Usuku lwe-Armistice lwaphela Impi Yokuqeda Izimpi. I-Treaty Of Versailles Isinikeza Impi Ngaphandle Kokuphela

Ngu Mike Ferner
October 29, 2018

Izazi-mlando ziphikisana ngezinga elingakanani iSivumelwano SaseVersailles esabangela ukuhamba kukaHitler eNkulumweni Yezwe II, kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi isivumelwano esiqeda "iMpi Yokuqeda Zonke Izimpi" siyaqhubeka siyingxenye enkulu "Empi Engenakuphela" . "

Ngomhla kaNovemba, i-11, i-1918, iYurophu yaphela iphelile futhi yaphelelwa yisikhathi. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba impi iphele ngalolo suku, amasosha ase-US amasha, ashukumisayo angena empini futhi aqinisekisa ukunqoba kwe-Allied. Ngenxa yalokho, uMongameli Woodrow Wilson wadlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekubuyiseleni kwemingcele engaphetheli phakathi kwengxenye yomhlaba.

UWilson wayengumgqugquzeli oyinhloko we-American Exceptionalism, umqondo okhuthazwa yi-US elite kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Inkolelo yokuthi ngandlela-thile iMelika yayiyoqhubeka ikhuthaza izithakazelo zomuntu ezakha abantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi abaxoshwayo, bakhuthazwa yi-Wilson's "Amaphuzu Ayishumi Nane." Umongameli wathatha umkhankaso wakhe wamaMesiya ngekhono lokuzibusa kodwa njengoba irekhodi libonisa, imperialism ayitheleleki kuphela amandla aseYurophu, nayo wamshayela uWilson. Noma kunjalo, lokhu okukhulunywe ngokucacile kwendlela ethile engacacile yokuzikhethela yenzakale izigidi zabantu. Wayeyisitsha esingenalutho lapho izizwe zonke zazithemba khona ithemba lokuphila okungcono.

Yiqiniso, kwakukhona umzamo owakhulunywa ukuphakama ngaphezu kweminyaka eminyaka ubudala "eya kumnqobi eya empangweni" ngokusungula izintambo kanye nezinqumo ezisekelwe emacaleni ngokuphindaphindiwe enkantolo. Kodwa-ke, ama-plebiscites ashiywa lapho kunzima futhi ubulungiswa bevame ukungena "kithi nje."

Ngokuphathelene nomphumela weSetrasi waseVersailles eJalimane futhi ekugcineni iMpi Yezwe II, uMargaret MacMillan unikeza isizinda esicacile emlandweni wakhe ojulile wezingxoxo zeVersailles, "IParis 1919: Izinyanga eziyisithupha ezashintsha umhlaba."

Ngomongo, khumbula ukuthi ama-horror of WWI awazange avakashele umhlabathi waseJalimane futhi amaJalimane angaboni ukuthi ahlala emaqenjini ngaphandle kwaseRhineland. Abambalwa baseJalimane bazi ukuthi ngemuva kokuxoshwa kuka-August 8, 1918, izingxenye ze-16 German zanyamalala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kanti amasosha asele awela emuva ngamamayela ngesikhathi. Babengazi ukuthi ngesonto elizayo uGeneral Ludendorff utshele uKaiser ukuthi acabangele ukuxoxisana ne-Allies nenyanga elandelayo efuna uxolo nganoma iyiphi intengo. Abambalwa baseJalimane babecabanga ukuthi i-armistice yayiyilokho okwakunjalo, ukuzinikela. Ngenxa yalokho, inganekwane yamaNazi yokuthi indlela kaMaiser's High Wamshaya ngayo eJalimane ngemuva kwabalaleli abalungile abatholile.

Izingxabano ze-MacMillan ukuthi ukubuyiswa kweJalimane kwakunzima kakhulu. Nakhu okushiwo irekhodi.

• IFrance ibuyele e-Alsace-Lorraine eyayilahlekile empini yeFranco-Prussian ye-1871 (iPrussia yayingenye yamazwe amaningana eyakha isizwe saseJalimane ku-1871 ngemva kwaleyo mpi). Amabutho ahlangene asebenzisa iRhineland yaseJalimane njengesihluku seFrance. I-France nayo yaba nobunikazi bezimayini zamalahle aseJalimane eSaar okuyinto i-League of Nations eyayiqondisa kuze kube yi-1935 lapho abantu bavotela khona ukubuyela eJalimane.
• IPoland yanikezwa ukusetshenziswa kwechweba laseJalimane laseDanzig / Gdansk kanye nobunikazi beSilesia, nabantu abakhuluma isiJalimane, i-3,000,000% yamalahle waseJalimane no-25% wezinki zayo. Ngemuva kweJalimane, ikhomishana yamazwe ngamazwe yanikezela umhlaba wonke eJalimane futhi iningi lemikhiqizo kanye nemayini ePoland. (Ngaphezu kwalokho, iPoland yalwa impi yaseRussia kuze kube yi-80 lapho uLenin evuma iSivumelwano SaseRiga, esondela umngcele wasePoland empumalanga ye-1921 miles ukuya eRussia kunokuba ama-Allies ancoma futhi enezela izigidi ezingu-200 zama-Ukraini, ama-4 million namaJuda aseByelorussia ePoland. )
• I-Czechoslovakia yanikezwa i-Sudetenland, isifunda esiseduze neJalimane ne-Austria nama-3,000,000 abantu abakhuluma isiJalimane, kanye ne-Austria's Bohemia eyayinezinye izilimi ezikhuluma isiJalimane. UHitler wayezokwenza imbangela yalokhu "amaJalimane alahlekile" eyakhe futhi ahlala eSudetenland yangaphambili ngemuva kwesivumelwano saseMunich ku-3,000,000.
• IDenmark yaphinde yabuyiselwa, nge-plebiscite, ama-duchies amabili ayebanjwe ngaphambilini yiPrussia.
• Isizwe esakhiwe kabusha saseLithuania sathola ichweba laseJalimane laseMemel eBaltic.
• IJalimane yajika yonke imikhumbi yezindiza, izindiza, izibhamu ezinzima nezibhamu ze-25,000. Yavunyelwe ibutho le-100,000 kanye ne-navy ye-15,000, kodwa ayikho ibutho lomoya, amathangi, izimoto ezizivikelekile, izibhamu ezinzima, ama-dirigible noma ama-submarines. Ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kwakwenqatshelwe, futhi ezimbalwa ezimbalwa zaseJalimane zavunyelwa ukukhiqiza izikhali.

Ngokuqondene nemonakalo yemali, neYurophu eningi kakhulu e-chaos nomlotha, kwakunzima ukucacisa ukuthi iJalimane yayinelungelo elingakanani.

Ithimba elithile lase-United States lezinjini zamasosha lilinganiselwa ukuthi lizothatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili ukufika ngokuqagela. Kodwa ukuphakamisa noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka mayelana nalokho okwakudingeka kwakukhona umbuzo obaluleke kunawo wonke woMbambiswano: konke okungakanani uJalimane angakuthola ngaphandle kokuqeda imali nokuxoshwa, ukunikezela kumaBolsheviks? (Ngezinguquko ezishintshayo emadolobheni amaningana aseJalimane ekupheleni kwempi, lokhu kwakukhathazeka ngempela ku-Allies owahlasela iRussia ekupheleni kwempi namaqembu e-200,000, ewasiza amaRussia aseBrazil ngokumelene namaBolsheviks.Wilson wathumela amabutho e-13,000 US futhi i-cruiser esindayo njengomnikelo waseMelika.)

Ekuqaleni, iBrithani yayifuna i-$ 120 billion, iFrance $ 220 billion kanye ne-US $ 22 billion. Kamuva bahambisa izikweletu ezincane kakhulu futhi ukubalwa kokugcina ku-1921 wayala iJalimane ukuthi ikhokhe imali engu-$ 34 billion ngamamaki egolide, ihlukaniswe i-52% eya eFrance, i-28% eya eBrithani futhi ihlukaniswe yonke phakathi kweBelgium, i-Italy nabanye.

I-US yayikweleta iBrithani neFransi ngaphezu kwe $ 7 billion kanye nezinye $ 3.5 billion kusukela ebhange laseMelika. E-Versailles, iBrithani icebisa futhi i-US yavusa umqondo wokukhansela zonke izikweletu zangaphakathi.

Phakathi kwe-1924 ne-1931, i-Germany ikhokhela ama-36 amamaki ayizigidi zamabhilidi, ama-33 ayizigidigidi ayoboleka kubatshalomali abathengisa izibopho zaseJalimane ezikhishwe amafemu e-Wall Street. UJalimane wabe esetshenziselwa leyo mali ukuba ikhokhele ukubuyisela e-England naseFrance, okwakuyisebenzisela ukubuyisela izikweletu zase-US. U-Anthony C. Sutton, ebhala "eWall Street kanye nokuvuka kukaHitler" wathi, "Abaningi bebhange babehlala ezulwini, ngaphansi kwemvula yemali kanye namakhomishana" okwenziwe ngokuboleka imali yabanye abantu eJalimane.

Ngokuqondene nokulimala komuntu siqu, uKaiser Wilhelm, umzukulu weNdlovukazi yaseBrithani uVictoria, waya ekuthunjweni eHolland. INkosi George yaseBrithani, umzala ka kaiser, ekugcineni yashiya umqondo wezinkantolo zamacala ezidakamizwa kodwa yathumela eJalimane uhlu lwamakhulu amaningana ayecabanga ukuthi kufanele ahlolwe. Kule nombolo, i-12 yayiyi. Iningi lalikhululwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kwamaphoyisa amabili angaphansi kwamanzi aphephile ejele engakapheli amasonto.

Omunye akanakucabangela izinto eziholela ekukhuleni kukaHitler ngaphandle kokufaka izibonelo ezimbalwa zezinkampani ezinamandla kakhulu ze-US.

• Phakathi kwezimpi, uJohn Foster Dulles, kamuva onguNobhala Wombuso ka-Eisenhower, wayengu-CEO weSullivan noCromwell (S & C), lapho umfowabo, u-Allen, kamuva u-Eisenhower kanye no-CIA oyinhloko ye-CIA, babengumlingani. Amadili ahleliwe afaka utshalomali lwaseMelika ezinkampanini zaseJalimane ezifana ne-IG Farben neKrupp. I-S & C “ibisenkabeni yenethiwekhi yamabhange yamazwe omhlaba, amafemu otshalo-mali kanye nezinhlangano zezimboni ezakha kabusha iJalimane ngemuva kweWWI.”¹
• Uhlelo lwe-Dawes, olwenzelwe ukwakha kabusha imboni yaseJalimane ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I nokunikeza imbuyiselo eNgilandi naseFrance kwibhodi yayo uCharles Dawes, umqondisi wokuqala we-US Budget Bureau no-Owen Young, umongameli weGeneral Electric Co. Ngo-1944, uwoyela waseJalimane ( Ama-85% okwenziwa, akhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe beStandard NJ) abephethwe yi-IG Farben, edalwe ngaphansi kweDawes Plan futhi axhaswe yimalimboleko yaseWall Street ehlanganiswe yi-S & C. Imemo yangaphakathi kaFarben, eyabhalwa ngokuqondana ku-D-Day, ngo-1944, yathi ubuchwepheshe beStandard kumafutha okwenziwa, ukugcoba uketshezi nomthofu we-tetra-ethyl "kwakuwusizo olukhulu kithina," ngaphandle kwalokho “izindlela ezikhona zempi bezingenakwenzeka.”²
• Ngisho nangemva kokuba uHitler ethathe izintambo zombuso ngo-1933, uFoster Dulles waqhubeka nokumela u-IG Farben futhi wenqaba ukuvala ihhovisi le-S & C eBerlin kuze kube yilapho abalingani bakhe, bekhathele ukusayina izincwadi, “Heil Hitler,” bavukela ngo -35. Kuyo yonke impi, uFoster wavikela izimpahla zase-US zikaFarben noMerck ekuthathweni njengezimpahla zabokufika. U-Arthur Goldberg, owayesebenza no-Allen ku-OSS, umanduleli we-CIA, kwathi kamuva waba yiNkantolo Ephakeme, wathi bobabili abazalwane bakaDulles babenecala lokuvukela umbuso.¹
• Imfihlo evulekile ngokusebenzisa '20 sikaHenry Ford ukwesekwa kwezezimali kaHitler. I-December 20, indaba ye-1922 NY Times yathi izixhumanisi phakathi kwejubane elisha nezingalo ezihlangothini zezinsizwa ze-1,000 ku-"Battery Storming" kaHitler kanye ne-Ford nezithombe zikaFuehrer ezivezwe ngokucacile ehhovisi lakhe laseMunich elisebenza kahle. (2) Ngo-1938, Ford wathola uMkhulu-mkhulu wesikebhe saseJalimane se-Eagle.
• NgoFebhuwari 1933, uHermann Goering wabamba i-fundraiser ekhaya lakhe i-National Trusteeship, iqembu eliphambili lapho uRudolf Hess akhokhela khona izindleko zokhetho lweNazi. Abathengisi bezezimali nabathengi bafaka amamaki e-3,000,000 kuhlanganise ne-400,000 kusuka ku-IG Farben no-60,000 evela ku-subsidiary ka-General Electric Corporation, i-AEG. Ebhokisini lika-IG Farben wase-United States kwakungu-Edsel Ford, uWalter Teagle, ilungu lebhodi le-NY Federal Reserve no-Standard Oil of NJ noCarl Bosch, ebhodini le-Ford AG, i-Ford AG. Ngesonto elilodwa emva kwalokho ukumnika okukhulu kwezimali kuReichstag kwashiswa. Ngemva kwesonto, ukhetho lukazwelonke lwasusa amaNazi amandla.
• Embikweni we-1936, uWilliam Dodd, ummeli wase-United States eJalimane, kubike ukuthi i-IG Farben yanikeza ama-200,000 amamaki "ngokusebenza komphakathi waseMelika."

Vietnam

Kuma-subtexts amaningi aseVersailles awakhula waba mlando ukuthi uHo Chi Minh, osebenza eParis njengesekhishini kanye nomsizi wezithombe, wancenga ukungaphumeleli ekuthunjweni kwaseMelika egameni labantu base-Annam (Vietnam).

I-notebook yangempela yenkokhelo ebhalelwe uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States, uRobert Lansing, ukuba ahambisane nohlu lwezimfuno ze-8 ezivela "ku-Ammanite People," wafaka uhlu lwamagama ahloniphekile ngezidingo ngokuthi:

Kusukela ukunqotshwa kwama-Allies, zonke izihloko zithinteka ithemba ngethemba lesikhathi sokulunga kanye nobulungiswa, okumele kuqale ngabo ngenxa yokuzibandakanya okusemthethweni nokwethembeka okwenziwayo ngaphambi kwezwe lonke ngamandla ahlukahlukene e-entente umzabalazo wempucuko ngokumelene ne-barbarism.

Ngesikhathi silinde isimiso sokuzibophezela kwezwe ukudlula ekuhle kuya ekuqinisweni ngokuqashelwa ngokugcwele kwelungelo elingcwele lalabo bonke abantu ukuba banqume isiphetho sabo, izakhamuzi zombuso wase-Annam, okwamanje i-Indochina yesiFulentshi, ikhona ohulumeni abahloniphekile be-entente ngokujwayelekile futhi ikakhulukazi kuhulumeni ohloniphekile waseFrance lezi zicelo ezizithobayo ezilandelayo ...

Lolu hlu lwaluqukethe izinto eziyisisekelo njengenkululeko yezindaba kanye nomhlangano kanye nesidingo sokwakha izikole, kodwa akakaze afune inkululeko kumaFulentshi, kuphela "ukuthunyelwa kwabantu abakhethiweyo abakhethelwa ukuba bahlanganyele ePhalamende laseFrance ukuze bazise ulwazi lwabo izidingo. "

Kwaphela ngokuthi:

Abantu base-Annamite, ngokuveza lezi zimangalo, balinganise ubulungisa bomhlaba wonke bazo zonke amandla, futhi bathembele ngokukhethekile ekuthokozeni kwabantu baseFrance abahloniphekile abambe isiphetho sethu ezandleni zabo nokuthi ngubani, njengeFrance njengeRiphabhuliki, asithathile ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwabo.

Ngokucela ukuvikelwa kwabantu baseFrance abantu base-Annam, kude nokuzizwa behlazekile, ngokuphambene nabo bacabanga ukuthi bahloniphekile, ngoba bayazi ukuthi abantu baseFrance banamalungelo nenkululeko futhi abasoze balahla inhlekisa yabo yobuhle bobuzalwane bomhlaba wonke. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokulalela izwi labacindezelweyo, abantu baseFrance bayokwenza umsebenzi wabo eFrance nakubantu. "

Egameni leqembu lama-patriots Annamite ...
Nguyen Ai Quoc [Ho Chi Minh]

Ukuya Empi ngaphandle kokuphela

Izimpumputhe zaseVersailles azizange zinyamalale neVietnam.

I-Versailles ishiye indawo isikhangiso se-1917 Balfour sokufakazela ukusekela kweBrithani ekuthandweni kwenhlangano yaseZionist ngokuthatha iPalestina ezweni lakubo lamaJuda kanye neSivumelwano-Sykes-Picot ye-1916 enikeza iSiriya eFrance naseMesopotamiya eBrithani (eyayivele ixoxisane nezivumelwano nabaholi base-Arab ukuze ukulawula imithombo yamanzi).

Ukuzibusa ngokweqile kwaba yisimiso sokusebenza eParis e-1919, kwakukhona ubufakazi obuningi bokuthatha izinqumo eziyobe zingabhubhisa umhlaba ubuhlungu obukhulu. Ubufakazi obunjalo bokuthi buqukethe isifundo esaziwa kancane, owawunqunywa nguMongameli Wilson phakathi nezinkulumo zokuthula eParis futhi wangcwatshwa kuze kufike i-1922, ebizwa ngokuthi "Umbiko weKhomishane ye-King-Crane."

Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbili izinkokhelo zokuthunyelwa kwamaphoyisa zikhuphuke okwamanje iSiriya, iJordani, i-Iraq, iPalestina neLebhanoni, ukuhlangana nabantu bonke, izikhulu ezisemthethweni namaqembu nezikhalazo kulokho okubonakala sengathi umzamo othembekile wokunquma umbono womphakathi. Izincomo zabo akuyona into emfushane yokuguquka, ngokusekelwe kulokho esikufundile okwamanje.

“Sincoma, endaweni yesihlanu, ukuguqulwa okunzima kohlelo olweqisayo lwamaZayoni lwePalestine lokufuduka okungenamkhawulo kwamaJuda, ekugcineni kubheke ekwenzeni iPalestine libe uMbuso wamaJuda.

(1) AbaKhomishana baqala ukutadisha iSionism ngezingqondo ezithandwayo, kepha amaqiniso aqobo ePalestine, kanye namandla wemigomo ejwayelekile eyamemezelwa yi-Allies futhi eyamukelwa amaSiriya ayewaxoshe ekunconyweni okwenziwe lapha.

(2) Ikhomishini yanikezwa ngokugcwele ngezincwadi ohlelweni lweZionist yiKhomishoni yaseSionist kuya ePalestina; bezwa ezinkomfeni ikakhulukazi mayelana namakholoni aseZionist kanye nezicelo zabo; futhi wabona ngokwabo okuthile okuye kwafezwa. Bathola okuningi ukuvuma ezifisweni nasezinhlelweni zeZionists, futhi bajabule ngokuzinikela kwabakoloni abaningi, nangenxa yokuphumelela, ngezindlela zanamuhla, ekunqobeni izithiyo ezinkulu zemvelo.

(3) IKhomishini yabuye yazi futhi ukuthi isikhuthazo esiqondile besinikezwe amaZiyoni ngama-Allies esitatimendeni sikaMnu Balfour esivame ukucashunwa, ekuvunyelweni kwayo ngabanye abamele ama-Allies. Uma, noma kunjalo, imigomo eqinile yeSitatimende seBalfour ilandelwa - kuvuna “ukusungulwa ePalestine kwekhaya lesizwe lamaJuda,” “kuqondakala ngokusobala ukuthi akukho lutho oluzokwenziwa olunganciphisa amalungelo omphakathi nawezenkolo akhona emiphakathini engeyona eyamaJuda ePalestine ”- akunakungatshazwa ukuthi uHlelo lweZionist olweqisayo kufanele luguqulwe kakhulu.

Okokuthi "ikhaya lesizwe labantu abangamaJuda" akufani nokwenza iPalestine ibe yiJuda State; futhi ukwakhiwa koMbuso WamaJuda onjalo ngeke kufezwe ngaphandle kokwephulwa komthetho okukhulu “kwamalungelo omphakathi nawenkolo yemiphakathi ekhona engeyona eyamaJuda ePalestina.”

Iqiniso livele kaninginingi engqungqutheleni yeKhomishini nabamele abangamaJuda ukuthi amaZayoni abheke phambili ekuphucweni okuphelele kwezakhamizi zasePalestine ezingezona ezingamaJuda, ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthenga.

Enkulumweni yakhe yangoJulayi 4, 1918, uMongameli Wilson wabeka lo mgomo olandelayo njengenye yezinhloso ezine “ezinkulu abantu bezwe abebelwela zona”; "Ukuxazululwa kwayo yonke imibuzo, noma ngabe yensimu, yobukhosi, yokuhlelwa kwezomnotho, noma yobudlelwano bezepolitiki ngesisekelo sokwamukelwa mahhala kwaleyo ndawo ngabantu abathintekayo ngokushesha, hhayi ngesisekelo sentshisekelo yezinto ezibonakalayo noma inzuzo noma isiphi esinye isizwe noma abantu abangafisa ukukhokhelwa ngokuhlukile ngenxa yethonya labo langaphandle noma amandla abo. ”

Uma lowo mgomo kufanele ubuse, ngakho-ke izifiso zabantu basePalestine kufanele zithathe isinqumo ngokumele kwenziwe ngePalestine, khona-ke kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abantu abangewona amaJuda basePalestine — cishe abayisishiyagalolunye neshumi kwabaphelele -Kuphikisana ngokuqinile nalo lonke uhlelo lweZionist. Amatafula akhombisa ukuthi ayikho into eyodwa abantu basePalestine ababevunyelwene ngayo ngaphezu kwalokhu.

Ukubeka abantu abanomqondo wokungena kwamanye amazwe angenamkhawulo, kanye nengcindezi engaguquguquki yezezimali nezenhlalo ukunikela umhlaba, kungaba ukwephula okukhulu umthetho osanda kucashunwa, kanye namalungelo abantu, yize kugcinwe ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo zomthetho.

Kumele kuqashelwe nokuthi umuzwa ophikisana nohlelo lweSionist awugcini ePalestina, kepha wabelane kakhulu ngabantu abaningi eSyria, njengoba izinkomfa zethu zibonisa ngokucacile. Ngaphezu kwe-72 ngamaphesenti angu-1,350 kukho konke-kuzo zonke izicelo kulo lonke elaseSiriya zaziqondiswe ohlelweni lweZionist. Izicelo ezimbili kuphela-lezo eSyria ebumbene kanye nokuzibusa-zazinokusekelwa okukhulu.

Ingqungquthela Yokuthula akumele ivale amehlo ukuthi umuzwa olwa namaZiyoni ePalestine naseSyria ushubile futhi awudelelwa kancane. Asikho isikhulu saseBrithani, esabonisana noKhomishani, esasikholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwamaZayoni lwalungenziwa ngaphandle kokuphoqwa yizingalo. Ngokuvamile izikhulu zazicabanga ukuthi kuzodingeka ibutho lamasosha angekho ngaphansi kuka-50,000 2,000 ngisho ukuqala lolu hlelo. Lokho kukodwa nje kungubufakazi bomqondo oqinile wokungabi nabulungisa kohlelo lweZionist, ohlangothini lwabantu abangewona amaJuda basePalestine naseSyria. Izinqumo, ezidinga ukuthi amabutho azifeze, kwesinye isikhathi ziyadingeka, kepha ngokuqinisekile azizukuthathelwa mahhala ngenxa yokungabi nabulungisa okukhulu. Ngesimangalo sokuqala, esivame ukuthunyelwa ngabamele iZiyoni, sokuthi "banelungelo" ePalestine, ngokusekelwe emsebenzini owawenziwe eminyakeni engu-XNUMX XNUMX eyedlule, akunakucatshangelwa ngokujulile. "

Yini engase ishiwo ngokuphathelene neSivumelwano SaseVersailles ngaphandle kokuthi ubuze: senzani namuhla okuzokwenyusa iminyaka ye-100 iminyaka kusukela manje?