I-US idlulisela inkundla yezindiza kumabutho kahulumeni wase-Iraq ngo-2020. Isikweletu: isizinda somphakathi
nguMedea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, CODEPINK for Ukuthula, Julayi 12, i-2021
At I-Bagram air-base, Abathengisi bezinsalela base-Afghan sebevele bacosha emathuneni amathuluzi empi ase-US kuze kube muva nje lapho ikomkhulu leMelika lithathe iminyaka engu-20 izwe labo. Izikhulu zase-Afghanistan zithi amabutho aseMelika okugcina kushelele kusuka eBagram ekufeni kobusuku, ngaphandle kwesaziso noma ukuhlangana.
AmaTaliban andisa ngokushesha ukulawula kwawo ezifundeni ezingamakhulu, imvamisa ngezingxoxo phakathi kwabadala bendawo, kodwa futhi nangamandla lapho amabutho athembekile kuhulumeni waseKabul enqaba ukunikela ngamasosha awo nezikhali zawo.
Emasontweni ambalwa edlule, amaTaliban alawula ikota yezwe. Manje sekungokwesithathu. Bathatha izintambo zokuthunyelwe kwemingcele kanye nezindawo ezinkulu ezisendaweni enyakatho yezwe. Lokhu kufaka hlangana iindawo ebekade ziyizizinda ze- Umfelandawonye WaseNyakatho, umbutho wamasosha owavimbela amaTaliban ekuhlanganiseni izwe ngaphansi kombuso wabo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990.
Abantu abanenhloso enhle emhlabeni wonke banethemba lekusasa elinokuthula labantu base-Afghanistan, kepha okuwukuphela kwendima esemthethweni i-United States engayidlala lapho manje ukukhokha, nganoma iyiphi indlela, ngomonakalo owenzile nobuhlungu kanye ukufa kubangele. Ukuqagela esigabeni sezepolitiki sase-US kanye nabezindaba ezinkampani mayelana nokuthi i-US ingagcina kanjani ukuqhuma kwamabhomu futhi kubulale abantu base-Afghanistan kusukela "phezulu" kufanele kuphele. I-US kanye nohulumeni wabo onodoli abakhohlakele balahlekelwe yile mpi. Manje sekusezandleni zabantu base-Afghanistan ukwakha ikusasa labo.
Ngakho-ke kuthiwani ngesinye isigameko sobugebengu esingapheli saseMelika, i-Iraq? Imithombo yezindaba yaseMelika ikhuluma nge-Iraq kuphela lapho abaholi bethu bezinqumela ngokungazelelwe ukuthi phezu 150,000 amabhomu nemicibisholo abayibeke e-Iraq naseSyria kusukela ngo-2001 kwakunganele, futhi ukulahla okunye okumbalwa kozakwethu base-Iran lapho kuzothokozisa abanye oKlebe eWashington ngaphandle kokuqala impi ephelele ne-Iran.
Kepha kuma-Iraqi ayizigidi ezingama-40, njengama-Afghani ayizigidi ezingama-40, inkundla yempi ekhethwe ngobuwula kakhulu eMelika yizwe labo, hhayi nje indaba yezindaba ezithile. Baphila impilo yabo yonke ngaphansi kwemiphumela engapheli yempi ye-neocons yokubhujiswa okukhulu.
Ama-Iraqi amancane batheleke ezitaladini e2019 bekhalaza iminyaka engu-16 kahulumeni okhohlakele owenziwa ngabadingiswa bakudala i-United States idlulisela kubo izwe labo nemali etholwa uwoyela. Le mibhikisho yango-2019 ibibhekiswe enkohlakalweni nokwehluleka kukahulumeni wase-Iraq ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi kanye nezinsizakalo kubantu bakhe, kepha futhi nakumathonya angaphandle azinikelayo e-United States nase-Iran kubo bonke ohulumeni base-Iraq kusukela kuhlaselwa ngo-2003.
Kwasungulwa uhulumeni omusha ngoMeyi 2020, oholwa nguNdunankulu waseBrithani-e-Iraq uMustafa al-Kadhimi, phambilini wayeyinhloko ye-Intelligence Service yase-Iraq futhi, ngaphambi kwalokho, intatheli kanye nomhleli we-website yezindaba yase-Al-Monitor Arab yase-US. $ 150 billion emalini etholwa uwoyela e-Iraq yizikhulu zohulumeni bangaphambilini, iningi labo okwakungabadingiswa baseNtshonalanga njengaye. Futhi uhamba umugqa omuhle ukuzama ukusindisa izwe lakhe, ngemuva kwakho konke okwenzekile, ekubeni phambili kwezempi entsha yase-US e-Iran.
Iziteleka zezindiza zakamuva zaseMelika zibhekise ngqo kwabezokuphepha e-Iraq Amabutho Wokugqugquzela Okudumile (PMF), eyasungulwa ngo-2014 ukulwa ne-Islamic State (IS), umbutho wezenkolo osontekile owavela ngesinqumo sase-US, eminyakeni eyishumi kuphela ngemuva kuka-9/11, ukuze kuvulwe ingalo Al Qaeda empini yommeleli waseNtshonalanga neSiriya.
Ama-PMF manje aqukethe cishe amasosha ayi-130,000 kumayunithi angama-40 noma ngaphezulu ahlukile. Iningi labo laqashwa amaqembu namaqembu ezombusazwe ase-Iranian, kepha ayingxenye ebalulekile yamasosha ase-Iraq futhi adunyiswa ngokudlala indima ebalulekile empini ne-IS.
Imithombo yezindaba yaseNtshonalanga imele ama-PMF njengezimpi i-Iran engakwazi ukuyicisha nokuyicisha njengesikhali sokulwa ne-United States, kepha lezi zingxenye zinezifiso zazo kanye nezinhlaka zokwenza izinqumo. Lapho i-Iran izamile ukudambisa ukungezwani ne-United States, ibingakwazi njalo ukulawula ama-PMF. UGeneral Haider al-Afghani, isikhulu se-Iranian Revolutionary Guard esiphethe ukusebenzisana ne-PMF, muva nje ucele ukudluliswa e-Iraq, ekhala ngokuthi ama-PMF akamnaki.
Selokhu kwabulawa iMelika nguGeneral Soleimani wase-Iran nomphathi we-PMF u-Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis ngoJanuwari 2020, ama-PMF azimisele ngokuphoqa amasosha okugcina aseMelika ukuba aphume e-Iraq. Ngemuva kokubulawa, isiGungu Sikazwelonke Sase-Iraq saphasisa isinqumo sokuthi amabutho ase-US kumele shiya i-Iraq. Ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamabhanoyi e-US ngokumelene namayunithi we-PMF ngoFebhuwari, i-Iraq ne-United States bavumelana ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli ukuthi amabutho empi ase-US azokwenza kanjalo hamba kungekudala.
Kepha alukho usuku olubekiwe, asikho isivumelwano esinemininingwane esisayiniwe, ama-Iraq amaningi akakholelwa ukuthi amabutho ase-US azohamba, futhi awamethembi uhulumeni waseKadhimi ukuthi uzoqinisekisa ukuthi bayahamba. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esisemthethweni, amanye amabutho e-PMF amelane nezicelo zokuthi kwehliswe uhulumeni wabo kanye ne-Iran, bakhuphula nokuhlaselwa kwamasosha aseMelika.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izingxoxo zaseVienna mayelana nesivumelwano senuzi i-JCPOA seziphakamise ukwesaba kubaphathi be-PMF ukuthi i-Iran ingahle ibenze njengecebo lokuxoxisana esivumelwaneni senuzi esenziwe kabusha ne-United States.
Ngakho-ke, ngenhloso yokusinda, abaphathi be-PMF sebebaningi Ozimele wase-Iran, futhi bahlakulele ubudlelwano obuseduze noNdunankulu uKadhimi. Lokhu kufakazelwe ngokuhambela kukaKadhimi ngobukhulu i-parade yezempi ngoJuni 2021 ukugubha iminyaka engu-XNUMX kwasungulwa i-PMF.
Ngakusasa, i-US yaqhumisa ngamabhomu amabutho e-PMF e-Iraq naseSyria, ekhipha ukusola komphakathi kuKadhimi nakwikhabhinethi yakhe njengokuhlukumeza ubukhosi base-Iraq. Ngemuva kokwenza iziteleka zokuziphindiselela, i-PMF yamemezela ukumiswa kabusha komlilo ngoJuni 29, okusobala ukuthi kuzonikeza uKadhimi isikhathi esithe xaxa sokuphothula isivumelwano sokuhoxa. Kepha ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kamuva, abanye babo baphinde bahlasela i-rocket ne-drone ekuhlaselweni kwe-US.
Ngenkathi uTrump eziphindisela kuphela lapho ukuhlaselwa kwamarokhethi e-Iraq kubulala abaseMelika, isikhulu esiphezulu e-US siveze ukuthi uBiden ukwenzile yehlise ibha, esongela ukuphendula ngama-airstrikes noma ngabe ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha ase-Iraq kungadala ukulimala kwe-US.
Kodwa iziteleka zasemoyeni zase-US ziholele ekunyukeni kodweshu nokwenyuka okwengeziwe ngamasosha ase-Iraq. Uma amabutho ase-US ephendula ngama-airstrikes amaningi noma anzima, i-PMF kanye nabalingani be-Iran esifundeni sonke bangaphendula ngokuhlaselwa okusabalele ezindaweni zase-US. Ukuqhubeka lokhu kukhuphuka futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuxoxisana ngesivumelwano sangempela sokuhoxa, iKadhimi izothola ingcindezi enkulu kwi-PMF, nakweminye imikhakha yomphakathi wase-Iraq, ukukhombisa amabutho ase-US umnyango.
Isizathu esisemthethweni sokuba khona kwe-US, kanye nalawo amabutho okuqeqesha e-NATO e-Iraq Kurdistan, ukuthi uMbuso WamaSulumane usasebenza. Umuntu owayezibulala ngebhomu wabulala abantu abangama-32 eBaghdad ngoJanuwari, kanti i-IS isanxusa kakhulu abantu abasha ababecindezelwe esifundeni nasezweni lamaSulumane. Ukwehluleka, inkohlakalo nokucindezelwa kohulumeni abalandela ngemuva kuka-2003 e-Iraq kunikeze inhlabathi evundile.
Kepha i-United States ngokusobala inesinye isizathu sokugcina amabutho e-Iraq, njengesisekelo esiphambili empini yayo yokulwa ne-Iran. Yilokho kanye uKadhimi azama ukukugwema ngokufaka amabutho aseMelika esikhundleni seNATO eholwa yiDenmark ukuqeqeshwa mission e-Kurdistan yase-Iraq. Lo mkhankaso unwetshwa usuka ku-500 uye okungenani emabuthweni we-4,000, akhiwe ngamasosha aseDenmark, eBrithani naseTurkey.
Ukube uBiden ubesheshe ujoyine kabusha i-JCPOA isivumelwano senuzi ne-Iran sokuthatha izintambo, ukungezwani kuzobe sekuphansi manje, futhi amasosha ase-US e-Iraq kungenzeka ukuthi asevele esekhaya. Esikhundleni salokho, uBiden ngokunganaki wagwinya iphilisi lobuthi lenqubomgomo kaTrump yase-Iran ngokusebenzisa “ingcindezi enkulu” njengendlela “yokuphakamisa”, okwandisa umdlalo wenkukhu ongapheli i-United States engeke iwunqobe — iqhinga u-Obama aqala ukuliqeda eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule ngu isayina i-JCPOA.
Ukuhoxa kwe-US e-Iraq nase-JCPOA kuxhumene, izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile zenqubomgomo yokwenza ngcono ubudlelwano be-US ne-Iran kanye nokuqeda iqhaza eliphikisayo lase-US lokungenelela eMiddle East. Isici sesithathu sesifunda esizinzile futhi esinokuthula ukuzibandakanya kwezombusazwe phakathi kwe-Iran neSaudi Arabia, lapho i-Iraq kaKadhimi idlala khona indima ebucayi njengomlamuleli oyinhloko.
Asikaziwa isiphetho sesivumelwano senuzi sase-Iran. Umjikelezo wesithupha wezokuxhumana kweziphekepheke eVienna uphele ngoJuni 20, futhi alukabikho usuku olubekiwe lomzuliswano wesikhombisa okwamanje. Ukuzibophezela kukaMongameli Biden ekujoyineni lesi sivumelwano kubonakala kuthuthuke kakhulu kunakuqala, futhi uMengameli okhethwe uRaisi wase-Iran umemezele ukuthi ngeke avumele abaseMelika baqhubeke nokuveza izingxoxo.
In ingxoxo ngoJuni 25, uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States uBlinken wakhuphula i-ante ngokusongela ngokukhipha izingxoxo ngokuphelele. Uthe uma i-Iran iqhubeka nokusabalalisa ama-centrifuge asezingeni eliphezulu emazingeni aphezulu naphezulu, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuthi i-United States ibuyele esivumelwaneni sokuqala. Ebuzwa ukuthi ngabe iMelika ingahle ishiye yini izingxoxo noma nini, uthe, "Angikwazi ukubeka usuku kuyo, (kepha) iyasondela."
Okufanele kube "ukusondela impela" ukuhoxiswa kwamasosha ase-Iraq e-Iraq. Ngenkathi i-Afghanistan ivezwa “njengempi ende kunayo yonke” elwelwe yi-United States, amasosha ase-US abelokhu ehlasela i-Iraq ngamabhomu Engama-26 eminyakeni engama-30 edlule. Iqiniso lokuthi umbutho wezempi wase-US usaqhuba “izindiza ezihlasela izindiza” eminyakeni eyi-18 ngemuva kokuhlasela kwe-2003 futhi cishe iminyaka eyishumi selokhu kwaphela impi ngokusemthethweni, kufakazela ukuthi lokhu kungenelela kwamasosha ase-US kube yingozi kangakanani futhi kwaba yingozi kangakanani.
Ngokuqinisekile uBiden ubonakala efunde isifundo e-Afghanistan ukuthi i-US ayikwazi ukuqhumisa indlela yayo yokuthula noma ukufaka ohulumeni bamaphaphethi baseMelika ngokuthanda. Lapho ifakwa emaphephandabeni ngabezindaba mayelana nokuthi amaTaliban athola amandla njengoba amasosha aseMelika ehoxa, uBiden waphendula,
"Kulabo abaphikise ukuthi kufanele sihlale izinyanga eziyisithupha nje kuphela noma unyaka owodwa kuphela, ngibacela ukuba bacabangele izifundo zomlando wakamuva… Cishe iminyaka engama-20 yesipiliyoni isikhombisile, futhi isimo samanje sokuphepha siyakuqinisekisa lokho," unyaka owodwa kuphela 'wokulwa e-Afghanistan akusona isixazululo kepha kuyindlela yokuba lapho unomphela. Kuyilungelo nomthwalo wabantu base-Afghan kuphela ukunquma ikusasa labo nokuthi bafuna ukuphatha izwe labo kanjani. ”
Izifundo ezifanayo zomlando ziyasebenza nase-Iraq. I-US isivele ifakile ukufa okungaka nosizi kubantu base-Iraq, kwabhubhisa abaningi balo amadolobha amahle, futhi kwaveza udlame oluningi lwamahlelo kanye nokushiseka ngokweqile kwe-IS. Njengokuvalwa kwesisekelo esikhulu seBagram e-Afghanistan, uBiden kufanele aqede izisekelo zombuso ezisele e-Iraq abuyise amasosha ekhaya.
Abantu base-Iraq banelungelo elifanayo lokunquma ikusasa labo njengabantu base-Afghanistan, futhi wonke amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi anelungelo nomthwalo wokuhlala ngokuthula, ngaphandle kosongo lwamabhomu aseMelika nemicibisholo ehlala ilenga phezu kwabo futhi izingane zabo amakhanda.
Asethembe ukuthi uBiden ufunde esinye isifundo somlando: ukuthi iMelika kufanele iyeke ukuhlasela nokuhlasela amanye amazwe.
UMedea uBenjamin uhlanganisa CODEPINK for Ukuthula, nombhali wezincwadi eziningana, kufaka phakathi Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Umlando Weqiniso Nezombangazwe YeRiphabhulikhi Yase-Islamic yase-Iran.
UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimele, umcwaningi we-CODEPINK kanye nomlobi we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukuhlasela KweMelika nokubhujiswa kwe-Iraq.
