Ngu-Ed Horgan, World BEYOND War, Februwari 4, i-2021
Lapho sicabanga ngamasosha, sicabanga kakhulu ngempi. Iqiniso lokuthi amasosha nawo asetshenziswa ngokukhethekile njengabagcini bokuthula yinto okufanele sithathe isikhathi ukuyibuza.
Igama elithi ukugcinwa kokuthula ngomqondo obanzi lifaka phakathi bonke labo bantu abazama ukukhuthaza ukuthula futhi baphikisana nezimpi nodlame. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-pacifists, nalabo abalandela imibono yobuKristu yokuqala noma ngabe abaholi abaningi abangamaKristu nabalandeli balandela udlame nezimpi ezingenasisekelo ngaphansi kwalokho abakubiza ngokuthi yi-war war theory. Ngokunjalo, abaholi besimanje kanye nezifundazwe, kufaka phakathi abaholi be-European Union, basebenzisa izindlela ezingekho emthethweni zokusiza abantu ukuthola izimpi zabo ezingenazizathu.
Njengoba ngibe yisikhulu sezempi esisebenzayo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 bese ngiyisishoshovu sokuthula futhi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ngivame ukubhekwa njengomuntu oshisayo oguqula ukuthula. Lokhu empeleni kuyiqiniso kuphela. Umsebenzi wami wezempi kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1986 wawusembuthweni wezokuvikela wezwe elingathathi hlangothi (i-Ireland) futhi wawuhlanganisa nomsebenzi obalulekile wokuba ngumgcini wokuthula wezempi weZizwe Ezihlangene. Ngijoyine Umbutho Wezokuvikela wase-Ireland ngesikhathi lapho ababulali bokuthula base-Ireland babebulewe eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule emsebenzini wokuqinisa ukuthula e-ONUC eCongo. Izizathu zami zokujoyina amasosha zibandakanya isizathu sokuzidela sokusiza ukudala ukuthula komhlaba wonke, okuyinjongo eyinhloko yeNhlangano Yezizwe. Ngikuthathe lokhu njengokubalulekile ngokwanele ukubeka impilo yami engcupheni ezikhathini eziningana, hhayi nje njengomgcini wokuthula wezempi we-UN, kodwa futhi nanjengomqaphi wokhetho womhlaba wonke omphakathi emazweni amaningi abhekane nezingxabano ezinkulu.
Ngaleyo minyaka yokuqala yokugcinwa kokuthula kwe-UN i-UN, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komunye woNobhala Jikelele abambalwa abahle kakhulu, uDag Hammarskjold, owazama ukudlala indima yangempela yokungathathi hlangothi kuzintshisekelo zesintu. Ngeshwa kuHammarskjold lokhu kwashayisana nalokho okwakuthiwa izintshisekelo zezwe lamazwe amaningi anamandla kakhulu, kubandakanya namalungu amaningana oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, futhi mhlawumbe kwaholela ekubulaweni kwakhe ngo-1961 ngenkathi ezama ukuxoxisana ngokuthula eCongo. Emashumini okuqala okugcina ukuthula kwe-UN, kwakuyinto ejwayelekile ejwayelekile ukuthi amasosha okugcina ukuthula anikezwe amazwe angathathi hlangothi noma angahambisani. Amalungu angunaphakade oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN noma amalungu e-NATO noma eWarsaw Pact babevame ukukhishwa njengabagcini bokuthula kodwa bavunyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokulondolozwa kwempahla. Ngalezi zizathu i-Ireland ibilokhu icelwe njalo yi-UN ukuthi ihlinzeke ngamabutho okugcina ukuthula futhi ikwenze lokhu ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-1958. Lo msebenzi onzima uye waba nezindleko ezinkulu. Amasosha ase-Ireland ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili ashonele emsebenzini wokugcina ukuthula, okuyisilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokulimala kwebutho elincane kakhulu. Ngangazi eziningana zalawo masosha angama-88 ase-Ireland.
Umbuzo osemqoka engicelwe ukuba ngiwuphendule kuleli phepha ngothi: Ngabe amasosha angabalindi bokuthula abafanele kakhulu?
Ayikho impendulo eqondile noma u-cha oqondile. Ukugcinwa kokuthula kwangempela kuyinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukwenza impi enobudlova empeleni kulula ikakhulukazi uma unamandla amakhulu ohlangothini lwakho. Kuhlala kulula ukuphula izinto kunokuzilungisa ngemuva kokuthi ziphukile. Ukuthula kufana nengilazi yekristalu entekenteke, uma uyiphula, kunzima kakhulu ukuyilungisa, futhi izimpilo ozibhubhisile ngeke zilungiswe noma zibuyiselwe. Leli phuzu lokugcina alinakwa kakhulu. Abagcini bokuthula bavame ukufakwa ezindaweni eziphazamisayo phakathi kwamabutho alwayo futhi abajwayele ukusebenzisa amandla abulalayo futhi bathembele kungxoxo, ukubekezela, ukuxoxisana, ukuphikelela nokuqonda okuningi. Kungaba yinselelo impela ukuhlala kokuthunyelwe kwakho futhi ungaphenduli ngamandla kuqhume amabhomu nezinhlamvu ezindizayo ziza ngakuwe, kepha lokho kuyingxenye yalokho okwenziwa ngabagcini bokuthula, futhi lokhu kudinga uhlobo olukhethekile lwesibindi sokuziphatha kanye nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile. Amabutho amakhulu asetshenziselwa ukulwa izimpi awenzi abagcini bokuthula abahle futhi athambekele ekubuyiseleni emuva ekwenzeni impi lapho kufanele enze ukuthula, ngoba yilokhu ahlonyiselwe futhi aqeqeshelwe ukukwenza. Kusukela kwaphela iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ikakhulukazi, i-US neNATO kanye nabanye ababambisene nabo basebenzise ubuqili obubizwa ngokuthi bokusiza abantu noma ukuthula ukuphoqelela ukuthunywa ukulwa izimpi zobudlova nokuketula ohulumeni bamalungu azimele eNhlangano Yezizwe ngokwephula kakhulu i-UN Umqulu. Izibonelo zalokhu zifaka phakathi impi ye-NATO neSerbia ngo-1999, ukuhlasela nokugumbuqela uHulumeni wase-Afghanistan ngo-2001, ukuhlasela nokuketula uHulumeni wase-Iraq ngo-2003, ukusetshenziswa kabi ngamabomu kwe-UN kwavuma ukuthi kungabikho zindiza eLibya ngo-2001 ukuketula uhulumeni waseLibya, kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo yokuketula uhulumeni waseSyria. Kodwa-ke lapho kwakudingeka ukugcinwa kwangempela kokuthula kanye nokuphoqelelwa kokuthula, ngokwesibonelo ukuvimbela nokumisa ukubulawa kwabantu eCambodia naseRwanda wona la mazwe anamandla ema eceleni futhi amanye amalungu aqashwe ngokuphelele eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN aze anikela ngosizo olusebenzayo kulabo ukwenza ukubulawa kohlanga.
Kunobubanzi bezakhamizi nasekulondolozeni ukuthula nasekusizeni ukuzinzisa amazwe ngemuva kokuphuma ezingxabanweni ezinodlame, kepha noma yikuphi ukugcinwa kokuthula komphakathi kanye nentando yeningi kumele kuhlelwe futhi kulawulwe ngokucophelela, njengoba kubalulekile ukuthi ukugcinwa kokuthula kwamasosha nakho kufanele kuhlelwe ngokucophelela futhi kulawulwa. Kube khona ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu ngabalindi bokuthula bezempi kanye nabezempi lapho lezo zilawuli zinganele.
EBosnia lapho impi iphela ngo-1995, izwe lase liphethwe ngokweqile yizinhlangano ezizimele ezazitatazela zingalungiselelwe ngokwanele futhi kwezinye izimo zenza okubi kakhulu kunokuhle. Izimo zodweshu nezingqubuzana zangemuva ziyizindawo eziyingozi, ikakhulukazi kubantu bendawo, kepha nakwabantu abangabazi abafika bengazilungiselele. Abagcini bokuthula bezempi abahlome kahle futhi abaqeqeshwe kahle bavame ukubaluleka ezigabeni zokuqala kepha bangazuza futhi ngokwengezwa kwezakhamizi eziqeqeshwe kahle inqobo nje uma izakhamizi zifakwa njengengxenye yenqubo yokuhleleka jikelele ehlelekile. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-UNV (United Nations Volunteer Program), kanye ne-OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe) kanye ne-Carter Center ese-US zenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu yizimo ezinjalo, futhi ngisebenze njengomphakathi nazo zonke zazo. I-European Union futhi ihlinzeka ngemisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula nokuqapha ukhetho, kepha kokuhlangenwe nakho kwami nocwaningo kube nezinkinga ezinkulu ngemishini eminingi enjalo ye-European Union ikakhulukazi emazweni ase-Afrika, lapho izifiso zezomnotho ze-European Union kanye nezizwe zayo ezinamandla kakhulu, zihamba phambili ngaphezulu kwezintshisakalo zangempela zabantu kulawa mazwe izingxabano zawo i-EU okufanele ixazululwe. Ukuxhashazwa kwabantu base-Europe ngezinsizakusebenza zase-Afrika, okufana nobukholoniyali obusobala, kuthatha indawo yokuqala kunokugcina ukuthula nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. IFrance yiyona ephule umthetho kakhulu, kodwa hhayi kuphela.
Udaba lokulinganiswa kobulili lubaluleke kakhulu Emishini yokugcina ukuthula ngokubona kwami. Iningi lamabutho anamuhla liyayikhokha indebe ebhalansini yezobulili kepha iqiniso ukuthi uma kukhulunywa ngokusebenza kwamasosha asebenzayo bambalwa kakhulu abesifazane abavame ukusebenza izindima zokulwa, nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwamasosha abesifazane kuyinkinga enkulu. Njengoba nje injini noma umshini ongalinganiswanga ekugcineni uzolimala kakhulu, ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zomphakathi ezingalingani, njengalezo ikakhulu ezabesilisa, azithambeli nje kuphela ekulimaleni kodwa futhi zibangele nomonakalo omkhulu emiphakathini ezisebenza kuyo. Thina base-Ireland siyazi ngezindleko zethu umonakalo odalwe ngabefundisi bethu bamaKatolika abangahloniphekile kanye nabesilisa ababephethe umphakathi wase-Ireland selokhu kwasekelwa izwe lethu, ngisho nangaphambi kokuthola inkululeko. Inhlangano elondoloza ukulingana kwabesilisa / nabesifazane enokuthula isethubeni elikhulu lokudala ukuthula kwangempela, futhi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba bahlukumeze abantu abasengozini okufanele ngabe bayabavikela. Enye yezinkinga zomsebenzi wamanje wamasosha wokugcina ukuthula ukuthi iningi lamasosha abandakanyekayo manje selivame ukuqhamuka emazweni ampofu kakhulu futhi cishe angabesilisa kuphela futhi lokhu sekuholele emacaleni amakhulu okunukubezwa ngokobulili ngabagcini bokuthula. Kodwa-ke, kube nezimo ezibucayi zokuhlukunyezwa okunjalo ngamabutho aseFrance namanye asentshonalanga, kubandakanya namasosha ase-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, esitshelwa ukuthi babekhona ukuletha ukuthula nentando yeningi kanye nenkululeko kubantu base-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Ukugcinwa kokuthula akuyona nje indaba yokuxoxisana ngokuthula namabutho aphikisayo. Ezimpini zanamuhla imiphakathi yezakhamizi ivame ukulinyazwa kakhulu yizingxabano kunamabutho aphikisayo. Uzwela nokwesekwa kwangempela kwabantu abasemphakathini kuyisici esibalulekile sokugcina ukuthula esivame ukunganakwa kakhulu.
Emhlabeni wangempela ingxenye ethile yobuntu eqhutshwa ukuhaha nezinye izinto ijwayele ukusebenzisa nokuhlukumeza udlame. Lokhu kudinge isidingo sokuthi umthetho ubhekele ukuvikela iningi lomphakathi ebudloveni obuhlukumezayo kanti futhi namaphoyisa kudingeka asebenzise futhi aqinisekise ukusebenza komthetho emadolobheni nasemaphandleni ethu. I-Ireland inombutho wamaphoyisa onezinsiza eziningi ongahlomile, kepha nalokhu kusekelwa egatsheni elikhethekile elihlomile ngoba izigebengu namaqembu ezempi angekho emthethweni anazo izikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphoyisa (uGardai) ase-Ireland nawo anokwesekwa yi-Irish Defence Forces ukuthi ibize uma kudingeka, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwamabutho empi e-Ireland kuhlala kutholwa ngamaphoyisa futhi kungaphansi kwegunya lamaphoyisa ngaphandle icala lesimo esibucayi ezweni lonke. Kwesinye isikhathi, amaphoyisa, ngisho nase-Ireland, asebenzisa kabi amandla awo, kuhlanganisa namandla awo okusebenzisa amandla abulalayo.
Ezingeni le-macro noma lamazwe omhlaba, imvelo yomuntu kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu nezifundazwe kulandela izindlela ezifanayo zokuziphatha noma zokungaziphathi kahle. Amandla onakalisa namandla aphelele onakalisa ngokuphelele. Ngeshwa, okwamanje, alikho izinga elisebenzayo lomhlaba wonke lokuphatha noma lamaphoyisa ngale kwe-anarchic international system of nation states. I-UN ibonwa ngabaningi njengohlelo lokubusa lomhlaba jikelele futhi njengoba uShakespeare engathi "hawu ngabe bekulula kangaka". Labo ababhala i-UN Charter ngokuyinhloko babengabaholi base-USA nabaseBrithani phakathi neMpi Yezwe 2, kanti kancane iSoviet Union neFrance neChina babesaphethwe. Umkhondo weqiniso le-UN uqukethwe emgqeni wokuqala we-UN Charter. “Thina bantu beZizwe Ezihlangene…” Igama labantu lingubuningi obuphindwe kabili (abantu ubuningi bomuntu, nabantu ngobuningi babantu) ngakho-ke thina bantu asibhekisi kuwe noma kimi njengabantu ngabanye, kodwa kulabo amaqembu abantu abazokwakha isizwe athi angamalungu eNhlangano Yezizwe. Thina bantu, mina nawe njengabantu ngabanye, cishe asinayo indima egunyaziwe ku-UN. Onke amazwe angamalungu athathwa njengabalinganayo ngaphakathi koMhlangano Kazwelonke we-UN, kanye nokukhethwa kwe-Ireland eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN njengezwe elincane okwesine kusukela ngawo-1960 kuyinkomba yalokhu. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lokuphatha ngaphakathi kwe-UN, ikakhulukazi ezingeni loMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, lufana kakhulu nolo lweSoviet Union kunolohlelo lwentando yeningi ngokuphelele. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, futhi ikakhulukazi amalungu amahlanu ahlala njalo oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, aklinywa yi-UN. Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, ababhali be-Charter ye-UN bazinikeze uhlelo lokukhiya kabili noma uhlelo lokukhiya olunezinombolo ngenxa ye-veto yabo kuzo zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile ze-UN ikakhulukazi maqondana nenhloso eyinhloko ye-UN, echazwe kuSomqulu we-UN, Isigaba 1: Izinhloso zeNhlangano Yezizwe yilezi: 1. Ukugcina ukuthula nokuphepha komhlaba wonke, futhi lokho kufinyelela lokho: njll,… ”
Amandla we-veto aqukethwe ku-Article 27.3. "Izinqumo zoMkhandlu wezokuPhepha kuzo zonke ezinye izindaba zizokwenziwa ngevoti yokuvuma yamalungu ayisishiyagalolunye kubandakanya amavoti ahambisanayo amalungu anomphela;". Leli gama elizwakalayo elingenacala linikeza ilungu ngalinye kulawa amahlanu, unomphela, iChina, i-USA, iRussia, iBrithani kanye neFrance amandla amabi ngokuphelele ukuvimbela noma isiphi isinqumo esibalulekile se-UN abasicabangayo singase singabi sezingeni labo lobuzwe, kungakhathalekile izintshisekelo ezinkulu zesintu . Futhi kuvimbela uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ukuthi ungabeki unswinyo kunoma yiliphi kulawa mazwe ayisihlanu kungakhathalekile ukuthi kubuphi ubugebengu obubucayi obenziwa esintwini noma ubugebengu bezempi obungenziwa yinoma yiliphi kulawa mazwe amahlanu. Amandla we-veto abeka kahle la mazwe amahlanu ngaphezulu nangaphezulu kwemithetho yemithetho yamazwe omhlaba. Isithunywa saseMexico kule nqubo esungule umqulu we-UN ngo-1945 sichaze lokhu njengokusho ukuthi: "Amagundane azoqondiswa izigwegwe kanti ngenkathi amabhubesi ezogijimela mahhala". I-Ireland ingenye yamagundane e-UN, kepha kanjalo neNdiya okuyiyona ntando yeningi yangempela emhlabeni, kuyilapho iBrithani neFrance, ngayinye enabantu abangaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa lomphakathi womhlaba, inamandla amakhulu kakhulu ku-UN ukuthi I-India enabantu abangaphezu kuka-1% bomhlaba.
Lapho amandla enza iSoviet Union, i-USA, iBrithani kanye neFrance, bakwazi ukuhlukumeza kakhulu iCharter Charter kuyo yonke iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngokwenza izimpi ezizimele e-Afrika naseLatin America nasezimpini eziqondile zodlame e-Indo China nase-Afghanistan. Kuyafaneleka ukukhomba ukuthi ngaphandle kokusebenza kweTibet, iChina ayikaze ilwe izimpi zangaphandle zokulwa namanye amazwe.
Isivumelwano SeZizwe Ezihlangene Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi esesigunyaziwe futhi saqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka 22 Januwari 2021 samukelwe kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele.[1] Iqiniso nokho ukuthi lesi sivumelwano kungenzeka singabi namthelela kunoma yiliphi lamalungu amahlanu anomphela woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ngoba ngamunye wabo uzophikisa noma yimuphi umzamo wokunciphisa izikhali zabo zenuzi noma ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezikhali zenuzi uma, kungenzeka ukuthi, banquma ukusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi. Empeleni futhi, izikhali zenuzi zisetshenziswa ngokungaqondile nsuku zonke yilawa mazwe ayisishiyagalolunye esaziyo ukuthi anezikhali zenuzi, ukusongela nokwesabisa umhlaba wonke. Le mandla enuzi athi lelisu le-MAD Mutually Assured Destruction ligcina ukuthula komhlaba wonke!
Ngokuwa kweSoviet Union kanye nokuphela kwalokho okwakuthiwa yiCold War ukuthula bekufanele ngabe kubuyisiwe futhi i-NATO yahlakazeka ngemuva kokuhlakazwa kweSivumelwano SaseWarsaw. Kwenzeke okuphambene nalokho. I-NATO iqhubekile nokusebenza futhi yanwebeka ifaka cishe yonke impumalanga yeYurophu kuze kufike emingceleni yaseRussia, nokulwa izimpi zobudlova kubandakanya ukuketulwa kohulumeni abazimele bamazwe amaningi angamalungu e-UN, ngokuphula umthetho omkhulu we-UN Charter kanye ne-NATO i-Charter yakho.
Kukuthinta kanjani konke lokhu ekugcineni ukuthula futhi ngubani okufanele akwenze?
I-NATO, eholwa futhi iqhutshwa yi-USA, isebenzise ngempumelelo noma yafaka eceleni indima eyinhloko ye-UN ekwakheni ukuthula komhlaba wonke. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi bekungewona umqondo omubi ukube i-NATO ne-USA bathathe izintambo futhi basebenzise iqhaza langempela le-UN ekugcineni ukuthula komhlaba wonke.
Benze okuphambene nalokho, ngaphansi kwesigameko salokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukungenelela kosizo, futhi kamuva ngaphansi kwesifihla esingeziwe senqubomgomo entsha ye-UN eyaziwa nge-R2P Responsibility to Protect.[2] Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990 i-US yangenelela ngokungafanele eSomalia yabe isishiya ngokungafanele leyo mishini, ishiya iSomalia njengezwe elihlulekile kusukela lapho, futhi yehluleka ukungenelela ukuvimbela noma ukumisa ukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda. I-US ne-NATO bangenela sekwedlule isikhathi kakhulu eBosnia, futhi bahluleka ukuxhasa ngokwanele umsebenzi we-UN UNPROFOR lapho, okukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyinjongo yabo ukuhlukana kweYugoslavia yangaphambili. Ukusuka ngo-1999 kuye phambili izinhloso nezenzo ze-US ne-NATO kwabukeka sezigqama kakhulu futhi kwephulwa ngokusobala iSivumelwano se-UN.
Lezi yizinkinga ezinkulu ezingeke zixazululwe kalula. Labo abasekela uhlelo olukhona lwamazwe omhlaba, futhi lokhu mhlawumbe kubandakanya iningi lezifundiswa zesayensi yezepolitiki, basitshele ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso, nokuthi labo bethu abamelene nalolu hlelo lwamazwe omhlaba olunama-anarchic bamane nje bangabantu abanengqondo. Izimpikiswano ezinjalo kungenzeka zazisimeme ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe 2, ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezikhali zenuzi. Manje isintu nayo yonke imvelo eseplanethi yoMhlaba ibhekene nokuqothulwa okungenzeka ngenxa yempi engalawuleki, eholwa ikakhulu yi-USA. Kodwa-ke, masingakhohlwa ukuthi eminye imibuso emithathu yenuzi, iChina, iNdiya nePakistan ibe nezingxabano ezinodlame ezindabeni zemingcele ngisho nasezikhathini zamuva nje, ezingaholela kalula ezimpini zenuzi zesifunda.
Ukugcinwa kokuthula nokugcina ukuthula komhlaba wonke bekungakaze kuphuthume kakhulu kunamanje. Kubalulekile ukuthi isintu sisebenzise yonke imithombo yaso etholakalayo ukudala ukuthula okuhlala njalo, futhi izakhamizi kumele zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile kule nqubo yokuthula, ngaphandle kwalokho izakhamizi zale planethi zizokhokha inani elibi.
Mayelana nezinye izindlela zokulwa nabasizi bezempi njengabagcini bokuthula kungenzeka ukuthi kufaneleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa izilawuli eziqine ngokwedlulele ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamasosha ezisetshenziselwa ukugcina ukuthula, kanye nemithetho eqinile kakhulu elawula imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula nangaphezu kwabagcini bokuthula. Lokhu kufanele kuhlanganiswe nokwengeza izakhamizi eziningi ekulondolozeni ukuthula esikhundleni sokufaka abagcini bokuthula bezempi ngamaphoyisa okugcina ukuthula.
Umbuzo obalulekile ohlobene esidinga ukuwubuza futhi siwuphendule, engiwenzayo kwi-PhD Thesis yami eyaqedwa ngo-2008, ukuthi ngabe ukugcina ukuthula kuphumelele yini. Iziphetho zami ezinqikaza kakhulu, futhi kusenjalo, ukuthi ngaphandle kokumbalwa, ukugcinwa kokuthula kweZizwe Ezihlangene, kanye nokusebenza kwe-UN ekufezeni indima yayo eyinhloko yokugcina ukuthula kwamazwe omhlaba kube ukwehluleka okukhulu, ngoba i-UN ayivunyelwe ukuba iphumelele. Ikhophi ye-Thesis yami ingatholakala kulesi sixhumanisi esingezansi. [3]
Izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi sezivele ziyasebenza ekwakheni nasekugcineni ukuthula.
Lezi zihlanganisa:
- Abavolontiya beNhlangano Yezizwe unv.org. Le yinhlangano engaphansi kwe-UN enikeza amavolontiya omphakathi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuthula nentuthuko emazweni amaningi.
- Abangenalo Udlame Lokuthula - https://www.nonviolentpeaceforce.org/ - I-Mission yethu - I-Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) iyinhlangano yokuvikela umphakathi (NGO) esekwe emthethweni wamalungelo abantu kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele. Umsebenzi wethu ukuvikela izakhamizi ezingxabanweni ezinodlame ngamasu angahlomile, ukwakha ukuthula ngokubambisana nemiphakathi yasendaweni, nokunxenxa ukwamukelwa okubanzi kwalezi zindlela ukuvikela izimpilo zabantu kanye nesithunzi. I-NP ibheka isiko lokuthula lomhlaba wonke lapho izingxabano ngaphakathi naphakathi kwemiphakathi namazwe zilawulwa ngezindlela ezingenabudlova. Siholwa yimigomo yokungabi nodlame, ukungathathi hlangothi, ukubaluleka kwabalingisi bendawo, kanye nezenzo zomphakathi zokulwa nomphakathi.
- Abavikeli Abaphambili: https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ - I-Front Line Defenders yasungulwa eDublin ngo-2001 ngenhloso ethile yokuvikela abavikeli bamalungelo abantu abasengozini (HRDs), abantu abasebenza, ngaphandle kodlame, kwanoma yimaphi noma wonke amalungelo abhalwe ku-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR ). Abavikeli bangaphambili babhekela izidingo zokuvikela ezikhonjwe ngabakwa-HRD uqobo. - Inhloso yabavikeli be-Front Line ukuvikela nokuxhasa abavikeli bamalungelo abantu abasengozini ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo wamalungelo abantu.
- CEDAW Isivumelwano Sokuqedwa Kwazo Zonke Izinhlobo Zokucwaswa Kwabesifazane yisivumelwano samazwe omhlaba esathathwa ngonyaka we-1979 yi-United Nations General Assembly. Ichazwe njengomthethosivivinywa wamalungelo omhlaba wonke wabesifazane, yasungulwa ngomhlaka 3 Septhemba 1981 futhi yamukelwa yizifundazwe eziyi-189. Imihlangano enjalo yezizwe ibalulekile ekuvikeleni izakhamizi ikakhulukazi abesifazane nezingane.
- IVSI Volunteer Service International https://www.vsi.ie/experience/volunteerstories/meast/longterm-volunteering-in-palestine/
- I-VSO International vsintlokwenline.org - Inhloso yethu ukudala ushintsho oluhlala njalo ngokuzithandela. Siletha ushintsho hhayi ngokuthumela usizo, kodwa ngokusebenza ngamavolontiya nozakwethu ukunika amandla abantu abahlala kwezinye zezifunda eziswele kakhulu nezinganakwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
- Uthando amavolontiya https://www.lovevolunteers.org/destinations/volunteer-palestine
- Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezibandakanyeka ekuqapheni okhethweni ezimeni zangemva kwempi:
- Inhlangano Yezokuphepha Nokubambisana EYurophu (OSCE) osce.org inikezele ngemishini yokuqapha ukhetho ikakhulukazi yamazwe asempumalanga yeYurophu namazwe phambilini ayehlotshaniswa neSoviet Union. I-OSCE iphinde inikeze abasebenzi bokugcina ukuthula kwamanye ala mazwe afana ne-Ukraine ne-Armenia / Azerbaijan
- I-European Union: I-EU ihlinzeka ngemishini yokuqapha ukhetho ezingxenyeni zomhlaba ezingamboziwe yi-OSCE, kufaka phakathi i-Asia, i-Afrika neLatin America.
- Isikhungo seCarter cartercenter.org
Lokhu okungenhla kungezinye zezinhlangano eziningi lapho izakhamizi zingabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwakheni ukuthula.
Iziphetho:
Indima yokunyakaza kokuthula ngaphakathi kwamazwe ibalulekile kepha lokhu kudinga ukwandiswa ukuze kwakheke inhlangano yokuthula yomhlaba wonke enamandla amakhulu, ngokuxhumana kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwenqwaba yezinhlangano zokuthula esezikhona. Izinhlangano ezifana World Beyond War ingadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni udlame nasekuvimbeleni izimpi ezenzeka ekuqaleni. Njengasendabeni yezinsizakalo zethu zezempilo lapho ukuvimbela izifo nobhubhane kusebenza kakhulu kunokuzama ukwelapha lezi zifo ngemuva kokuba zibanjiwe, ngokufanayo, ukuvimbela izimpi kuphumelela kaningi kunokuzama ukumisa izimpi uma zivele. Ukugcinwa kokuthula kuyisicelo esidingekayo sosizo lokuqala, isisombululo sokunamathela kumanxeba empi. Ukuphoqelelwa kokuthula kufana nokufaka isicelo ekuqedeni ubhubhane lwezimpi ezinodlame obekufanele zivinjelwe kwasekuqaleni.
Okudingekayo ukwaba izinsizakusebenza ezitholakala esintwini ngokuya phambili ekuvikeleni izimpi, ukwenza ukuthula, ukuvikela nokubuyisela indawo esihlala kuyo, kunokuba kube yimpi nokwenza izimpi.
Lesi ngesinye sezihluthulelo ezibalulekile zokwakha ngempumelelo ukuthula komhlaba wonke noma komhlaba.
Ukulinganiselwa kwemali esetshenziselwe ezempi emhlabeni wonke ngonyaka we-2019 kubalwa yi-SIPRI, STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE kufinyelela kumadola ayi-1,914 billion. Kodwa-ke, kunezindawo eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwezempi ezingafakwanga kulezi zibalo ze-SIPRI ngakho-ke ingqikithi yangempela ingaphezulu kwamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3,000 XNUMX.
Ngokuqhathanisa imali isiyonke ye-UN yonyaka ka-2017 ibingama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-53.2 kuphela kuphela futhi lokhu sekunciphise ngisho nemibandela yangempela okwamanje.
Lokho kukhombisa ukuthi isintu sichitha imali engaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-50 ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi kunalokho esisebenzisa kuyo yonke imisebenzi yeNhlangano Yezizwe. Ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezempi akubandakanyi izindleko zezimpi ezifana, izindleko zezezimali, ukulimala kwengqalasizinda, ukulimala kwemvelo, nokulahleka kwempilo yabantu. [4]
Inselelo yokufeza ukusinda kwesintu ingeyesintu, futhi lokho kufaka mina nawe, ukuguqula lezi zilinganiso zokusebenzisa imali nokusebenzisa imali encane kakhulu kwezempi nasezimpini, nokunye okuningi ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni ukuthula, ukuvikela nokubuyisela imvelo yomhlaba wonke, nasezindabeni zezempilo yabantu, ezemfundo ikakhulukazi ubulungiswa bangempela.
Ubulungiswa bomhlaba wonke kumele bube nohlelo lwezomthetho womhlaba wonke, ukubophezeleka kanye nokuhlawuliswa okuvela ezifundazweni ezenze izimpi zobudlova. Ngeke kube khona ukuvikeleka ekuphenduleni nasekubulungiseni futhi akukho ukujeziswa ngamacala ezimpi, futhi lokhu kudinga ukususwa okuphuthumayo kwamandla e-veto eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN.
[1] https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/
[2] https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/assets/pdf/Backgrounder%20R2P%202014.pdf
[3] https://www.pana.ie/download/Thesis-Edward_Horgan%20-United_Nations_Reform.pdf
[4] https://transnational.live/2021/01/16/tff-statement-convert-military-expenditures-to-global-problem-solving/
Impendulo eyodwa
Uthole imibono yami? umyalezo wanyamalala njengoba ngangiqeda?