In 2011 UDavid Hooks yahlola imithelela yezimiso zokuziphatha nengokomthetho yokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezindiza ezihlomile, ezingenamuntu 'empini yokulwa nobuphekula' .
Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo ngokushesha kwezikhali zamarobhothi asemoyeni kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'impi yokulwa nobuphekula' kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi yokuziphatha nezomthetho. Ama-Drones, aziwa ngempi yezempi ngokuthi 'ama-UAV' noma 'Izimoto Zasemoyeni Ezingaphethwe muntu' ziza ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kusukela endizeni encane kakhulu egadiwe, engathwalwa emgodleni wesosha futhi isetshenziselwe ukuqoqa ubuhlakani benkundla yempi, ukuya esikalini esigcwele, izinguqulo ezihlomile ezingathwala umthwalo omkhulu wemicibisholo namabhomu aqondiswa nge-laser.
Ukusetshenziswa kohlobo lokugcina lwe-UAV e-Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan nakwezinye izindawo kuye kwavusa ukukhathazeka okukhulu, njengoba ngokuvamile kuhilela 'umonakalo omkhulu' - ngamanye amazwi, ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi ezingenacala endaweni yabaholi 'amaphekula' okuhlosiwe. . Ukuba semthethweni kokusetshenziswa kwazo ekwenzeni lokho okuwukubulala ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inkundla yempi ebonakalayo, nakho kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu.
Background
Ama-UAV abekhona okungenani iminyaka engama-30 ngendlela eyodwa noma enye. Ekuqaleni zazisetshenziselwa ukugada kanye nokuqoqa ubuhlakani (S&I); indiza evamile izothatha isinyathelo ngedatha eqoqwe ukuletha ukuhlasela okubulalayo. Ama-UAV asasetshenziswa kule ndima kodwa, kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, wona ngokwawo afakwe imicibisholo namabhomu aqondiswayo ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bawo be-S&I. Lezi zinguqulo eziguquliwe kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-UCAV lapho u-'C' umele 'Combat'.
'Ukubulala' kokuqala okuqoshiwe kwe-UCAV, okuyindiza eyi-"Predator" esetshenziswa yi-CIA, kwenzeka eYemen ngo-2002. Kulesi sigameko imoto yohlobo lwe-4×4 okusolwa ukuthi yayithwele umholi we-Al-Qaida kanye nozakwabo abahlanu bahlaselwa futhi bonke ababephakathi. abhujiswe.1 Akwaziwa ukuthi uhulumeni wase-Yemen ukugunyazile yini lokhu kubulawa kusenesikhathi.
Intshisekelo yezempi yomhlaba wonke…
Njengoba kungase kulindeleke, amasosha ase-US ahola ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-UAV, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwe-9/11, okuholele ekwenyukeni okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwe-drone. Njengamanje banama-drones ahlomile e-'Predator' angaba ngu-200 kanye nomfowabo omkhulu we-'Reaper' osebenza endaweni yeshashalazi ebizwa ngokuthi i-AF-PAK (Afghanistan-Pakistan).
Amanye alawa ma-drones aqashiswe noma athengiselwa amabutho ase-UK, futhi ukuze asetshenziswe e-Afghanistan, lapho enze khona okungenani uhambo lwendiza lwe-84 kuze kube manje. Umvuni angathwala imicibisholo engu-14 'Yesihogo Somlilo' noma inhlanganisela yemicibisholo ecitshwayo namabhomu aqondisiwe.
Mhlawumbe ngokumangazayo, i-Israel iphinde ibe ngumthuthukisi omkhulu wama-UAV, ewasebenzise ezindaweni zasePalestine. Kunenani lezehlakalo ezibhaliwe2 Amasosha akwa-Israel okuthiwa awasebenzisa ukuze aqondise abaholi beHamas, ngesikhathi i-Israel ihlasela iGaza ngo-2008-9, okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abaningi. Omunye walabo ababulawa kwakungumfana oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, uMam'min 'Allaw. NgokukaDkt Mads Gilbert, udokotela waseNorway owayesebenza esibhedlela saseGaza i-al-Shifa ngesikhathi kuhlasela iGaza: “Njalo ebusuku abantu basePalestine eGaza baphinde baphile amaphupho amabi kakhulu lapho bezwa ama-drones; ayilokothi ime futhi awuqiniseki ukuthi iyindiza egadwayo noma izokwethula ukuhlasela kwe-rocket. Ngisho nomsindo waseGaza uyesabisa: umsindo wama-drones akwa-Israyeli esibhakabhakeni.”
Inkampani yezikhali yakwa-Israel i-Elbit Systems, ehlangene nenkampani yezikhali yaseFrance iThales iwine inkontileka yokuhlinzeka amasosha aseBrithani ngendiza eqaphayo ebizwa nge-'Watchkeeper'. Lena inguqulo ethuthukisiwe ye-drone ekhona yakwa-Israel, i-Hermes 450, esivele isetshenziswa amabutho ase-UK e-Afghanistan. Injini yayo ye-Wankel yakhiwe e-Litchfield, e-UK ngabakwa-UEL Ltd, inkampani ephethwe ngokuphelele ye-Elbit Systems. Umlindi kuthiwa uyakwazi ukubona imilobo yezinyawo ephansi phezulu kwamafu.
Amanye amazwe amaningi nawo anezinhlelo ze-drone: i-Russia, i-China kanye ne-EU consortia ehlukahlukene inamamodeli asathuthukiswa. Ngisho ne-Iran ine-drone esebenzayo, kuyilapho iTurkey ixoxisana no-Israyeli ukuze ibe umphakeli wayo.3
Kunjalo, i-UK inohlelo lwayo olubanzi, oluzimele lokuthuthukiswa kwe-drone, oludidiyelwe futhi oluholwa yi-BAE Systems. Okubaluleke kakhulu yi-'Taranis'4 kanye 'nesithwalambiza'5 ama-drones ahlomile nawo okuthiwa 'azimele', okusho ukuthi, ayakwazi ukuzishayela, ukukhetha okuhlosiwe futhi ngokunokwenzeka nokuhileleka empini ehlomile nezinye izindiza.
I-Taranis isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe 'be-stealth' ukuze igweme ukutholwa futhi ibukeka njengenguqulo encane yebhomu le-US B2 'Stealth'. I-Taranis yavezwa, endaweni ekude nomphakathi, e-Warton Aerodrome e-Lancashire ngoJulayi 2010. Imibiko ye-TV yagcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungase kube yizakhamuzi emsebenzini wamaphoyisa. Kubukeka sengathi kucaciswe ngokwedlulele ngalokhu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi inesisindo esingamathani ayisishiyagalombili, inezindawo ezimbili zezikhali futhi kubiza u-£143m ukuyithuthukisa. Izivivinyo zendiza kulindeleke ukuthi ziqale ngo-2011.
Isithwalambiza sibukeka sisondele kuma-drones ahlomile akhona kodwa athuthuke kakhulu ekucacisweni kwaso futhi sinikwa amandla izinjini ezimbili ze-Rolls Royce ezingama-250 turboprop (bheka isithombe). Indiza yayo yokuqala yokuhlola yenzeka ngo-Okthoba 2009.
Njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho embikweni we-SGR Beings Do Closed Doors, Izifundiswa zase-UK zibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwe-drone eholwa yi-BAE ngohlelo lwe-FLAVIIR luka-£6m, oluxhaswe ngokuhlanganyela yi-BAE kanye noMkhandlu Wocwaningo Lwezobunjiniyela Nesayensi Yezemvelo.6 Amanyuvesi ayishumi ase-UK abandakanyekayo, okuhlanganisa iLiverpool, iCambridge kanye ne-Imperial College London.
... kanye nezizathu zakho
Intshisekelo yamasosha kuma-drones akunzima ukuyichaza. Okokuqala, ama-drones ashibhile uma kuqhathaniswa, ngayinye ibiza cishe ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yezindleko zendiza evamile yokulwa enendima eminingi. Futhi zingahlala emoyeni isikhathi eside kunendiza evamile - ngokuvamile amahora angaphezu kwama-24. Njengamanje 'zilingwa' zikude, ngokuvamile zisuka endaweni eqhele ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka endaweni yokulwa, kusetshenziswa ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi. Ama-drones asetshenziswa yi-US kanye ne-UK ku-AF-PAK alawulwa kusukela kuma-trailer e-Creech Airforce base ogwadule lwase-Nevada. Ngakho abashayeli bezindiza baphephile, bangagwema ukucindezeleka nokukhathala, futhi ishibhile kakhulu ukuziqeqesha. Njengoba ama-drones ephethe izinhlelo zokugada izinzwa eziningi, ukusakazwa okuningi kwedatha kungagadwa ngokufana yiqembu labaqhubi esikhundleni somshayeli oyedwa. Ngamafuphi, ezimeni ezinzima zokuwohloka komnotho okuqhubekayo, ama-drones akunikeza 'imali yakho enkulu'. Ngokusho kwentatheli yezokuvikela yephephandaba iTelegraph, Sean Rayment,
ama-drones ahlomile “awuhlobo lokulwa olungenabungozi kakhulu okufanele lusungulwe”, isitatimende esizigwema ngokuphelele izingozi zokufa kwabantu abangenacala.
Izilinganiso zezomthetho nezokuziphatha
Kube nezinselelo zomthetho eziningi ekusetshenzisweni kwama-drones. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kanye neCentre for Constitutional Rights (CCR) bafake icala enkantolo baphonsela inselelo ukuba semthethweni kokusetshenziswa kwabo ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwezingxabano. Baphikisa ngokuthi, ngaphandle kwezimo ezichazwe kancane kakhulu, “ukubulala okuhlosiwe kufinyelela ekukhishweni kwesigwebo sentambo ngaphandle kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, noma ukugwetshwa”, ngamanye amazwi, ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwenqubo efanele.7
I-UN Special Reporteur on extrajudicial, summary noma ukubulawa ngokungafanele, UPhilip Alston, kusho umbiko wakhe kaMay 20108 ukuthi, ngisho nasendaweni yezingxabano,
"Ukuba semthethweni kwemisebenzi yokubulala okuhlosiwe kuncike kakhulu ekuthembekeni kobuhlakani ekusekelwe kuzo".
Kuye kwaboniswa ezimweni eziningi ukuthi lokhu ukuhlakanipha ngokuvamile kunephutha. U-Alston uphinde athi:
"Ngaphandle komongo wempi ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones ekubulaleni okuhlosiwe cishe ngeke kube semthethweni," wengeza ngokuthi, "ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubulawa kwabantu nge-drone ngaphandle kwalokhu okuhlosiwe (amalungu omndeni noma abanye abaseduze, ngokwesibonelo) kungaba ukuphucwa ukuphila ngaphandle komthetho wamalungelo abantu futhi kungase kuphumele ekuziphenduleleni koMbuso kanye nesibopho sobugebengu somuntu ngamunye.”
Ngisho nezilinganiso eziqine kakhulu ziphakamisa ukuthi okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokufa okubangelwe iziteleka ze-drone enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi ye-AF-PAK bekungezona izimpi. Ezinye izilinganiso zibeka inani eliphakeme kakhulu. Kwesinye isigameko, kwabulawa abantu abangamasosha abangu-50 kulowo nalowo owayesolwa ngokubulawa. Lokhu kwengamela kugcizelelwe odabeni Lokufingqwa koMdali Wokuthula9: "Injabulo mayelana nekhono eliphansi lokubhekana nokufa kwama-drones emibuthanweni yezokuvikela, ehambisana nombono wokuthi ukuhlasela kuqondiswe ngokuqondile futhi kunembile, kubonakala kunganaki iqiniso lokuthi okungenani i-1/3 yalabo ababulewe kungenzeka ukuthi izakhamuzi."
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwama-drones ukuthi abonakala ecishe enzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokumelene nabantu abampofu, okungenzeka ukuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, baphikisana nentando yamandla athuthukisiwe kwezobuchwepheshe. Abantu abanjalo bachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene 'njengamaphekula' noma 'abavukeli' kodwa bangase bazame ukulawula izinsiza zabo kanye nesiphetho sezombusazwe. Ngokuvamile bayoba namandla alinganiselwe noma angabikho nhlobo ezobuchwepheshe. Kunzima ukubona ukuthi ama-drones angasetshenziswa ngempumelelo endaweni yamandla athuthukile kwezobuchwepheshe ngoba angadutshulwa imicibisholo, ama-fighters ajwayelekile, noma amanye ama-drones ahlomile. Ngisho nobuchwepheshe be-stealth abunikezi ukungabonakali kwe-100%, njengoba kuboniswa ukudilizwa kwebhomu le-B2 ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-NATO eSerbia.
Isiphetho
Ama-drones kufanele abonwe njengendaba ebaluleke kakhulu kumalungu e-SGR njengoba angathuthukiswa kuphela kusetshenziswa izinsiza ezithuthuke kakhulu, ezisekelwe kwisayensi, nezobuchwepheshe, ezibekwe emsebenzini wezempi. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones kuvame ukuba semthethweni okungabazekayo, futhi izimiso zokuziphatha zokuhlinzeka ngezikhali ezithuthukile, zobuchwepheshe ezizosetshenziswa ngokumelene nabantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeni akudingi kuphawulwa.
UDkt David Hooks is Ohlonishwayo Ophezulu Ocwaningayo eMnyangweni Wesayensi Yekhompyutha e-Liverpool University. Uphinde abe yilungu leKomidi Likazwelonke Lokuxhumanisa le-SGR.
