakhuthaza imfundo yokuthula ezikoleni futhi wanxenxa esidlangalaleni i-Outlawry. U-Dewey wabhala lokhu ngo-Levinson:

Kwakukhona ukuvuselela - ngempela, kwakukhona uhlobo oluthile logqozi - ekuxhumaneni namandla akhe ayechichima, ayedlula awanoma yimuphi umuntu oyedwa engake ngimazi.

UJohn Chalmers Vinson, encwadini yakhe ka-1957 ethi, William E. Borah and the Outlawry of War, ubhekisela kuLevinson ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuthi “uLevinson otholakala yonke indawo.” Umgomo ka-Levinson kwakuwukwenza impi ibengekho emthethweni. Futhi ngaphansi kwethonya likaBorah nabanye wakholelwa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwempi okuphumelelayo kungadinga ukunqanyulwa kwayo yonke impi, hhayi nje ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa phakathi kwempi enonya nokuzivikela, kodwa futhi ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa phakathi kwempi enonya nempi egunyazwe inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe njengesijeziso. isizwe esinolaka. Levinson wabhala,

Ake sithi lo mehluko ofanayo ubunxuswe ngesikhathi isikhungo sokuqhudelana [sic] sivalwa ngokusemthethweni. . . . Ake sithi bese kunxuswe ukuthi 'ukuqhubukushana okunamandla' kuphela okufanele kunqanyulwe futhi 'ukungqubuzana kokuzivikela' kuyekwe kuphelele. . . . Ukusikisela okunjalo okuhlobene ne-duling bekungaba ubuwula, kodwa isifaniso sizwakala kahle. Esakwenza kwakuwukwephula umthetho isikhungo sokuqhudelana, okuyindlela eqashelwa ngokomthetho yokuxazulula izingxabano zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi inhlonipho.

U-Levinson wayefuna wonke umuntu abone impi njengesikhungo, njengethuluzi elinikezwe ukwamukelwa nokuhlonishwa njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano. Wayefuna ukuba izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe zixazululwe enkantolo yomthetho, futhi ukumiswa kwempi kwenqatshwe njengoba nje kwakwenziwe ubugqila.

U-Levinson wakuqonda lokhu njengokushiya endaweni ilungelo lokuzivikela kodwa eqeda isidingo sawo kanye umqondo wempi. Ukuzivikela kuzwelonke kungafana nokubulala umhlaseli lapho ezivikela. Ukuzivikela okunjalo, waphawula, kwakungasabizwa ngokuthi “ukudukisana.” Kepha u-Levinson akazange acabange ukubulala isizwe esidala impi. Kunalokho uphakamise izimpendulo ezinhlanu ekuqalisweni kokuhlasela: ukunxusa ukholo oluhle, ingcindezi yombono womphakathi, ukungaqashelwa kwezinzuzo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ukuze kujeziswe abashisekeli bokufudumala ngabanye, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwanoma yiziphi izindlela ezihlanganisa amandla okumisa ukuhlasela. .

Yebo manje sesazi okuningi mayelana namandla okuvikela abantu abangahlomile, okuhlanganisa nokuthi kuyasebenza, futhi kuhlanganise nokuthi ohulumeni bayesaba ukuqeqesha abantu babo kuyo ngezizathu ezicacile, hhayi ngoba kungasebenzi.

World BEYOND WarIngqungquthela yaminyaka yonke yalo nyaka #NoWar2023 igxile kulesi sihloko, futhi ngincoma ukubuka amavidiyo.

U-Levinson waphuma ekilasini laseYale ngo-1888, waya emsebenzini njengommeli eChicago. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abameli abanengqondo bangavimbela ukuqulwa kwamacala. Kamuva wayekholelwa ukuthi izizwe ezinengqondo zazingakwazi ukuvimbela izimpi. U-Levinson waba umxoxi onekhono, indoda ecebile, nokujwayelana nabantu abaningi abacebile nabanamandla. Unikeze zonke izinhlobo zezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi, kuhlanganise nenhlangano yokuthula.

Lapho kuqala iMpi Yezwe I, uLevinson wahlela abantu abanethonya ukuze bethule uhlelo lokuthula kuhulumeni waseJalimane. Ngemuva kokucwila kweLusitania, uLevinson - okungenzeka ukuthi akazi lutho ngokuqukethwe yiLusitania - wacela iJalimane ukuthi "ilahle" "impi ngokwayo." Yebo, u-Levinson akazange aphumelele emizamweni yakhe yokumisa iMpi Yezwe I. Nokho lokhu akuzange kubonakale kumthena amandla nakancane. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi iMpi Yezwe II noma iKorea noma iVietnam noma iMpi Yomhlaba Wonke (noma ingabe ingeye?) Ukwesaba noma yiziphi izimpi ezikhona manje bekungamdikibalisa. Ukudumazeka kuyinto esizibekela yona, futhi uLevinson wayengathambekele kuleyo ndlela.

U-Levinson waqala ukubona inkinga enkulu njengomthetho wempi. Wabhala ngo-August 25, 1917: “Impi njengenhlangano ‘yokuxazulula izingxabano’ futhi imise ‘ubulungisa phakathi kwezizwe’ iwubulwane nengenakuthethelelwa kakhulu empucukweni. . . . Isifo sangempela somhlaba siwukuba semthethweni nokuba khona kwempi . . . . [Akufanele] sibe nemithetho yempi njengamanje, kodwa imithetho emelene nempi; akukho mithetho yokubulala noma yokufaka ushevu, kodwa imithetho emelene nakho.” Abanye babenombono ofanayo ngaphambili, kuhlanganise nokuqeda ubugqila uCharles Sumner, owabiza kokubili ubugqila nempi ngokuthi “izikhungo,” kodwa akekho owake wenza lo mbono waziwa kabanzi noma wakha umkhankaso wokufeza imigomo yawo. Vele, manje sekwenziwe ukuthi kwaziwe okuncane kakhulu futhi kangangokuba zonke izinhlobo zabantu zinomqondo wokuvimbela impi futhi ziphakamise kimi njengombono omusha, futhi lapho ngibatshela ukuthi kuvinjelwe futhi sinomsebenzi olula kakhulu ukufuna ukuthotshelwa kokuvinjelwa okukhona kunokuba kudale eyodwa kusukela ekuqaleni futhi bathole ohulumeni abathatheke yimpi ukuthi bayijoyine, balahlekelwa enye intshisekelo yabo.

 

Ekuqaleni kobusika buka-1917 u-Levinson wabonisa ipulani lokumisa impi kuJohn Dewey, owavuma kakhulu. U-Levinson washicilela isihloko ku-New Republic ngo-March 9, 1918, lapho abhala khona ngokuqeda impi. U-Levinson, emibhalweni yakhe yokuqala, wacaphuna indaba kaWilliam James yango-1906 ethi “The Moral Equivalent of War” eyayifake nomugqa othi “Ngibheke phambili esikhathini esizayo lapho izenzo zempi zizokwenqatshelwa ngokomthetho phakathi kwabantu abaphucuzekile.” Ekuqaleni uLevinson wayethanda iNhlangano Yezizwe kanye nenkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe esebenzisa amandla ukuze iphoqelele izinqumo zayo, kodwa wakholelwa ukuthi “amandla” anjalo ayemane nje eyisaga sempi, nokuthi impi yayingenakuqedwa ngempi.

Ngo-June ka-1918 u-Levinson wajabula ukubona uNdunankulu wase-United Kingdom uDavid Lloyd George ekhuluma “ngokuqiniseka ukuthi kusukela manje impi izobhekwa njengecala elijeziswa umthetho wezizwe.” U-Levinson ngaleso sikhathi wayesekela iNhlangano Yezizwe eqinile. Umise kokubili i-Outlawry kanye neNhlangano emaqenjini okuthula okuhlanganisa ne-League of Free Nations Association kanye neNhlangano Yokuqinisa Ukuthula. Wahlela imihlangano emikhulu neminye imizamo, esebenza noJane Addams phakathi kwabanye.

Ukucabanga kukaLevinson, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-ajenda yakhe yezepolitiki, yavela phakathi neshumi leminyaka lokufuna ukuthula. Incwadi kaCharles Clayton Morrison ethi, The Outlawry of War, eyanyatheliswa ngokuqondiswa futhi yanikezelwa ku-Levinson, yaveza imibono yabakwa-Outlawrists ngo-1927. UDewey wabhala Isandulelo, lapho ayephikisana khona ngokuthi i-Outlawry izovumela ukuhwebelana ngamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwezombusazwe neYurophu. aqede ukuhlukana phakathi kukanembeza womuntu kanye nomthetho (ukwehlukana okudalwe yisimo esisemthethweni sebhizinisi lokubulala abantu abaningi), futhi kuzoqedela inqubo esuka ebuqabani kuye ebuhlotsheni obusebuvele buqede umbango wegazi wangasese kanye nokuxabana. UDewey uphakamise ukuthi isimo esingokomthetho sempi sivumele usongo lwempi ukuze kube lula ukuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kwamazwe abuthaka. UDewey, owasheshe waqaphela umthelela ezindabeni zomhlaba zokuhlanganiswa "kwencwadi yokuhlola kanye ne-cruise missile" (isihloko sencwadi ka-2004 ka-Arundhati Roy), wayenombono wezwe elisha ngempela elizokhiqizwa ngokuvimbela impi nokuqeda. usongo lwakho.

Inhlangano yokuthula eyakhula ngeminyaka yawo-1920 yathuthuka esizweni esihlukile kwelase-United States ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanye ngezindlela eziningi. Esinye sazo kwakuyisimo samaqembu ezombusazwe. AmaRepublicans namaDemocrats bekungewona wodwa umdlalo edolobheni. Baphushelwe ekuthuleni nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle yiSocialist and Progressive Parties. Ngo-1912, i-Socialist Party yayisikhethe izimeya ezingama-34 namakhansela amaningi edolobha, amalungu ebhodi lesikole, nezinye izikhulu emadolobheni angu-169 ezweni lonke. Kwezinye izifundazwe, i-Socialist Party ibambe inombolo yesibili ephezulu yezihlalo esishayamthetho. I-Socialist yokuqala yakhethwa kuKhongolose ngo-1911. Ngo-1927, kwakuzoba namalungu e-Socialist eyodwa kanye namalungu amathathu e-Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party kuCongress, kanye neningi elincane lama-Republican eSigele kanye neningi elikhulu lama-Republican eNdlu.

Wone amaqembu alethwa ukuzokweseka ukuqedwa kwempi. Noma yiliphi iqembu lomphakathi e-United States osekuyiminyaka eyi-100 likhona, noma yiliphi ihlelo lezenkolo, i-League of Women Voters, i-American Legion, bonke babhalwe phansi besekela ukuvinjelwa kwayo yonke impi. Ngokwazi kwami ​​akekho noyedwa kubo owake wayilahla; basanda kusinda enkathini lapho kungekho muntu ongayicabanga. Inkundla ye-Progressive Party ithe, "Sithanda inqubomgomo esebenzayo yezangaphandle ukuletha ukubuyekezwa kweSivumelwano SaseVersailles ngokuhambisana nemibandela ye-armistice, kanye nokukhuthaza izivumelwano eziqinile zezivumelwano nazo zonke izizwe zokuvala izimpi, ukuqeda ukubuthelwa empini, ngokunamandla. ukunciphisa umhlaba, umoya, nezikhali zasolwandle, futhi kuqinisekise inhlolovo yomphakathi ngokuthula nempi.”

Ingabe ukuvimbela impi kwaba usizo? Bekusemthethweni. Manje akukho emthethweni kodwa wonke umuntu ucabanga ukuthi kusemthethweni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokubhujiswa okukhulu. Noma ubani oke wezwa nange-Kellogg-Briand Pact nhlobo uzwe into eyodwa ngayo: ayizange isebenze ngoba kwenzeka iMpi Yezwe II. Nginezimpendulo ezimbalwa kulokho.

1) Ukwenqabela umthetho bekufanele kube isinyathelo esibheke esikweni eligwema impi. Imiphakathi eminingi yabantu iye yaphila ngaphandle kwempi futhi yathola lo mbono uvukela. Ukwenza impi ibe ubugebengu kuyisinyathelo esiwusizo lapho.

2) Uma uzokwenza into ibe yicala, kumele uyishushise. Kufanele kube nohlelo oluthile lokujezisa noma lokuphindisela, ukubuyisela, noma ukubuyisana. Zimbalwa kakhulu izimpi eziye zajeziswa. Bajeziswe ngabanqobi kuphela kwabahluliwe. Abazange bajeziswe njengezimpi kodwa njengonya oluthile phakathi kwezimpi. Ukuqulwa kwamacala abantu ngabanye yiNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe akubathinti abenzi bempi abakhulu abanamandla e-UN ye-veto. Nakuba iSivumelwano sasiyisisekelo seNuremberg neTokyo, ubulungiswa bohlangothi olulodwa akubona ubulungisa. Yize i-ICC ekugcineni ithi izoshushisa impi, ikubiza ngokuthi “udlame,” okusho ukuthi izoba ngohlangothi olulodwa, futhi ayikakwenzi nhlobo lokho.

3) Ukubulala nokudlwengula kanye nokweba kanye nobunye ubugebengu sekunezinkulungwane zeminyaka futhi kusaqhubeka, futhi cishe akekho othi imithetho emelene nabo ayisebenzanga ngakho-ke impendulo iwukuchitha imithetho futhi uqhubeke nokudlwengula. -kanye-nokweba. Abanye bakhomba ekwahlulekeni kwemithetho, kodwa njalo ukuyithuthukisa, hhayi ukuyikhipha ngokuphelele ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kokuqala. Ukube isigameko sokuqala sokushayela ephuzile kulandela ukuvalwa kokushayela ephuzile siholele ekuchitheni umthetho njengesehluleki, ngabe abantu bakubize ngomsangano lokho. Ukube ukushushiswa kokuqala kuholele ekutheni abantu bangashayela bephuzile, abantu bebezobiza lokho ngesimangaliso. Kodwa ngemuva kwesicelo esisodwa esichemile nesihlanekezelwe se-Kellogg-Briand Pact ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, amasosha amakhulu awakaze aphinde alwe wodwa. Bake balwa izimpi ezizweni ezincane esikhundleni salokho - okulingana mhlawumbe nokuhamba ngamabhayisikili bedakiwe. Ingabe lokho kungenxa yokuthi banezikhali zenuzi? Cishe kungenxa yezinto eziningi. Omunye wabo umqondo osajabulisa abantu abahluzekile futhi wethusa abazuzi bempi, umqondo wokushiya impi ngemuva kwethu.

Yiqiniso, ukuvimbela impi kuyilapho kwakhiwa izikhali nokuceba izimpi futhi kubangela ukuhlupheka okuzala isifiso sokuziphindiselela kungase kungayiqedi impi. Kodwa kuthiwani uma besingakwazi ukuyisa isiko lethu endaweni lapho ohulumeni bezama khona inhlonipho nokwethembeka, lapho labo ababethi abameleli bezama ukumelela izifiso zomphakathi, lapho izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe zazibuswa ngentando yeningi, futhi umthetho wawusetshenziswa ngokulinganayo, kunokuba njengeqembu. lapho i-Rules Based Order ingabusa ngayo ngodlame.

Isinyathelo esisodwa esibheke esikweni elinjalo ukuhlonipha izinyathelo ezisifikise lapha. Ngo-2015, eChicago, uDavid Karcher noFrank Goetz kanye nabasebenzi base-Oak Woods Cemetery bakwazile ukuthola ithuna likaSalmon Oliver Levinson. Yonke ingane eChicago kufanele ikwazi.

Kungani impi ilokhu ivela?

Yenziwe yaba yinto evamile ngomkhankaso wenkulumo-ze omkhulu futhi omude kunayo yonke eyake yenziwa. Abantu bakholelwa, ngokungenangqondo, ukuthi impi ingaletha ukuthula, ukuthi impi ingaletha ubulungisa, leyo mpi ingavimbela into embi kunempi, leyo mpi ayinakugwemeka ukuze ukwazi ukuyinqoba, ukuthi ukutshala imali empini njengale 4% yabantu kuphela. kumane kuwukuziphatha okungenakugwenywa kwabo bonke abantu, ukuthi enye i-96% yesintu imbi nakakhulu futhi ayikwazi ukucabanga okunengqondo ngaleyo ndlela ikwazi ukuqonda impi kuphela, ukuthi izimpi zinganqotshwa, ukuthi izimpi zingaliwa ngokufanele nangokuhlanzekile nangobuntu, leyo mpi. iyinkonzo yomphakathi okufanele izakhamuzi ezinhle zomhlaba wonke zinikeze ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu ezingalifinyelela ngisho noma kusho ukulamba abantu bazo, nokuthi kufanele sihlale sichitha isikhathi esiningi sithola kancane kancane ukuthi impi ngayinye entsha ayinabulungisa futhi inokukhwabanisa kodwa silungele. ukuwela ezinye izimpi, hhayi ezinye, kuye ngohlobo kanye nemininingwane.

Njengoba ngicabanga ukuthi abantu bayakukhathalela abakubonayo, futhi njengoba sesibonile okwenziwa inhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter ngamavidiyo nezithombe, ngifuna ukukhombisa impendulo yami embuzweni othi “Yini okufanele siyenze?” ngokukubonisa amaslayidi athile.

Laba ngabantu base-Ukraine.

Lawa ngamaRussia.

Lawa ngama-Israyeli.

Lawa ngamaPalestine.

Bonke laba abantu akulungile ukubabulala.

Kulula ukudangala njengoba amasosha amadala ashisayo owawucabanga ukuthi ashona useyingane ekhishwa ukuze aphawule futhi azuze empini ngayinye, futhi njengoba ipolitiki yobunikazi igxiliswa ngokwengeziwe ngokusekelwa kwempi nokuphikiswa ngokufanayo.

Futhi nokho

Kodwa-ke, abantu, inqwaba yabantu, labo abafaneleka ngokuphuma emfucumfucwini kwa-Israyeli, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho - izinkumbi zabantu - abantu abasengozini yokuboshwa, abantu abaphumela emigwaqweni njengoba nje kwenza abantu emazweni ajwayelekile, abantu. ezungeze i-White House kanye ne-Capitol, izixuku zabantu abahlukahlukene nabathinta inhliziyo bebelokhu besho futhi benza yonke into ngendlela efanele.

Ngokwesabekayo akwanele njengoba impendulo iye yaba esibhicongweni esigujwa esidlangalaleni eGaza, akubanga kubi, e-United States, njengokusabela ekuhlaselweni kweRussia e-Ukraine. Ngakho, ngamazwi kamufi — ngisho ukuthi, oh god usenathi — uGeorge W. Bush, ingabe izingane zethu ziyafunda?

Kungenzeka. Kungenzeka. Umbuzo engifuna ukuwuphendula ngowokuthi ngabe ukhona yini olandela umqondo wokuphikisana nezinhlangothi zombili lapho eholela khona. Uma uke waqonda ukuthi ukugxeka ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngezinhlangothi ezimbili zempi akuyona nje into elungile ongayisho kodwa ngokwethembeka into efanele okufanele uyikholelwe, futhi uma uke wababaza ukuthi “Akuyona impi, kuyinto embi kakhulu. ” kodwa futhi saphawula ukuthi besibabaza ukuthi cishe kuzo zonke izimpi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe I, ingabe uyawulandela umqondo lapho eholela khona? Uma izinhlangothi zombili zihileleke ekucasukeni kokuziphatha okubi, uma inkinga ingekona ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi oluqeqeshelwe ukuzonda, kodwa impi ngokwayo. Futhi uma impi ngokwayo iwukudonsa okukhulu kwezinsiza ezidingeka kakhulu ngaleyo ndlela ibulale abantu abaningi ngokungaqondile kunokuqondile, futhi uma impi ngokwayo iyisizathu sokuthi sisengozini ye-Armagedoni yenuzi, futhi uma impi ngokwayo iyimbangela ehamba phambili yobandlululo, kanye nokuthethelela kuphela ngezimfihlo zikahulumeni, kanye nembangela enkulu yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nesithiyo esikhulu sokubambisana komhlaba wonke, futhi uma uke waqonda ukuthi ohulumeni ababaqeqesheli abantu babo ekuvikeleni umphakathi okungahlomile hhayi ngoba kungasebenzi kanye nezempi kodwa ngoba besaba imiphakathi yabo, manje usungumqeqetshi wempi, futhi sekuyisikhathi sokuthi siqale ukusebenza, singalondolozi izikhali zethu ngempi efanelekile, hhayi ukuhlomisa umhlaba ukuze usivikele kwelinye iqembu lama-oligarchs elicebe kakhulu kunelinye. iklabhu yama-oligarchs, kodwa esusa umhlaba wezimpi, izinhlelo zempi, amathuluzi empi, nokucabanga kwempi.

Sala kahle, impi. Ukuphila okuhle.

Ake sizame ukuthula.

Kufanele sizame ukwenza abantu baziphendulele naphezu kwezikhundla zabo. Umzamo owodwa wokwenza lokho uqala kusihlwa ngo-7pm Central Time ku-MerchantsOfDeath.org Sicela uyibuke.

Ngifuna ukonga isikhathi esiningi semibuzo. Kodwa ngifuna ukusho okuthize mayelana nezolo, ngalokho abantu abaningi eUnited States abakubiza ngokuthi uSuku Lomakadebona.

UKurt Vonnegut wake wabhala: “Usuku lwe-Armistice lwalungcwele. Usuku Lomakadebona alukho. Ngakho-ke ngizophonsa uSuku Lomakadebona ehlombe lami. I-Armistice Day ngizoyigcina. angifuni ukulahla noma yiziphi izinto ezingcwele.” I-Vonnegut isho ukuthi "ingcwele" emangalisayo, iyigugu, okufanele iqashwe. Ubale i-Romeo noJuliet nomculo njengezinto “ezingcwele”.

Ngokuqondile ngehora le-11 losuku lwe-11 lwenyanga ye-11, ku-1918, eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule kulo nyaka ozayo we-11th November, abantu kulo lonke elaseYurophu bayeka ngokuzumayo ukudubula izibhamu komunye nomunye. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, babebulala futhi bethatha izinhlamvu, bewa futhi beklabalasa, bebubula futhi befa, ngezinhlamvu negesi enobuthi. Base bema, ngo-11:00 ekuseni, ikhulu leminyaka eledlule. Bama, ngesimiso. Kwakungekhona ukuthi base bekhathele noma babuyela ezingqondweni. Ngaphambi nangemva kwehora le-11 babemane belandela imiyalo. Isivumelwano se-Armistice esaqeda iMpi Yezwe I sasibeke ihora le-11 njengesikhathi sokuyeka, isinqumo esavumela ukuthi kubulawe amadoda angu-11,000 ngaphezulu emahoreni ayi-6 phakathi kwesivumelwano nehora elimisiwe.

Kodwa lelo hora eminyakeni eyalandela, leso sikhathi sokuphela kwempi okwakufanele iqede yonke impi, leso sikhathi esasiqale umgubho womhlaba wonke wenjabulo nokubuyiselwa kokufana okuthile kwengqondo, kwaba yisikhathi ukuthula, ukukhala kwensimbi, ukukhumbula, nokuzinikela ekuqedeni yonke impi. Kwakuyilokho i-Armistice Day. Kwakungewona umkhosi wempi noma owalabo ababehlanganyela empini, kodwa ngesikhathi impi isiphelile.

ICongress yaphasisa isinqumo se-Armistice Day ngo-1926 ibiza "imisebenzi eklanyelwe ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthula ngokuthanda okuhle nokuqondana ... imema abantu base-United States ukuthi bagubhe lolu suku ezikoleni nasemabandleni ngemikhosi efanele yobudlelwane bobungane nabo bonke abanye abantu." Kamuva, iCongress yanezela ukuthi u-November 11 kwakuzoba "usuku olunikezelwe ngenjongo yokuthula emhlabeni."

Asinawo amaholidi amaningi kangaka anikezelwe ukuthula esingakwazi ukuwayeka. Ukube i-United States ibiphoqeleka ukuba ichithe iholide lempi, bekuyoba neziningi ongakhetha kuzo, kodwa amaholide okuthula awagcini nje ngokukhula ezihlahleni. Usuku Lomama luphelelwe yincazelo yalo yasekuqaleni. Usuku lukaMartin Luther King lwenziwe lwazungeza i-caricature eshiya konke ukumela ukuthula. Nokho, i-Armistice Day iyabuya.

Usuku lwe-Armistice, njengosuku lokuphikisa impi, lwahlala e-United States kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1950 futhi isikhathi eside nakwamanye amazwe ngaphansi kwegama elithi Remembrance Day. Kungemva kokuba i-United States ihlube iJapan, yabhubhisa iKorea, yaqala iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, yadala i-CIA, futhi yasungula inxanxathela yezimboni yamasosha enezisekelo ezinkulu ezihlala njalo emhlabeni wonke, lapho uhulumeni wase-US waqamba kabusha uSuku lwe-Armistice njengoSuku Lwama-Veterans ngoJuni. 1, 1954.

Usuku Lwama-Veterans aluselona, ​​kubantu abaningi, usuku lokujabulisa ukuphela kwempi noma ukufisa ukuqedwa kwayo. Usuku Lomakadebona akulona ngisho usuku lokuzilela abashonile noma lokubuza ukuthi kungani ukuzibulala kungumbulali ophambili wamasosha ase-US noma kungani omakadebona abaningi kangaka bengenazindlu. Usuku Lomakadebona aluvamile ukukhangiswa njengomkhosi osekela impi. Kodwa izahluko zeVeterans For Peace zivinjelwe emadolobheni athile amancane namakhulu, unyaka nonyaka, ekubambeni iqhaza kuma-Veterans Day parades, ngezizathu zokuthi aphikisana nempi. Imibukiso ye-Veterans Day nemicimbi emadolobheni amaningi idumisa impi, futhi cishe konke ukudumisa ukuhlanganyela empini. Cishe yonke imicimbi yoSuku Lomakadebona ingeyobuzwe. Bambalwa abakhuthaza “ubuhlobo bobungane nabo bonke abanye abantu” noma basebenzela ukusungulwa “kokuthula komhlaba.”

Eqinisweni, owayenguMongameli ngaleso sikhathi uDonald Trump wazama ngehluleka ukubamba umbukiso omkhulu wezikhali emigwaqweni yaseWashington, DC, ngosuku olubizwa ngeVeterans Day - isiphakamiso sahoxiswa ngenjabulo ngemuva kokuhlangatshezwana nabaphikisi futhi cishe akukho mdlandla ovela emphakathini, abezindaba. , noma ezempi.

Veterans For Peace, engisebenza ebhodini labaluleki bayo, kanye World BEYOND War, engiwumqondisi wazo, izinhlangano ezimbili ezikhuthaza ukubuyiselwa koSuku Lwezikhali.

Ngokwesiko lapho omongameli namanethiwekhi kamabonakude bengenabo ubuqili bomcimbi okhombisayo futhi utshelwe esikoleni samabanga aphansi, mhlawumbe kufanele sikuveze ukuthi ukwenqaba usuku lokugubha omakadebona akufani nokudala usuku lokuzonda omakadebona. Eqinisweni, njengoba kuhlongoziwe lapha, kuyindlela yokubuyisela usuku lokugubha ukuthula. Abangane bami kuVeterans For Peace baphikise amashumi eminyaka ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzela omakadebona kungaba ukuyeka ukudala abaningi babo.

Leso sizathu, sokuyeka ukudala ama-veteran amaningi, sithiywe inkulumo-ze yempi, ngombango wokuthi umuntu angakwazi futhi kufanele "asekele amasosha" - okuvame ukusho ukusekela izimpi, kepha okungasho lutho nhlobo lapho noma yikuphi ukuphikisa. iphakanyiswa encazelweni yayo evamile.

Okudingekayo, yebo, ukuhlonipha nokuthanda wonke umuntu, amasosha noma ngenye indlela, kodwa siyeke ukuchaza ukubamba iqhaza ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi - okusibeka engozini, kusiphuce, kucekela phansi imvelo, kucekele phansi inkululeko yethu, kugqugquzele ukucwasa kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala nokucwasa, ubungozi. ukuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi, futhi kwenza buthaka ukubusa komthetho - njengohlobo oluthile "lwesevisi." Ukuhlanganyela empini kufanele kulilelwe noma kuzisole, kungabongwa.

Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lalabo “abanikela ngokuphila kwabo ngenxa yezwe labo” namuhla e-United States benza kanjalo ngokuzibulala. I-Veterans Administration iye yasho amashumi eminyaka ukuthi isibikezelo esisodwa esingcono kakhulu sokuzibulala ukulwa necala. Ngeke ukubone lokho kukhangiswa kuma-Veterans Day Parade amaningi. Kodwa kuyinto eqondwa yinhlangano ekhulayo yokuqeda sonke isikhungo sempi.

IMpi Yezwe I, iMpi Enkulu (engiyithatha njengeyinkulu cishe kumqondo we-Make America Great Again), kwakuyimpi yokugcina lapho ezinye zezindlela abantu abasakhuluma futhi bacabange ngazo ngempi empeleni zaziyiqiniso. Ukubulala kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezinkundleni zempi. Abashonile baningi kunabalimele. Izisulu zezempi zazingaphezu kwezakhamuzi. Lezi zinhlangothi zombili, ngokwengxenye enkulu, zazingahlomile yizinkampani zezikhali ezifanayo. Impi yayisemthethweni. Futhi abantu abaningi abahlakaniphe ngempela bakholelwa ukuthi impi ilele ngobuqotho base beshintsha imiqondo yabo. Konke lokho kuhambe nomoya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyakuvuma noma cha.

Impi manje isiwukubulala ohlangothini olulodwa, ikakhulukazi emoyeni, ngokungekho emthethweni, azikho izinkundla zempi ezibonwayo - izindlu kuphela. Abalimele baningi kunabashonile, kodwa awekho amakhambi enziwe amanxeba engqondo. Izindawo lapho izikhali zenziwa khona kanye nezindawo lapho izimpi zilwelwa khona azishayisani kancane. Izimpi eziningi zinezikhali zase-US - kanti ezinye zinezilwi eziqeqeshwe yi-US - ezinhlangothini eziningi. Iningi labashonile nabalimele abahlali, kanjalo nalabo abahlukumezekile nalabo abangenamakhaya. Futhi inkulumo esetshenziswa ukugqugquzela impi ngayinye igugile njengoba isho iminyaka engu-100 yokuthi impi ingaqeda impi. Ukuthula kungaqeda impi, kodwa kuphela uma siyazisa futhi siyigubha.

NgoDisemba 2, 1920, u-Al Jolson wabhala incwadi eya kuMongameli-Elect Warren Harding. Yayifundeka kanje:

 

Akhiphe isibhamu

Kusuka endodaneni kamama ev-ry.

Sifundiswa nguNkulunkulu phezulu

Ukuthethelela, ukukhohlwa nothando,

 

Umhlaba okhathele ulindile,

Ukuthula, kuze kube phakade,

Ngakho thatha isibhamu

Kusuka endodaneni kamama wonke,

 

Futhi aqede impi.