Kwethulwa Iphrojekthi Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokungathathi hlangothi

Iqalwe yiVeterans Global Peace Network (VGPN www.vgpn.org), Februwari 1, 2022

Kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izimpi zonya ngenhloso yokubamba izinsiza ezibalulekile zigqugquzelwe yi-USA kanye ne-NATO kanye namanye amadlelandawonye okuphula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye ne-UN Charter. Zonke izimpi zonya bezingekho emthethweni ngaphansi kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe okuhlanganisa ne-Kellogg-Briand-Pact, Agasti 27, 1928, okwakuyisivumelwano sezizwe eziningi esizama ukuqeda impi njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo kazwelonke.

I-UN Charter ikhethe uhlelo olusebenza kahle kakhulu 'lokuphepha okuhlangene', olufana ne-Three Musketeers - eyodwa yabo bonke futhi yonke eyodwa. Laba baholi abathathu baba ngamalungu aphelele amahlanu oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, ngezinye izikhathi owaziwa ngokuthi amaphoyisa amahlanu, ayejutshwe ukulondoloza noma ukuphoqelela ukuthula kwamazwe ngamazwe. I-US kwakuyizwe elinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni ekupheleni kweWW 2. Yayisebenzise izikhali ze-athomu ngokungadingekile ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nezakhamuzi zaseJapane ukukhombisa amandla ayo emhlabeni wonke. Nganoma yiziphi izindinganiso lokhu kwakuwubugebengu obubucayi bempi. I-USSR yaqhumisa ibhomu layo lokuqala le-athomu ngo-1949 ikhombisa iqiniso le-bipolar international power system.

Kulesi 21^st Ikhulu leminyaka ukusetshenziswa, ukusongela ukusebenzisa, noma ukuba nezikhali zenuzi kufanele kubhekwe njengohlobo lobuphekula bomhlaba wonke. Ngo-1950 i-US yasebenzisa ithuba lokungabikho kwe-USSR okwesikhashana kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN (UNSC) ukuze iphushele isixazululo se-UNSC 82 esasinomthelela wokuthi i-UN imemezele impi eNyakatho Korea, futhi leyo mpi yaliwa ngaphansi kwefulegi le-UN. Lokhu kwasheshisa iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kanye nokonakalisa indima ye-UN futhi ikakhulukazi indima yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, engakaze iphinde ibuyele emuva. Ukubusa nokusebenzisa kabi amandla kwakuthathe isikhundla somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Lesi simo besingaxazululwa ngokuthula futhi bekufanele sixazululwe ngokuthula ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngo-1989, kodwa abaholi base-US babona ukuthi i-US isiphinde yaba izwe elinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi bashukumiseleka ukuba bakusebenzise ngokugcwele lokhu. Esikhundleni sokuhoxisa i-NATO manje engasenamsebenzi, njengoba i-Warsaw Pact yayisithathe umhlalaphansi, i-NATO eholwa yi-US yazishaya indiva izithembiso ezenziwa kumholi waseRussia uGorbachev zokunganwebi i-NATO emazweni angaphambili e-Warsaw Pact.

Inkinga manje ukuthi i-US, isekelwa yi-UK neFrance, ineningi lamalungu amahlanu ahlala njalo oMkhandlu wezokuPhepha we-UN (UNSC) abambe amandla e-veto kuzo zonke izinqumo ze-UNSC. Ngenxa yokuthi i-China ne-Russia zingaphinda zivimbele noma yiziphi izinqumo ze-UNSC lokhu kusho ukuthi i-UNSC cishe isivaleleke unomphela lapho kudingeka izinqumo ezibalulekile zokuthula emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu futhi kuvumela lawa malungu amahlanu e-UNSC ahlala unomphela (i-P5) ukuthi enze ngokungajezisi futhi ephule I-UN Charter okufanele bayihloniphe, ngoba i-UNSC evaliwe ayikwazi ukubathathela izinyathelo zokuwajezisa. Kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi abaphehli abakhulu bokuhlukumeza imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kube amalungu amathathu e-NATO P5, i-US, i-UK ne-France, ehlangene namanye amalungu e-NATO namanye ama-NATO.

Lokhu kuye kwaholela ochungechungeni lwezimpi ezingekho emthethweni eziyinhlekelele kuhlanganise nempi ngokumelene neSerbia ngo-1999, Afghanistan 2001 kuya ku-2021, Iraq 2003 kuya ku-2011 (?), Libya 2011. Bathathe umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ezandleni zabo, futhi baba usongo olukhulu ekuthuleni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Esikhundleni sokuhlinzeka ngokuphepha kwangempela kweNtshonalanga Yurophu eyasungulwa ukuthi ikwenze, i-NATO isiphenduke irakhethi yokuvikela yamazwe ngamazwe. Izimiso zaseNuremberg zavala izimpi zobudlova, futhi i-Geneva Conventions on War yafuna ukulawula ukuthi izimpi zilwa kanjani, njengokungathi izimpi ziwuhlobo oluthile lomdlalo. Emazwini kaCarl von Clausewitz, "Impi iwukuqhubeka kwezombusazwe ngezinye izindlela". Imibono enjalo ngempi kufanele yenqatshwe, futhi inani elikhulu lezinsiza ezichithwa empini namalungiselelo ezimpi kufanele lidluliselwe ekudaleni nasekugcineni ukuthula ngokweqiniso.

Ngokombono, uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN kuphela ongagunyaza izenzo zezempi ngokumelene namazwe angamalungu eNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene bese kuba ngenjongo yokugcina ukuthula kwangempela kwamazwe ngamazwe. Izaba ezivela emazweni amaningi azisebenzisayo zihlanganisa ukuthi izimpi zawo ezinonya ziyadingeka ukuze amazwe awo azivikele noma avikele izithakazelo zawo zezwe, noma ukungenelela mbumbulu kokusiza abantu.

Amabutho anonya akufanele abe khona kulezi zikhathi eziyingozi esintwini lapho impi ehlukumezayo yenza umonakalo omkhulu esintwini ngokwaso nasendaweni ehlala abantu. Ibutho lezokuvikela langempela liyadingeka ukuze kuvinjwe izinduna zempi, izigebengu zamazwe ngamazwe, omashiqela namaphekula, okuhlanganisa namaphekula asezingeni likahulumeni anjenge-NATO, ekwenzeni ukuhlukumeza okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu nokucekelwa phansi kwePlanethi yethu Yomhlaba. Esikhathini esidlule amabutho e-Warsaw Pact ahlanganyela ezenzweni ezinolaka ezingenasizathu empumalanga yeYurophu, futhi amandla ombuso waseYurophu kanye namakoloni enza amacala amaningi ngokumelene nobuntu kumakoloni awo angaphambili. UMqulu weNhlangano yeziZwe wawuhloselwe ukuba yisisekelo sohlelo oluthuthuke kakhulu lwezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe olwaluzoqeda la macala obugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. Ukushintshwa komthetho ngokubusa konya kwe-US kanye ne-NATO, cishe nakanjani kuzokopishwa yilawo mazwe anomuzwa wokuthi ubukhosi nokuphepha kwawo kusongelwa izifiso ze-NATO zokuba umqaphi womhlaba wonke.

Umbono womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wokungathathi hlangothi wethulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1800s ukuze kuvikelwe izifundazwe ezincane kulolo dlame, futhi i-Hague Convention V yokungathathi hlangothi yango-1907 yaba futhi isewucezu oluqondile lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wokungathathi hlangothi. Okwamanje, i-Hague Convention on Neutrality iye yaqashelwa njengoMthetho Wesintu Wamazwe Ngamazwe, okusho ukuthi zonke izifundazwe zibophekile ukuthobela izinhlinzeko zawo ngisho noma zingakasayini noma zingakawugunyazi lo mhlangano.

Kuye kwaphikiswa futhi ngochwepheshe bezomthetho bamazwe ngamazwe abafana no-L. Oppenheim no-H. Lauterbach ukuthi noma isiphi isimo esingeyona impi kunoma iyiphi impi ethile, sithathwa njengengathathi hlangothi kuleyo mpi, ngakho-ke sibophekile ukusebenzisa izimiso. kanye nemikhuba yokungathathi hlangothi phakathi naleyo mpi. Nakuba amazwe angathathi hlangothi enqatshelwe ukubamba iqhaza emifelandawonye yezempi akukho ukuvinjelwa ekubambeni iqhaza emifelandawonye yezomnotho noma yezepolitiki. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okungenasisekelo kwezijeziso zezomnotho njengendlela yokujezisa ngokuhlanganyela kufanele kuthathwe njengobudlova ngenxa yemiphumela elimazayo leyo unswinyo engaba nayo kubantu abavamile ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yokungathathi hlangothi isebenza kuphela ezindabeni zezempi nokubamba iqhaza ezimpini, ngaphandle kokuzivikela kwangempela.

Kunokwehluka okuningi emikhubeni nasekusetshenzisweni kokungathathi hlangothi eYurophu nakwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kuhluka kuhlanganisa i-spectrum kusuka kokungathathi hlangothi okuhlonyiswe kakhulu ukuya kokungathathi hlangothi okungahlomile. Amanye amazwe anjengeCosta Rica awanawo nhlobo amasosha. Incwadi yamaqiniso ye-CIA ibala amazwe noma izindawo ezingama-36 njengangenawo amabutho ezempi, kodwa inani elincane kuphela lalawo elizofaneleka njengezifunda ezizimele ngokugcwele. Amazwe anjalo eCosta Rica athembele emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe ukuze avikele izwe lawo ekuhlaselweni, ngendlela efanayo izakhamuzi zamazwe ahlukahlukene ezithembele ekubuseni kwemithetho kazwelonke ukuze zizivikele. Amaphoyisa nje ayadingeka ukuvikela izakhamizi ezifundazweni, kudingeka uhlelo lwamaphoyisa lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuvikela amazwe amancane emazweni amakhulu anolaka. Amasosha okuvikela angempela ayadingeka kule njongo.

Ngokusungulwa nokusabalala kwezikhali zenuzi nezinye izikhali ezicekela phansi abantu abaningi, alikho izwe, okuhlanganisa i-US, iRussia neChina, elingasenasiqinisekiso sokuthi lingakwazi ukuvikela amazwe alo nezakhamizi zalo ekukhungathekeni. Lokhu sekuholele ekutheni inkolelo-mbono ehlanyiswa ngempela yezokuphepha emhlabeni wonke ebizwa ngokuthi i-Mutually Assured Destruction, efushaniswe ngokufanelekile ngokuthi MAD yaqala impi yenuzi ngokumelene neJapane ngo-6^th Agasti 1945.

ISwitzerland ithathwa njengezwe elingathathi hlangothi kakhulu emhlabeni, kangangoba ayizange ijoyine ngisho neNhlangano Yezizwe kwaze kwaba muva nje mhla zi-2 kuSeptemba 2002. Amanye amazwe anjenge-Austria neFinland anokungathathi hlangothi okuqukethwe kuMthethosisekelo wawo kodwa kuyo yomibili. amacala, ukungathathi hlangothi kwabekwa kubo ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe 2, ngakho bobabili kungenzeka manje sebephokophele ekuqedeni isimo sabo sokungathathi hlangothi. ISweden, i-Ireland, iCyprus kanye neMalta abathathi hlangothi njengendaba yenqubomgomo kaHulumeni futhi ezimweni ezinjalo, lokhu kungashintshwa ngesinqumo sikahulumeni. Ukungathathi hlangothi ngokomthethosisekelo kuyisinqumo esingcono ngoba kuyisinqumo esithathwa abantu balelo zwe esikhundleni sosopolitiki balo, futhi noma yiziphi izinqumo zokulahla ukungathathi hlangothi kuyiwe empini zingenziwa kuphela ngenhlolovo, ngaphandle kokuzivikela kwangempela. .

Uhulumeni wase-Ireland wenze ukwephulwa okukhulu kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokungathathi hlangothi ngokuvumela amasosha ase-US ukuthi asebenzise isikhumulo sezindiza sase-Shannon njengendawo yomoya eya phambili ukuze alwe izimpi zawo zobudlova eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukungathathi hlangothi kwaseCyprus kufakwa engcupheni yokuthi iBrithani isaphethe izizinda ezimbili ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi Izizinda Zobukhosi eCyprus iBrithani eyisebenzise kakhulu ukulwa nezimpi zayo zonya eMpumalanga Ephakathi. I-Costa Rica ihlukile njengesinye sezifunda ezimbalwa ezingathathi hlangothi ngokweqiniso e-Latin America futhi ephumelele kakhulu kokungathathi hlangothi lapho. ICosta Rica 'ichitha' izinsiza zayo eziningi zezezimali ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, imfundo, ukunakekela izakhamizi zayo ezisengozini kakhulu, futhi iyakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngoba ayinabutho futhi ayihlanganyeli ezimpini nanoma ubani.

Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-US kanye ne-NATO bathembisa iRussia ukuthi i-NATO ngeke inwetshwe emazweni asempumalanga ye-Europe nakwamanye amazwe asemingceleni yeRussia. Lokhu bekuyosho ukuthi wonke amazwe asemingceleni yaseRussia azobhekwa njengamazwe angathathi hlangothi, kuhlanganise neFinland engathathi hlangothi, kodwa futhi neBaltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, njll. Lesi sivumelwano saphulwa ngokushesha yi-US kanye ne-NATO. , kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlanganisa i-Ukraine ne-Georgia njengamalungu e-NATO yaphoqa uHulumeni waseRussia ukuba avikele lokho owawukubheka njengezinhloso zamasu kazwelonke ngokubuyisela iCrimea futhi athathe izifundazwe zaseNyakatho Ossetia ne-Abkhazia ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiRussia.

Kusenecala eliqinile okufanele lenziwe lokungathathi hlangothi kwazo zonke izifundazwe eziseduze nemingcele neRussia, futhi lokhu kuyadingeka ngokuphuthumayo ukuvimbela ukwanda kwezingxabano e-Ukraine. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi uma imibuso inolaka kwakheka izikhali ezinamandla ezizosetshenziswa lezi zikhali. Abaholi base-US abasebenzisa izikhali ze-athomu ngo-1945 babengezona i-MAD, babeyi-BAD nje. Izimpi zolaka sezivele zingekho emthethweni, kodwa kumele kutholakale izindlela zokuvikela lokho kungabi semthethweni.

Ngokwentshisekelo yesintu, kanye nentshisekelo yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kuPlanethi Yomhlaba, manje sekunecala eliqinile okufanele lenziwe ukuze kwandiswe umqondo wokungathathi hlangothi emazweni amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Inethiwekhi yokuthula esanda kumiswa ebizwa ngokuthi i-Veterans Global Peace Network www.VGPN.org  wethula umkhankaso wokukhuthaza amazwe amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuthi agcizelele ukungathathi hlangothi kwezempi kumithetho-sisekelo yawo futhi siyethemba ukuthi amanye amaqembu amaningi okuthula ezwe lonke nakwamanye amazwe azohlanganyela nathi kulo mkhankaso.

Ukungathathi hlangothi esingathanda ukukukhuthaza ngeke kube ukungathathi hlangothi okungekuhle lapho imibuso ishaya indiva izingxabano nokuhlupheka kwamanye amazwe. Ezweni elixhumene elisengozini esiphila kulo manje, impi kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomhlaba iyingozi kithi sonke. Sifisa ukukhuthaza ukungathathi hlangothi okuhle okusebenzayo. Ngalokhu sisho ukuthi amazwe angathathi hlangothi anelungelo eligcwele lokuzivikela kodwa awanalo ilungelo lokulwa nezinye izifundazwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kufanele kube ukuzivikela kwangempela futhi akuthetheleli iziteleka ezingamanga zangaphambi kokuzama ezinye izifundazwe noma 'ukungenelela kosizo' mbumbulu. Kuzophinde kubophezele amazwe angathathi hlangothi ukuthi akhuthaze futhi alekelele ekugcineni ukuthula nobulungiswa bamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuthula ngaphandle kobulungisa kuwukuphela kwesikhashana nje njengoba kwaboniswa yiMpi Yezwe Yokuqala neyesibili.

Umkhankaso onjalo wokungathathi hlangothi okuhle kwamazwe ngamazwe uzoqala ngokukhuthaza amazwe akhona angathathi hlangothi ukuthi alondoloze futhi aqinise ukungathathi hlangothi kwawo, bese ukhankasela ezinye izifundazwe zaseYurophu nakwezinye izindawo ukuba zibe yizifundazwe ezingathathi hlangothi. I-VGPN izosebenzisana ngokugcwele namanye amaqembu okuthula kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe ukuze kuzuzwe lezi zinhloso.

Kukhona ukuhluka okubalulekile emcabangweni wokungathathi hlangothi, futhi lokhu kufaka phakathi lokho kokungathathi hlangothi okungekuhle noma kokuzihlukanisa. Ukuhlambalaza okuphonswa ngezinye izikhathi emazweni angathathi hlangothi kuyingcaphuno evela kumbongi uDante: 'Izindawo ezishisa kakhulu esiHogweni zigcinelwe labo okuthi, ngesikhathi senhlekelele enkulu yokuziphatha, balondoloze ukungathathi hlangothi kwabo.' Kufanele sikuphonsele inselele lokhu ngokuphendula ngokuthi izindawo ezishisa kakhulu esihogweni kufanele zibekelwe labo abalwa izimpi zonya.

I-Ireland iyisibonelo sezwe eliye lasebenzisa ukungathathi hlangothi okuhle noma okusebenzayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba lajoyina iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1955, kodwa futhi nangenkathi yezimpi lapho lisekela iNhlangano Yezizwe ngentshiseko. Nakuba i-Ireland inombutho wezokuvikela omncane kakhulu wamasosha angaba ngu-8,000 kodwa ibisebenza kakhulu ekubambeni iqhaza ekugcinweni kokuthula kwe-UN kusukela ngo-1958 futhi ilahlekelwe amasosha angu-88 ashonele kule mishini ye-UN, okuyizinga eliphezulu labantu abalimalayo eMbuthweni Wezokuvikela omncane kangaka. .

Esimeni sase-Ireland ukungathathi hlangothi okuhle okusebenzayo kuphinde kwasho ukukhuthaza ngenkuthalo inqubo yokususa amakoloni, nokusiza amazwe asanda kuzimela kanye namazwe asathuthuka ngosizo olungokoqobo ezindaweni ezifana nezemfundo, izinsizakalo zezempilo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Ngeshwa, ikakhulukazi selokhu i-Ireland ijoyine i-European Union, futhi ikakhulukazi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, i-Ireland ithande ukudonselwa emikhubeni yezifunda ezinkulu ze-EU kanye namandla angaphambili angamakoloni ekuxhashazweni amazwe asathuthuka kunokuba iwasize ngokweqiniso. I-Ireland iphinde yalimaza kakhulu isithunzi sayo sokungathathi hlangothi ngokuvumela amasosha ase-US ukuthi asebenzise isikhumulo sezindiza sase-Shannon entshonalanga ye-Ireland ukulwa izimpi zayo zobudlova eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Amalungu e-US kanye ne-NATO e-EU abesebenzisa ingcindezi yezokuxhumana nezomnotho ukuzama ukuthola amazwe angathathi hlangothi eYurophu ukuthi alahle ukungathathi hlangothi kwawo, futhi ayaphumelela kule mizamo. Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi isijeziso sentambo asivunyelwe kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU futhi lokhu kuyintuthuko enhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amalungu e-NATO anamandla kakhulu futhi angamalungu e-EU abelokhu ebulala abantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokungemthetho kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule.

I-geography ingaphinde idlale indima ebalulekile ekungathathi hlangothi okuphumelelayo futhi indawo yesiqhingi sase-Ireland eseceleni komkhawulo osentshonalanga ye-Europe yenza kube lula ukugcina ukungathathi hlangothi kwayo, kuhlanganiswe neqiniso lokuthi ngokungafani neMpumalanga Ephakathi, i-Ireland inowoyela noma igesi imithombo encane kakhulu. Lokhu kuphambene namazwe anjengeBelgium neNetherlands okuye kwaphulwa ukungathathi-hlangothi kwawo izikhathi eziningana. Nokho, imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kufanele ithuthukiswe futhi isetshenziswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukungathathi hlangothi kwawo wonke amazwe angathathi hlangothi kuyahlonishwa futhi kuyasekelwa. Izici zendawo ziphinde zisho ukuthi amazwe ahlukene kungase kudingeke athathe uhlobo lokungathathi hlangothi olufanele izici zakhona zendawo nezinye zokuphepha.

ISivumelwano Sase-Hague (V) esihlonipha Amalungelo Nemisebenzi Yamandla Angathathi hlangothi kanye Nabantu Endabeni Yempi Yezwe, esasayinwa mhla ziyi-18 kuMfumfu we-1907. ingafinyelelwa kulesi sixhumanisi.

Nakuba inemikhawulo eminingi, iSivumelwano sase-Hague sokungathathi hlangothi sithathwa njengesisekelo semithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yokungathathi hlangothi. Ukuzivikela kwangempela kuvunyelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokungathathi hlangothi, kodwa lesi sici sihlukunyezwe kakhulu amazwe anolaka. Ukungathathi hlangothi okusebenzayo kungenye indlela esebenzayo kunezimpi zobudlova. Kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi i-NATO isibe usongo olukhulu ekuthuleni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Le phrojekthi yokungathathi hlangothi kwamazwe ngamazwe kufanele ibe yingxenye yomkhankaso obanzi wokwenza i-NATO kanye nezinye izivumelwano zamasosha ezinolaka zingasebenzi.

INguquko noma Uguquko lweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene nakho kungenye into eseqhulwini, kodwa lowo ngumsebenzi wolunye usuku.

Izinhlangano zokuthula kanye nabantu kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba bayamenywa ukuthi babambe iqhaza kulo mkhankaso ngokubambisana neVeterans Global Peace Network noma ngokuhlukene futhi kufanele bazizwe bekhululekile ukwamukela noma ukulungisa iziphakamiso kulo mbhalo.

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela uthinte uManuel Pardo, uTim Pluta, noma u-Edward Horgan ku  vgpn@riseup.net.

Sayina isicelo!