Usuku lwe-Armistice 97 Years On

NguDavid Swanson

Ngo-Novemba 11 lusuku lwe-Armistice / Usuku Lokukhumbula. Imicimbi ihlelwe yonke indawo nge Ama-Veterans For Peace, World Beyond War, Umkhankaso wokungabikho komthetho, Misa ukuhlanganiswa kwempi, Nabanye.

Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesikhombisa edlule, ngehora le-11 losuku lwe-11 lwenyanga ye-11 yango-1918, impi yaphela “empini yokuqeda zonke izimpi.” Abantu baqhubeke nokubulala nokufa kuze kube umzuzu obekiwe, bengathinti lutho ngaphandle kokuqonda kwethu ubuwula bempi.

Amasosha ayizigidi ezingama-30 abulewe noma alimala kanti ezinye izigidi eziyisikhombisa zathunjwa ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I. Akukaze kwenzeke ngaphambili ukuthi abantu bakubone ukubulawa kwabantu okunjalo kwezimboni, amashumi ezinkulungwane ewa ngosuku eyoshaya izibhamu nogesi wobuthi. Ngemuva kwempi, iqiniso eliya ngokwengeziwe laqala ukweqa lamanga, kepha noma ngabe abantu basakholelwa noma manje sebeyenqabile inkulumo-ze yempi, cishe wonke umuntu wase-United States wayefuna ukungabe esabona impi. Amaphosta wokudutshulwa kukaJesu kumaJalimane ashiywe emuva njengoba amasonto kanye nawo wonke umuntu wonke manje asho ukuthi impi ayilungile. U-Al Jolson ubhale ku-1920 kuMongameli Harding:

"Izwe elikhathele lilindele
Ukuthula kuze kube phakade
Ngakho thatha isibhamu
Kusuka kumama wonke umama
Futhi uqede impi. "

Uyakukholwa noma cha, uNovemba 11th akazange enziwe iholide ukuze agubhe impi, amabutho okusekela, noma ajabule unyaka we-15th wokuthatha i-Afghanistan. Lolu suku lwenziwe iholide ngenhloso yokugubha i-armistice eqeda lokho kuze kube yilapho kufika khona lelo phuzu, e-1918, enye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu izidalwa zethu eseze yazenzela yona, okuyiMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Impi Yezwe I, eyaziwa ngaleso sikhathi nje ngokuthi impi yezwe noma impi enkulu, yayithengiswe njengempi yokuqeda impi. Ukugubha ukuphela kwayo kwaqondwa nangokugubha ukuphela kwazo zonke izimpi. Umkhankaso weminyaka eyishumi wadalwa ku-1918 ukuthi ku-1928 wadala i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, evimbela ngokomthetho zonke izimpi. Leli vumelwano likhona ezincwadini, yingakho ukulwa kwempi kuyisenzo sobugebengu nokuthi amaNazi ashushiswa kanjani.

"[O] noNovemba 11, i-1918, lapho kuphele khona okungadingekile, okweqile kakhulu ngokwezezimali, kanye nokufa kwezimpi eziningi emhlabeni owaziwa ngazo. Amadoda angama-20 million amadoda nabesifazane, kuleyo mpi, babulawa ngokuqondile, noma bafa ngemva kwamanxeba. I-influenza yaseSpain, ngokusobala ibangelwa yiMpi futhi ayikho enye into, ebulawe emazweni ahlukahlukene, abantu abayizigidi eziyikhulu ngaphezulu. "- UThomas Hall Shastid, 1927.

Ngokusho kuka-Bernie wase-US Socialist ongaphambi kukaBernie, lonke izwe laseMelika lazuza ngokubamba iqhaza eMpini Yezwe I kwaba umkhuhlane nokuvinjelwa. Kwakungewona umbono ongajwayelekile. Izigidi zabantu baseMelika ezazisekele iMpi Yezwe I zafika, phakathi neminyaka eyalandela ukuqedwa ngoNovemba 11, 1918, ukwenqaba umbono wokuthi noma yini ingaze yatholakala ngokulwa.

USherwood Eddy, owavuma ukuthi "Ukuqedwa Kwezimpi" ku-1924, wabhala ukuthi wayekade engumsekeli we-US wokuqala neNkuthalo engena eMpini Yezwe I futhi wayezonda ukuthula. Wayebheka impi njengenkolo yenkolo futhi wayeqinisekiswe ukuthi i-United States ingene empini ngoLwesihlanu ongcono. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, njengoba izimpi zihlaselwa, u-Eddy ubhala, "sitshele amasosha ukuthi uma bewunqoba siyobapha umhlaba omusha."

U-Eddy ubonakala, ngendlela evamile, ukuba akholelwe inkulumo yakhe siqu futhi azimisele ukwenza okuhle esithembisweni. Uyabhala: "Kodwa ngiyakhumbula ukuthi ngisho nangesikhathi sempi ngaqala ukukhathazeka ngokungabaza okukhulu nokukhathazeka kanembeza." Kwamthatha iminyaka engu-10 ukuba ifinyelele isikhundla se-Outlawry ephelele, okungukuthi, befuna ukuqeda impi yonke impi. U-1924 Eddy wayekholelwa ukuthi umkhankaso we-Outlawry waba ngumphumela omuhle futhi ohloniphekile ofanelekayo wokuzidela, noma yiyiphi isazi sefilosofi sase-US uWilliam uJames ayebize ngokuthi "ukulingana kwempi." Manje u-Eddy wathi impi "ayiyona ingqikithi." Abaningi beza ukuhlanganyela lowo mbono oneminyaka eyi-10 ngaphambili ayekholelwa ukuthi ubuKristu bufuna impi. Isici esiyinhloko kulolu shicilelo kwakuyisipiliyoni esiqondile esihogweni sezimpi zanamuhla, okuhlangenwe nakho okubanjwe yilo mbongi waseBrithani uWilfred Owen kule migqa evelele:

Uma kwamanye amaphupho ahlabayo nawe ungahamba
Ngaphambi kwenqola ukuthi samphonsa kuyo,
Futhi qaphela amehlo amhlophe ewa ngobuso ebusweni bakhe,
Ubuso bakhe bokulenga, njengokwelashwa kwesono sikademoni;
Uma ungase uzwe, kuzo zonke i-jolt, igazi
Woza ukugudla amaphaphu aphelile,
Okungahle kunjengomdlavuza, okubabayo njengobuthi
Ngokubi, izilonda ezingelapheki ezilimini ezingenacala,
Mngane wami, awukwazi ukutshela ngezinga eliphakeme kangaka
Kubantwana abanamandla ngenkazimulo ethile engathandeki,
Lie elidala; Dulce et Decorum kuyinto
Pro patria mori.

Imishini yenkohliso eyakhiwe nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson kanye neKomidi Yolwazi LwaseMphakathini yayishukumise amaMelika empini ngamaqhinga acashunwe futhi acacile amabizo aseJalimane eBelgium, amaphosta abonisa uJesu Kristu ngokubheka phansi isibhamu, futhi izithembiso zokuzinikela kokuzidela umhlaba uphephile ngentando yeningi. Ubukhulu babo babulawa emphakathini ngangokunokwenzeka phakathi nenkathi yempi, kodwa ngesikhathi esiphezu kwabaningi befunde okuthile okwenzeka empini. Futhi abaningi sebeye bahlukumeza ukuxhaphazwa kwemizwelo emihle eyayisuswe isizwe esizimele singene emaphandleni angaphandle kwezwe.

Kodwa-ke, inkulumo-ze eyashukumisela ukulwa akuzange isuswe ngokushesha ezinhliziyweni zabantu. Impi yokuqeda izimpi nokwenza umhlaba uphephe intando yeningi ayikwazi ukuphela ngaphandle kwesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuthula nobulungisa, noma okungenani into ebaluleke kakhulu kunomkhuhlane kanye nokuvinjelwa. Ngisho nalabo abenqaba umqondo wokuthi impi ingasiza nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuthuthukisa imbangela yokuthula ehambisana nabo bonke abafuna ukugwema zonke izimpi ezizayo - iqembu cishe elihlanganisa iningi labantu base-US.

Njengoba uWilson ayekhulume ngokuthula njengesizathu esisemthethweni sokuya empini, imiphefumulo eminingi yayimthathe ngokungathí sina kakhulu. "Akusikho okwedlulele ukusho ukuthi lapho kwakukhona izinhlelo ezimbalwa zokuthula ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe," kubhala uRobert Ferrell, "manje kwakukhona amakhulu namakhulu" eYurophu nase-United States. Iminyaka eyishumi eyalandela impi yayishumi leminyaka yokufuna ukuthula: "Ukuthula kwavela ezintshumayelo eziningi, izinkulumo, kanye namaphepha ombuso ukuthi azikhandla ekuqapheliseni wonke umuntu. Akukaze kwenzeke emlandweni wezwe kwakukhona ukuthula okukhulu kakhulu, ukukhuluma okuningi, ukubuka, nokuhlelwa, njengale minyaka eyishumi emva kwe-1918 Armistice. "

I-Congress yadlulisa isinqumo seSonto le-Armistice ebiza ukuthi "izivivinyo zenzelwe ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthula ngentando enhle nokuqonda ngokuvumelana ... ukumema abantu base-United States ukuba bagcine usuku ezikoleni nasemasontweni ngemikhosi efanele yobudlelwane obuseduze nabo bonke abanye abantu." Kamuva, I-Congress yanezela ukuthi u-November 11th kwakuzoba "usuku olunikezelwe imbangela yokuthula emhlabeni."

Ngesikhathi ukuphela kwempi kugujwa njalo ngoNovemba 11^th, omakadebona abaphathwanga okungcono kunanamuhla. Ngenkathi omakadebona abangu-17,000 kanye nemindeni yabo nabangane bemasha eWashington ngo-1932 ukuyofuna amabhonasi abo, uDouglas MacArthur, uGeorge Patton, uDwight Eisenhower, namanye amaqhawe empi enkulu elandelayo ezahlasela ama-veteran, kufaka phakathi ukwenza lokho okubi kakhulu okuyinto uSaddam Hussein azobekwa yona icala ngokungapheli: "ukusebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali kubantu babo." Izikhali abazisebenzisile, njengoHussein, zavela e-US ka-A.

Kwaphela ngemva kweminye impi yezwe, impi yezwe embi nakakhulu, impi yezwe eyeziningi ngezindlela ezingakaze ziphele kuze kube yilolu suku, iCongress, elandela enye enye impi manje ekhohliwe - leli laseKorea - lishintshe igama leSonto lokuHlalisa Usuku lwe-Veterans ngoJuni 1, i-1954. Futhi sekuyiminyaka eyisithupha nesigamu u-Eisenhower usixwayisa ukuthi izakhiwo zezimboni zamasosha zizolimaza umphakathi wethu ngokuphelele. Usuku lwe-Veterans alusekho, kubantu abaningi, usuku lokujabula ukuqedwa kwempi noma ngisho nokufisa ukuqedwa kwalo. Usuku lwe-Veterans alukho usuku lokulila noma lokubuza ukuthi kungani ukuzibulala kungumbulali ophezulu webutho lase-US noma ukuthi kungani ama-veterans amaningi kangaka engenazo izindlu nhlobo esizweni lapho omunye osolwa ngokuphanga umphenyi wezombangazwe ephethe imali eyi-$ 66 billion , futhi i-400 yabangane bakhe abasondelene banemali engaphezu kwesigamu sezwe.

Akukona ngisho nosuku lokuthembeka, uma kuwukudabuka, ukugubha iqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izisulu zezimpi zase-US zingewona amaMelika, ukuthi izimpi zethu okuthiwa yizimpi ziye zaba ngababulali obulodwa. Esikhundleni salokho, usuku lokukholelwa ukuthi impi inhle futhi inhle. Amadolobha namadolobha nezinkampani zezemidlalo abiza ngokuthi "usuku lokubonga kwezempi" noma "isonto lokubonga lamasosha" noma "inyanga yokudumisa uhlanga." Kulungile, ngenza lokho okugcina. Vele uhlole uma uqaphele.

Ukubhujiswa kwemvelo kweMpi Yezwe kuqhubeka nanamuhla. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali ezintsha zeMpi Yezwe I, kuhlanganise nezikhali zamakhemikhali, kusalokhu kubulala namuhla. Impi Yezwe I yabona ukuqhuma okukhulu kwezingcweti eziqhubekayo namuhla, izingqinamba ezinkulu emzabalazweni wobulungiswa bezomnotho, futhi isiko lithengiswa kakhulu, ligxile kakhulu emibonweni eyisiphukuphuku efana nokuvinjelwa utshwala, nokulungele ukuvimbela ukukhululeka komphakathi egameni yobuzwe, futhi konke okwenziwe ngentengo yokuthenga, njengoba umbhali oyedwa ebalwa ngaleso sikhathi, wemali eyanele yokunikeza ikhaya le-$ 2,500 ngefenisha eyi-$ 1,000 yefayeli namasheya amahlanu ayizizwe kuwo wonke umndeni waseRussia, iningi lama-European izizwe, eCanada, e-United States nase-Australia, kanye nokwanele ukunikeza wonke umuzi we-20,000 umtapo wezincwadi wezigidi ezingu-$ 2, isibhedlela se-$ 3 million, i-$ 20 yasekolishi yezigidi, futhi kusele okwanele ukuthenga yonke impahla I-Germany neBelgium. Futhi kwakungokomthetho. Izisulu eziphuthumayo, kodwa ngokuphelele ngokomthetho. Ukuhlukunyezwa okukhethekile kwaphulwa imithetho, kodwa impi yayingeyona yobugebengu. Kwakungakaze kube khona, kodwa maduze kuzoba.

Akufanele sithethelele iMpi Yezwe I ngezizathu zokuthi akekho owaziyo. Akukona sengathi izimpi kufanele zilwe ukuze zifunde isikhathi ngasinye lapho impi isihogo. Akukona sengathi uhlobo olusha lwalokhu lwezikhali ngokungazelelwe lubangela impi okubi. Akunjengokuthi impi yayingakaze ibe yinto embi kunazo zonke ezidalwe. Akungathi uma abantu bengakusho njalo, abazange bamelane, abazange baphakamise ezinye izindlela, abazange baye ejele ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo.

Ngo-1915, uJane Addams wahlangana noMongameli Wilson futhi wamncenga ukuba anikele nge-Europe. UWilson udumisa amazwi okuthula abhalwe ngqungquthela yabesifazane ngokuthula okwenziwe eHague. Wathola ucingo lwe-10,000 kubantu besifazane abamcela ukuba enze okuthile. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ngabe wayesebenza ku-1915 noma ngasekuqaleni kwe-1916 kungenzeka ukuthi kuye kwasiza kakhulu ukuletha iMpi Enkulu ngaphansi kwezimo eziyokwenza kube nokuthula okuhlala isikhathi eside kunalokho okwenziwe ekugcineni eVersailles. UWilson wenza iseluleko sika-Addams, noNobhala wakhe kaHulumeni uWilliam Jennings Bryan, kodwa hhayi kuze kube sekupheleni. Ngesikhathi esenza ngayo, amaJalimane awazange amethembe umlamuleli owayesebenzela impi yaseBrithani. UWilson wasala ukukhankasela ukubuyisela kabusha endaweni yesikhulumi sokuthula bese eshesha ngokushesha futhi adonsele e-United States empini yaseYurophu. Futhi inani lezinqubekela phambili uWilson uletha, okungenani kancane, ohlangothini lwempi yothando kwenza Obama abonakale njengomuntu othanda amateur.

I-Outlawry Movement of the 1920s-ukunyakaza kokungahambisani nempi-yafuna ukubuyisela impi ngokubambisana, ngokuqala ukuvimbela impi bese kuthuthukiswa ikhodi yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba kanye nenkantolo enegunya lokuxazulula izingxabano. Isinyathelo sokuqala sithathwe ku-1928 ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact, evimbela yonke impi. Namuhla amazwe we-81 ayingxenye yalesi sivumelwano, kubandakanya i-United States, futhi abaningi babo bayayithobela. Ngingathanda ukubona izizwe ezengeziwe, izizwe ezihluphekayo ezishiywe esivumelwaneni, zijoyine (ukuthi zingenza kanjani ngokusho ukuthi inhloso yoMnyango WezoMbuso wase-US) bese isikhuthaza umshushisi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni .

Ngabhala incwadi mayelana nokunyakaza okwadala leso sivumelwano, hhayi nje ngoba sidinga ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi waso, kepha futhi ngoba singafunda ezindleleni zayo. Nayi inhlangano eyayihlanganisa abantu kulo lonke uhlangothi lwezepolitiki, labo abamelene nokuphikisana notshwala, labo abamelene neNhlangano Yezizwe, kanye nesiphakamiso sokwenza impi ibe yicala. Kwakuwumbimbi olukhulu olungahambi kahle. Kube nezingxoxo nezimpi zokuthula phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisayo enhlangano yokuthula. Kwakunecala lokuziphatha elenziwe elalilindele abantu abahamba phambili. Impi ayiphikiswanga nje ngenxa yezomnotho noma ngoba ingahle ibulale abantu abavela ezweni lethu. Kwaphikiswa njengokubulawa kwabantu abaningi, njengokuhlukumeza okungatheni kunokuzikhandla njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zabantu. Nakhu ukunyakaza okunombono wesikhathi eside osuselwe ekufundiseni nasekuhleleni. Kube nesiphepho esingenamkhawulo sokunxenxa, kepha akukho ukugunyazwa kosopolitiki, akukho ukuhambisana kwenhlangano ngemuva kweqembu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, wonke amaqembu amane - yebo, amane - amakhulu aphoqeleka ukuba afole ngemuva kwenhlangano. Esikhundleni sokuthi uClint Eastwood akhulume nosihlalo, iRepublican National Convention yango-1924 yabona uMongameli uCoolidge ethembisa ukuyivimba impi uma engakhethwa kabusha.

Futhi ngo-Agasti 27, 1928, eParis, eFrance, leso senzakalo senzeke ukuthi senza ingoma yomculo ye-1950s njengegumbi elinamandla eligcwala amadoda, futhi amaphepha ababesayine athi ngeke baphinde balwe. Futhi kwakungamadoda, abesifazane bebengaphandle kokuphikisana. Futhi kwakuyisivumelwano phakathi kwezizwe ezicebile ukuthi noma kunjalo kwakuzoqhubeka nokulwa nokulungisa abampofu. Kodwa kwakungumthetho wokuthula olwaqeda izimpi futhi waqeda ukwamukelwa kwemvelo eyenziwe ngezimpi, ngaphandle kwePalestina. Kwakuyisivumelwano esasidinga umthetho womthetho nenkantolo yamazwe omhlaba esasenayo. Kodwa kwakuyisivumelwano ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-87 lezo zizwe ezicebile zaziyobe zihlukana kanye kuphela. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact yasetshenziselwa ukushushisa ubulungiswa be-victor. Futhi izizwe ezinkulu ezihlomile azizange ziye empini komunye nomunye futhi, nokho. Futhi-ke, isivumelwano sivame ukubhekwa njengehlulekile. Cabanga uma sivinjelwe ukufumbathisa, kanti ngonyaka olandelayo waphonsa uSheldon Adelson etilongweni, futhi akekho owake waphumula. Ngabe singamemezela ukuthi umthetho ungaphumeleli, uphonse ngaphandle, futhi usho ukuthi ukufumbathisa kusemthethweni njengokwehluleka kwemvelo? Kungani impi kufanele ihluke? Singakwazi futhi kufanele siqede impi, futhi ngenxa yalokho singakwazi futhi kufanele sigweme ukufumbathisa, noma - ngivumele - iminikelo yomkhankaso.