Inkohlakalo yokulwa nomlilo yaseMelika inamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nabantu abagulayo emiphakathini eduze nezisekelo zezempi zase-US emhlabeni jikelele
Kokubili, ukukhandleka kabili nokukhathazeka;
Ukushisa komlilo kanye ne-caldron bubble.
Isihlungi senyoka enamandla,
Esibilini se-caldron bese ubhaka.
- UMacbeth, uWilliam Shakespeare
NguPat Elder, World BEYOND War, Disemba 2, 2018
AbaseMarine bacisha umlilo ngesikhathi bezivocavoca eMarine Corps Air Station eCherry Point, eHavelock, eNorth Carolina, ngo-Agasti 28, 2013. Isithombe: Lance Cpl. UShawn Valosin / Amasosha aseMelika
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I-per-flouro octane-sulfo-nate noma PFOS, ne-Per-flouro-octa-noic acid noma PFOA, ingabe izithako ezisebenzayo ku-foam ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha amasosha ukuba aqede umlilo wezindiza ezisekelweni zasezempi zase-US emhlabeni jikelele. Amakhemikhali anobuthi avumelekile ukuba angene emhlabathini ozungezile ukuze abonakele amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Umphumela ungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu zokungcoliswa kwamanzi emlandweni wesintu.
Ungabaze lokho? Chofoza ku-Google News bese ufaka: “I-PFOS PFAO Military Base.” Ngemuva kwalokho, buya ufunde yonke le ndatshana - bese uziqinisa. Kubi.
Amanzi ezinkulungwaneni zemithombo ekufakweni kwamasosha ase-US naseduze komhlaba wonke ahlolwe futhi akhonjisiwe ukuthi aqukethe amazinga ayingozi e-PFOS ne-PFOA. Imiphumela yezempilo yokuchayeka kulawa makhemikhali ifaka ukuphuphuma kwesisu kaningi nezinye izinkinga ezinzima zokukhulelwa, njengezinkinga zesikhathi eside zokuzala. Zingcolisa ubisi lwebele lomuntu futhi zigulisa izingane ezincelisa ibele. I-PFOS ne-PFOA zifaka isandla ekulimaleni kwesibindi, umdlavuza wezinso, i-cholesterol ephezulu, ukwehla kwempendulo emithini yokugoma, ingozi eyandayo yesifo se-thyroid, kanye nomdlavuza wamasende, i-micro-penis, nokubalwa kwesidoda esiphansi kwabesilisa.
I-Pentagon uye wazi ngomthelela omubi I-PFOS ne-PFOA inempilo yabantu kanye nemvelo kusukela nge-1974, futhi iqhubeka isebenzisa lezi ziphunga ezinobuthi namuhla.
Nge-2001, i Izwe lase-US liyaqonda ngokugcwele ubukhulu benkinga. Bebazi ukuthi amagwebu acima umlilo asetshenziswa ezisekelweni emhlabeni wonke ayenemifula enobuthi namanzi emithombo emiphakathini ezungezile, kepha babekhathazekile ukuthi ukumemezela ukungcoliswa okubulalayo kungabiza ngokweqile, ngakho-ke, banquma ukukuthula futhi baqhubeka nokusebenzisa amagwebu - ngaphandle kokuphenya ukuthi noma ngubani obevule noma evala izisekelo ubekade egula.
Manje, bazokhokha intengo
ingase isongele yona kanye ukusinda
embusweni wamazwe aseMelika.
Ngicabanga ukuthi ngiyidlulile? Khona-ke, cishe awuzange i-Google it like ngiphakamise phezulu kwalesi sigaba.
Le nto ikhulile ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokugcina.
Hlola ukubika okukhazimulayo kukaTara Copp I-Military Times, incwadi ye-Gannett News. Uchungechunge lwakhe lubonisa ukuhlupheka okungaqondakali kwabesifazane abasebasha emasosha abaphuza amanzi ngesisekelo. Izingcezu zakhe, kuhlanganise, Okwenza abesifazane batshelwe ukuthi "Ungakhulelwa eGeorge Airbase." kunzima ukufunda ngoba baxhumanisa ukungcola kokuhlupheka kwabantu nokufa. Abesifazane abaningi babika ukuhlukunyezwa okuningi, abanye babenabantwana abangakazalwa. Amasosha ayenqaba ukukhipha amarekhodi wezokwelapha kwabesifazane abahluphekile ezweni lonke.
Kuthiwani ngabesifazane (nabesilisa nabantwana) ezisekelweni nasemadolobheni azungezile ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwe-US, njengaye I-Spangdahlem Airbase, eJalimane futhi I-Kadena Airbase, Okinawa? Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-PFOS ne-PFOA kuye kwatholakala emifuleni eduze kwalezo zisekelo. Abatholi ukuvikelwa. AbaseMelika abaphuthumayo ukuhlola amanzi abo, noma inhlabathi yabo, noma izilwane zasendle.
Iziphathimandla zendawo ezifuna umthombo wamanzi anobuthi e-Okinawa zenqatshelwe ukufinyelela ezikhungweni ezimbili zase-US. Ukwenqaba kubonisa isibonelo sakamuva sesivumelwano seJapan - US Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) esivimba izikhulu zaseJapan ezizama ukulungisa izinkinga zezempilo ezibhekene nezakhamizi zakule ndawo.
I-SOFA, nelimi layo le-boilerplate, libeka umthetho wombuso. Ithi, "Ngaphakathi kwezikhungo nezindawo, i-United States ingathatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokusungula, ukusebenza, ukuvikela nokulawula."
Inkinga ixazululwe?
Kukhona ukungcola okuphawulekayo eBelgium. AbaseMelika banesizathu sokungcoliswa kwezempi e-US Army Garrison Benelux Caserne Daumerie eChièvres, eBelgium. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba anobuthi anobuthakathaka avela phansi. Amalungu omphakathi wendawo axwayiswe ukuthi angaphuzi amanzi futhi anikezwe ngamanzi amabhodlela. Umyalo wezempi usithulile, ufihle ngemuva kwe-SOFA enikeza igunya le-blanche ikhadi lokubhubhisa umhlaba nabakhileyo kuwo.
Ngenkathi i-EU kanye ne-UN bethathe izinyathelo zokulawula la ma-poison, amasosha ase-US aqhubeka nokuwasebenzisa kumagwebu abo okulwa nomlilo eYurophu nasemhlabeni jikelele. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kunomthethonqubo kusukela maphakathi namashumi ayisithupha othi kumele basebenzise ama-fluorochemicals abulalayo. Khonamanjalo, osokhemisi baseMelika baklame indawo yokulwa namagwebu elwa nomlilo esebenza kahle ngaphandle kwazo zonke izingozi zemvelo nezempilo, kepha amasosha aseMelika awafuni ukuyisebenzisa. Esikhundleni salokho, ezempi zisebenzisa izigidi uku susa isikhumba sofuba esicwebezelayo esinezici ezinobuthi ezinobuthi.
Kuwo wonke ama-US, lapho sisenezinsalela ze-EPA eyake yabaluleka, futhi sisenezikhulu ezinamandla nezisebenza kahle zombuso ezisebenza ngamanzi, ezempi ngokuvamile ziyenqaba ukuvuma ukulimala noma zenze lukhulu ukuthuthukisa le nkinga.
Nansi isampuli emfushane ngendlela uMbutho Wezempi osanda kuwenza ngayo esimweni esibucayi.
- UDayton, uMqondisi Wezamanzi e-Ohio uthumele isexwayiso kubahlali bakhona ngokungcola kwePFOS okuvela eWright Patterson Airbase. Juni, 2018
"Ngeshwa, i-Air Force ayikwenzi, futhi yingakho ngibhala." - I-Air Force inqaba ukubuyisela imiphakathi emithathu yaseColorado ngemali esetshenzisiwe ekuphenduleni amanzi anobuthi yi-PFAS ne-PFAO esetshenziselwa ukuqhuma umlilo ePeterson Air Force Base. Amadolobheni ampofu ane-$ 11 ithebhu yezigidi. Amanzi e-El Paso County, Texas aphephile ukuphuza. I-Air Force usolwa ngamanye imithombo ngokuba kungcolisa amanzi.
- I-Air Force yaqala ukuphika isicelo sezakhamuzi zaseNew Hampshire ezazifuna ukuba kwenziwe isifundo. Baphuza amanzi aphethwe yiPortsmouth, kusho i-Air Force babengenayo imali ukukhokha isifundo. Ngemuva kokuhlukunyezwa kwesakhamuzi, i-Air Force ivumile ukukhokha imali eyizigidi ezingu-14.3 ekwakheni indawo yokunakekelwa kwamanzi ukususa i-PFOS ne-PFOA emithonjeni yomuzi. (Thatha inothi.)
- Khonamanjalo, uMbutho Wezomoya usishaya indiva isinqumo saseMichigan esithi asinikeze amanzi okuphuza aphephile endaweni yase-Oscoda-Wurtsmith. Isisekelo se-B-52 savalwa ngo-1993 kanti amanzi ahlala ebulala. Ngenyanga edlule, iziphathimandla zezempilo eMichigan zakhipha iseluleko esithi 'Ungadli' sezinyamazane ezithathwe ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka eWurtsmith Air Force Base endala. Sekuphele iminyaka engama-25 isiphuzo sezinyamazane zamanzi asemifuleni sisenobuthi.
Ngokusho kwe-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), iPFOS ne-PFOA zithathwa njengezingcolile. "Okungcolisayo okuqhamukayo" kuyikhemikhali elibonwa "njengengozi ebonakalayo, engaba namandla, noma yangempela empilweni yomuntu noma emvelweni noma ngokuntuleka kwezindinganiso zezempilo ezishicilelwe." I-EPA ayilawuli i-PFOS ne-PFOA! Esikhundleni salokho ibeke ihlombe lamahlombe ama-70 izingxenye nge-trillion ye-Lifetime Health Advisory yamanzi okuphuza. Okwamanje, ososayensi abaneNyuvesi yaseNyakatho Carolina bathi isilinganiso esiphephile se-PFOA kanye / noma i-PFOS emanzini okuphuza yi-1 ppt.
I-EPA ithuthukise uHlelo Lokuqondisa Impilo Ezingekho Emthethweni ku-1978 ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi emphakathini ngezidakamizwa ezihlobene nokuchitha ukuphela kokuphela kokungcola okungasithinta izinga lokuphuza amanzi kodwa akulawulwa ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuphuza Amanzi Okuphuza. I-EPA ibhala izincomo zezeMpilo ezingaphezu kwezingcolisi ze-200, kuhlanganise ne-FFOS ne-PFOA. Eziningi zalezi zingcola zilawulwa ngokuqinile yizizwe emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa zilungile ukuthi baseMelika baphuze.
Uma kungekho uhulumeni wesifundazwe kule nkinga, abanye bathi, kuhlanganise neNew Jersey, sebeqale ukulawula amakhemikhali emingcele ephansi kakhulu kune-EPA. UMnyango Wezokuvikelwa Kwezemvelo waseNew Jersey uqalise umthethonqubo wokuqala we-PFAS onzima. Ukungcola kwamanzi amanzi ku-Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst kwaba njengoba phezulu njenge-264,300 ppt, futhi lokho kuhle kakhulu nge-EPA
I-EPA uyaqhubeka nokuvuma amakhemikhali amasha anobuthi wePFAS naphezu kokungcola okusabalele. IMelika, kubonakala sengathi iyibhizinisi lobugebengu.
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Thola izinhlayiya emanzini aseduze nawe.
Uhlu lwe-NAVY lwe-"kungenzeka" ukungcola alukwazi ukukhombisa amazinga okungahlambuluki.
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