NguDavid Swanson
Amazwi at Isikhungo Sokuthula Sase-San Diego, Juni 23, 2018.
Kukhona izinto ezintathu ezicishe zingaphansi: isabelomali sezempi lase-US, ukuphazamiseka, nokudabuka.
Okokuqala, isabelomali sempi.
Isabelomali sezempi sase-US, kufaka phakathi zonke izinto ezempi eminyangweni ehlukahlukene, cishe i-60% yokusetshenziswa kwemali ehlonishwayo, okusho ukuchitha imali okwenziwa amalungu eCongress ngonyaka. Futhi, ngokulinganisa kwami okunzima kakhulu, isihloko esingaphansi kwe-1% yezingxoxo zokusetshenziswa kukahulumeni ezenziwa ngabalingani beCongress. Iningi lamaDemokhrasi egijima eCongress kulo nyaka linamawebhusayithi angazange avume ngisho nokuba khona kwenqubomgomo yangaphandle, ngaphandle kokuveza uthando lwabo oluthandekayo lwama-veteran. Benza umkhankaso we-40% womsebenzi.
Impikiswano yezombangazwe yase-US sekuyiminyaka eminyaka ihlanganiswe phakathi kwalabo abafuna uhulumeni omncane onenzuzo emphakathini, nalabo abafuna uhulumeni omkhulu ngokuthola izinzuzo ezingokwenhlalo. Omunye ofana nami ofuna uhulumeni omncane onenzuzo engaphezulu yomphakathi akakwazi ngisho nokuqonda. Kodwa akufanele kube nzima kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi uma uzoqeda uhlelo olulodwa oluncane olwenza i-60% yezindleko zokuqaphela, ungandisa izinto eziningi futhi ube nohulumeni omncane.
Isabelomali sezempi sase-US singaphezu kuka-$ 1 trillion. Lapho uzwa ummeli wokuthula utshele ukuthi izimpi zase-US eminyakeni yamuva ziye zalahleka inani elidabukisayo emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zezigidi noma eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane, lokho abakwenzayo kuvamile ukuchitha imali yempi njengendlela ethile ngaphandle kwezimpi. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kuwukuthi, ngencazelo, ukuchitha izimpi nokulungiselela izimpi. Futhi yi-$ 1 trillion njalo ngonyaka ngalokhu futhi akukho okunye okunye.
Uma uzwa ummeli wezomnotho ezitshengisa ukuthi ungakanani imali ongayithola ngokukhokha intela izigidigidi, kungaphansi kwesabelomali seminyaka engaphansi konyaka. Uma ngabe ukhokhisa wonke ama-dime kude nawo wonke ama-billionaire, ngizokuphonsa iqembu futhi ngiphakamise isilonda, kodwa ngonyaka olandelayo kuzodingeka ukhokhe intela izinkampani esikhundleni salokho, njengoba bekungeke kube namabhiliyoni asele. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izigidigidi zezempi zilokhu zigeleza, unyaka nonyaka. Ukuze uthole i-1% encane engamaRandi ayizigidi ezintathu ngonyaka, ungaqeda ukungabi namanzi okuphuza okuhlanzekile emhlabeni wonke. Mayelana ne-3% yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ngonyaka, ungaqeda ukulamba yonke indawo emhlabeni. Ukuze uthole izingxenyana ezinkulu ungafaka umzabalazo omkhulu ngokumelene nesimo sezulu. Ungakwazi ukuhlinzeka okuningi ngezwe ngamandla ahlanzekile, imfundo engcono, ukuphila okujabulisayo.
Ungenza ube othandwa kakhulu kule nqubo. Ngenkathi i-95% yokuhlasela kwamaphekula okuzibulala ishukunyiswa isifiso sokuthola umbutho wezempi ukuqeda umsebenzi, ngokunjalo i-0% yokuhlaselwa okunjalo kuze kube manje iye yashukunyiswa ukucasuka izipho zokudla, imithi, izikole, noma amandla ahlanzekile.
I-Militarism isongela i-apocalypse ye-nyukliya futhi iyona imbangela enkulu kunazo zonke yokushisa kwesimo sezulu kanye nokushona kwemvelo, kodwa esikhathini esifushane kubulala okuningi ngokushiya izimali ezivela emisebenzini ewusizo kunayo yonke inhlekelele ebulala abantu abaningi. Yilokho okusemqoka isabelomali sempi. Futhi "ngezingxabano zempi" Ngisho ukufaka indalo ngenhloso yendlala nezifo zezifo ezindawo ezifana neYemen, nokudala izihogo zokunciphisa ukuphila lapho ababaleki ababalekela khona kuphela ukuze bazizwe benqotshwe njengabafiki abangemthetho abangekho emthethweni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwempi yomhlaba wonke kungaba ngu-$ 2 trillion, okusho ukuthi lonke izwe lihlangene lenza cishe u-$ 1 trillion, ukuze lifanane ne-United States 'trillion. Ngakho-ke, manje ukhuluma ngenombolo engenakuqondakala, futhi inani elikwazi ukwenza okuhle okungenakucatshangelwa uma kuguqulwa, kuqondiswa futhi kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanele. Futhi angikwazi ngisho nokubala izigidigidi zamaRandi omonakalo odlamelwa yimpi ngonyaka. Imali engaphezulu kwezingxenye ezintathu zemali yokusetshenziswa kwempi yomhlaba isetshenziswa yi-United States kanye nabalingani abasondelene nabo kanye namakhasimende wezikhali lapho uhulumeni wase-United States encike kanzima ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo. I-China isebenzisa ingxenyana yalokho okushiwo yi-US, iRussia ingxenyana encane (futhi iRussia iye yehlisa imali yayo yokusebenzisa impi ngokuphawulekayo); I-Iran ne-North Korea ngayinye ichitha i-1 kumaphesenti angu-2 okwenziwa yi-US.
Yingakho i-Pentagon ihlukumezekile iminyaka eminingi ukubona isitha sokuthi kulungiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-US. Izikhulu zamasosha eminyakeni yamuva, kuhlanganise ngaphambi kokufika kukaTrump House eNkantolo eNkulu, ziye zazitshela izintatheli ukuthi izisusa ezenziwa yi-Cold War neRussia ziyizinkampani eziphathekayo. Ukuntuleka kwesitha sezwe esithembekile kuye kwacaca futhi kwaba yisisusa esizukulwaneni, ukugqweba nokudembula kwezintombazana ezincane, ezingezona zikahulumeni, kanye nokuthengiswa kwezimpi njengendlela yokuqeda izizwe ezincane ezingasongeli zezikhali ezingekho futhi ukuvimbela ukujamela uma ukubulawa kwabantu okuqanjiwe. Njengoba i-United States ihola njengomthengisi wezikhali eziphezulu emhlabeni wonke, izizwe ezihluphekile, nokucindezela, sekuye kwaba yinto engavamile ukuba zingabi nezikhali zase-US ezinhlangothini zombili zempi. Futhi isimo semikhakha esivela ekukhiqizeni izimpi, okwenza izitha eziningi kunalokho esiqedile, sesisungulwe kahle futhi sinakwa ngokweqile. Njengoba ngishilo ngaphambili, nginikezwe irekhodi lempi ngokulwa nobuphekula, ukulwa nezidakamizwa ezisakaze izidakamizwa, futhi impi yokuhlupheka ikhuphuka ubumpofu, ngizosekela ngokuqinile impi ngokuchuma, ukusimama nokujabula.
I-chunk enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwempi yase-US izogcina ezinye izizinda zasempi ze-1,000 kwamanye amazwe abantu. Zonke ezinye izizwe zomhlaba zihlangene zigcina izimbalwa eziyishumi nambili ngaphandle kwemingcele yazo. Ngesikhathi uMengameli uTrump usanda kubhekisela ekuqedeni kwempi ephela eKorea futhi kungenakukwazi ukuletha amabutho ase-United States ukuba avele lapho, amalungu amaningi eDemocratic Party eWashington, DC, nasezintweni zezokuxhumana alahlekelwe izingqondo zabo. USeninkulu uTammy Duckworth wabe esethula umthetho wokuvimbela ukulethela noma yikuphi ukuhlasela ekhaya, isenzo ayebhekwa njengaso siyobe sihlasela lawo masosha.
Ngidinga ukuma kancane emazwini ami lapha ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa ezidingekayo ezidabukisayo ezihlobene nobuntu, amaqembu kanye namabutho. Okokuqala, ubuntu. Angicabangi ukuthi yisiphi isizathu esibasizwa yi-deification noma idemoni kwanoma isiphi isopolitiki. Ngicabanga ukuthi okuhle kunawo wonke ohulumeni base-US benza okubi kakhulu kunokuhle, futhi okubi kunawo wonke benza okuhle ngezinye izikhathi. Ngicabanga ukuthi izishoshovu zidinga ukubheka inqubomgomo, hhayi ubuntu. Ngesikhathi iTrump isongela impi yenuzi eNyakatho Korea, ngangiyifuna impeachment yayo. Ngisalokhu ngifisa icala lakhe lokuhlukumezeka ngohlu olude lwezenzo ezingenakufinyeleleka ezingenakutholakala, okungekho okubandakanya ukusola okungenakuphikiswa nokungamangalelwa kokuthi uhlele u-Vladimir Putin ukuba abhekane nenkohlakalo, antidemocratically, engaqinisekisiwe, ephukile ngaphandle kwenkolelo ye-US yokhetho. Kodwa lapho uTrump eyeka ukusongela eNyakatho Korea futhi yaqala ukukhuluma ngokuthula, kwakungadingeki ukuba ngiphenduke ngokuthula ngoba ngiseqenjini le-Anti-Trump noma ilungu elithwala amakhadi kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi Ukuphikiswa okuvota ukuvotela i-Trump enkulu kakhulu impi isabelomali kanye nokwandiswa kwamandla omashiqela. Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi into eyinhloko uTrump eyeyenzile iyanqanda ukwandisa inkinga yendalo yakhe. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uhlazeke yividiyo yama-propaganda abonisa eSingapore, futhi ingxoxo yakhe engathembeki futhi engazi lutho ngezenzakalo zamuva. Kodwa abantu baseNingizimu Korea nezwe bebefuna ukuphela kwemibono yezempi, okuthiwa imidlalo yempi. Lapho uTrump ememezela into esiyifunayo, kufanele sikhombise ukuvuma kwethu futhi siphikelele ekulandeleni, ngoba kufanele sibe sehlangothini lokuthula futhi singakhathaleli umkhiwane ukuba sisehlangothini noma ngokumelene nenkosi yamanje i-kakistocracy. Uma ngikhuluma lokho, ngineminyaka engama-trillion miles ukusuka ekusekeleni iTrump ngenkokhelo yokuthula kaNobel. Ngisho noMongameli Moon, ofaneleka kakhulu, akusilo isishoshovu sokuthula esidinga imali yokusebenza kwempi eqeda. Abanye baseKorea nasemhlabeni wonke bayakufanelekela ngaphansi kwentando ka-Alfred Nobel.
Okwesibili, amaqembu. Ngifuna ukunikela nge-caveat efanayo. Ukuvuthwa kwemisebenzi akusizi ngokuzinikela kweqembu elincane lezombangazwe elimbi. Uma ufuna ukwenza okuncane okuvota ukuvotela ngosuku lokhetho, zikhiphe ngaphandle. Kodwa uma ungeke ukwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokuba u-apologist ngenxa yobubi beqembu elithile kulo lonke unyaka, akusilo ukuhweba okuhle. Lokho esikwenzayo ezinsukwini ezingezona ukhetho kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho esikwenzayo ezinsukwini zokukhethwa. Ukusebenza okungekho emthethweni kuzo zonke izigidi zayo zamafomu yilokhu okuye kwashintsha umhlaba njalo. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi kokubili okuncane nokubi kakhulu kuyaqhubeka nokukhula okubi kakhulu akusiyo ingxabano noma ngokumelene nokuvota okuncane okuncane, futhi ngokuqinisekile akuyona ingxabano yobubhikisho obubi obuncane.
Okwesithathu, amasosha. I-United States inomthetho wokulwa nobubha. Akekho ozithandela kulowo othiwa amasosha ezisebenzi zokuzithandela avunyelwe ukuyeka ukuzithandela. Isabelomali esikhulu sokwandisa izikhali ezingeyona empeleni amabutho. Ayikho impi eke yanikezwa ukuze kuzuze amabutho; futhi ukuphela kwanoma imuphi impi kuye kwabhubhisa amabutho. Umbulali ophezulu webutho lase-US uzibulala. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuzibulala kwezempi ukulimala ngokokuziphatha, okungukuthi ukuzisola ngokujulile ngalokho abafana nabesifazane abasondelayo ekuqaphelisweni ukuba bahlanganyele, okuwukuthi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi. Kunezimo zero eziqoshiwe zokulimala kokuziphatha noma i-PTSD noma ukulimala kobuchopho kusukela ekunqotweni kwempi. Ukuvuma ukuthi lokhu kuyisimiso esinonya kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokulungisa, hhayi ukuhlaselwa ngamabutho. Ukufuna amalungelo esintu ayisisekelo, njengekolishi yamahhala, umhlalaphansi oqinisekisiwe, noma isimo sezulu esizayo esingasetshenziswa amabutho kanye nabangewona amabutho ngokufanayo akuyona impi. Ukufuna ukuvuselela umsebenzi wamahhala kuwo wonke amabutho angaphambili ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa emnothweni onokuthula akulona olwa neqembu, ngisho noma umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi kufanele siyeke ukubiza ukubulala kwabantu isevisi futhi siyeke ukubonga noma ubani, ukuthi abantu kufanele bagibele izindiza esheshayo kunokuba i-militarist noma inqubo enenzuzo kunazo zonke, ukuthi abakhubazekile kunokuba abanjengifanethi kufanele bathole izindawo zokupaka eziseduze esitolo, nokuthi lezi zithuthi ezinjengezindiza akufanele zisetshenziswe njengezivakashi ezinhlanganweni ezingezona ezomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ngombono wami abavolonti ababuza ukuthi ngabe ungumpi we-anti-troop benza uhlobo oluyiphutha lokukhohliswa, kuyilapho amathegi we-hash akhuthaza ama-veteran wezimpi zamuva ukuthi enze izinkolelo zabo siqu ngalokho abakubiza ukuthi abekho ukulwa kuhlanzekile ukulwa nokuhlukumezeka kwezinto ezimbi kakhulu. Ungase uthande kakhulu intando yeningi noma inkululeko noma inkolo noma umndeni noma yinani leminye imishwana, kepha lokho akusho ukuthi uthunyelwe e-Iraq ngaleyo njongo noma ukuthi ukuhlala kwakho e-Iraq kuyenzela leyo njongo, noma ukuthi angikwazi ukusola ibhizinisi lobugebengu wawuyingxenye ngaphandle kokuphikisa wena nemibono yakho emihle.
Igama lokugcina mayelana nesabelomali esingaphansi kwesabelomali ngaphambi kokuba ngiye ngaphawula ukuthi ngingu-altruism ne-sadism. I-Trump isanda kuhlongoza imali yokugcina ngokuhlanganisa iMinyango Yezemfundo Nemisebenzi engenzi lutho futhi manje ibiza amaphesenti angu-7 ahlanganisiwe noma isabelomali sempi, ngenkathi iCongress imatasa yokusika izitembu zokudla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uTumpump uhlongoze ukwakha igatsha lonke elisha lezempi lase-US: amandla amakhulu. Umqondo wokuba isikhala esikhaliwe uye wavame kakhulu emotweni yase-US kusukela u-Operation Paperclip ulethe amakhulu amaNazi asuka eJalimane aye e-United States ezosebenza emasosha ase-US futhi athuthukise ama-rocket ase-US kanye nesimo se-US space. Ososayensi bamaNazi abasebenza eHuntsville, e-Alabama, babhekwa kabanzi yizakhamuzi ukuthi yilokho uTrump abiza ngokuthi ama-fascists ahamba edolobheni laseCharlottesville ngonyaka odlule, okungukuthi abantu abahle kakhulu. I-force force yesikhala iyisimanga esibi esisebenza ngezingqungquthela zama-troopist. Isiphakamiso sikaTump hhayi ukuthumela amabutho endaweni, kodwa ukwandisa imizamo yamanje yokuthumela izikhali endaweni. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla okugcina isikhala azoba nabenzi bezikhali futhi enze abenzi bezikhali zibe amasosha abathandayo abafisa ukuthi kufanele bahlonishwe ngokwezenkolo, yize kuphela into evimbela isivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokuvimbela zonke izikhali ezivela emkhathini sekuyiminyaka eminingi ibe nguhulumeni wase-United States. Njengoba izinkampani zezikhali manje zigibela ama-drones azo ezombutho wezempi wase-US kanye namagenja asetshenziswa kakhulu, ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlomula ngesimo samabutho sekusekhona kakade.
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Into yesibili okuvame ukucatshangelwa ukuthi iwukuziphendulela. Lokhu kubonakala kungavamile engxoxweni mayelana nempi nokuthula, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi kuyiqiniso nokho. Kungani abantu behlanganyela ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwabazali nezingane ababaleki? Akukhona nje ukuthatha izinhlangothi zeqembu lezombangazwe. Abantu ngokuvamile benza lokho ngenkathi behlezi kahle kumafasitela abo. Futhi akuyona ubugovu.
Abantu bahlangana ngokumelene nalesi senzo kubantwana nabazali, ngoba abantu banakekela izingane nabantwana. Kungani izigidi zabantu zihamba futhi zigijima futhi zixhasana ngokumelene nomdlavuza kanye ne-autism? Kungani abantu abamhlophe bevunguza izimpawu zeMnyama Lives Matter kanye namadoda ajoyina emanzini abesifazane? Kungani abantu befuna amalungelo kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo? Kungani abantu banikela ezinhlanganweni eziningi zokusiza? Kungani abantu abangewona abampofu behlanganyela emkhankasweni ompofu wabantu namuhla? Impendulo iwukuziphendulela. I-Altruism ayiyona imfihlakalo enengqondo edingekayo ukuba ichazwe noma yikuphi umoya ongaphezulu. Singazama ukuyiqonda kangcono, kodwa ukukhona kwayo kubonakala.
Lapho ngibhala incwadi ebizwa Lapho iMpi Yezwe Ephuliwe mayelana nokunyakaza kokuthula kuma-1920s, ngathola ukuthi izimpikiswano abantu abazisebenzisa ekuqedeni impi zaziyizingxabano zokuziphatha kaningi kunanamuhla, nokuthi zivame ukuphumelela kaningi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, namuhla, futhi amashumi eminyaka manje, sesizwile ezishoshovu zokuthula ukuthi ukuhlanganisa abantu ngokuthula kufanele ugxile ezintweni ezithinta ngokuqondile nangomusa. Kumele ugxile emaqenjini ase-US angabonisana nawo. Kufanele ugxile ezindleko zezimali kuma-akhawunti abo asebhange. Akumele ulindele ukuthi abantu bahle noma bahloniphe noma banakekele.
Sinezishoshovu zokuthula ezijoyina amalungu eDemocratic Congress afuna ukuphoqa abesifazane base-18 abaneminyaka engama-20 ukuba babhalise kunoma yikuphi ukuhlelwa okungahle kwenzeke kanye namadoda, ukuze bakwazi ukuphoqelelwa ukuya empini ngokumelene nezifiso zabo njengekhambi ukubandlulula ngokobulili. Izishoshovu zokuthula ziphikisana ngokuthi uhlelo oluthile luzogqugquzela abantu abanobugovu abanobugebengu banobuciko obufanele bokugcina impi. Kodwa ama-drafts awunawo irekhodi elihle lokuqeda izimpi, futhi abe nomlando omuhle wokusiza izimpi. Ukuhlelwa kwe-US ngesikhathi sempi eVietnam akuzange kuvimbele ukubulawa kwabantu abayizigidi eziyi-6, engingaboni inani elifanele ukukhokhela ukunyakaza okukhulu kokuthula, engicabanga ukuthi singathola ngezinye izindlela.
Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu bayothatha isinyathelo emindenini yababaleki ngokushesha nje lapho abezindaba bebhizinisi bebatshela ngaleyo mindeni inika isizathu esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi abaningi bayothatha isinyathelo ngokufanayo ne-Yemeni noma i-Afghan noma iPalestina noma abanye abantu uma betshelwa ngabo imithombo yezokuzimela ehlanganisiwe noma ebanzi. Uma izisulu zempi zinezimpawu nobuso nezintandokazi nabathandekayo, akukho okunye okuyokwazi ukuvimbela labo abakhathalela ukuhlukanisa imindeni nokukhathalela nokubulala imindeni noma ukudala izintandane ngokubulala ngaphandle kokuthunjwa.
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Into yesithathu evame ukucatshangelwa ukuthi i-sadism. Njengoba nje siqeqeshwe ukuthola lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqonda okunengqondo kokuzidela, sinomkhuba wokufuna ukugqugquzela okunengqondo ezenzweni ezithonywa izifiso ezingenangqondo, ikakhulukazi ezimbi. Uma othile ethi akakwazi ukuqeda inqubomgomo yokuhlukanisa izingane kubazali bese enza kanjalo, ukuthambekela kwethu ukucabanga ukuthi okungenani uhlala ethembekile yena ngokwakhe, ukuthi kunendawo ethile incazelo eyimfihlo enengqondo kuphela nathi. Kodwa ukuvala izingane ezincane ngezindleko ezinkulu kunalokho okuzobekwa kuzo kanye nemindeni yabo emahoreni okunethezeka noma ezikoleni eziphezulu zokubhuka noma izibhedlela noma izinhlelo zokuqeqesha imisebenzi, futhi kunalokho ziwayeka izidingo eziyisisekelo, azikhamululi ngenjongo yokuziqonda incazelo.
Umkhuba wase-United States wokuboshwa kwabantu ababaleki nabangewona ababaleki wenza umqondo wenqubomgomo wezezimali noma womphakathi. Akunciphisi ubugebengu ngendlela izindleko ezincane ezifakwa emfundweni nasezempilo. Akuklanyelwe ngokuzungezile ukuvikela umphakathi, njengoba iningi labantu elivalelwe akulona usongo oluthile futhi abaningi babo abakaze babe khona. Ungabiza ngokuthi ukulungisa, kepha akuklanyelwe ukulungisa noma yini. Ukuboshwa nokuhlushwa kokuvalelwa yedwa kanye nokwesaba kokubulawa kombuso yize kunjalo, ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe ngokusobala njengempindiselo - okusho ukuthi iphuzu alibheki phambili ekubukeni konke kodwa emuva, iphuzu lisihlukumezo kumuntu oshayelwa okuthile - njengoba nje nami Ngiye ngabona kubantu bezokuxhumana nabantu besola izisulu zenqubomgomo yokuhlukanisa ngezinkinga zabo.
Kungani abanye abantu bekhamuluka ngokubhujiswa kwemvelo, bekhamuluka "ukugaya ingane," bachithe imali yezimoto ezinkulu zokugaya igesi, noma ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu? Akuyona yonke inhloso yokuzuza. Abantu abaningi abanalo izinkampani zamafutha. Akukhona konke ukungazi noma ukuphika. Abantu bangase bazenze sengathi umhlaba awufi, noma ukuthi imboni yemfuyo ayiyona into enkulu yokuyibulala, noma ukuthi izilwane ezikhulile ukuze zisetshenziswe ngabantu azihlupheki. Kodwa abanye abantu, futhi bavame abantu abafanayo, bathatha injabulo ekwakheni ukuhlupheka. Ukuthi sizibandakanya ngokuzibulala okuningi, sithatha ezinye izinhlobo eziningi eziphilayo nathi, akuyona yonke ingozi, hhayi yonke inhlekelele yamakomidi. Eqinisweni akukho into enjengezinhlekelele zeminyango - kukhona inhlekelele yokubambisana.
Ngibhala incwadi ebizwa Impi Ngamanga lapho ngahlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamanga ezisetshenziselwa ukuqalisa noma ukunweba izimpi, bese uzama ukuphendula nokuthi yini ekhuthaza ngempela izimpi okukhulunywa ngazo ngamanga. Ngathola ukuthi angikwazi ukuchaza zonke izimpi ngezinhloso zenzuzo noma ukucabanga kwezepolitiki noma ngisho nokuzivikela kwezwe okungalungile. Ngathola ukuthi ngidinga ukushayela imoto ekubhekaneni nokubuswa nokuhlukunyezwa ngamabomu kokubhujiswa okungenangqondo ukuchaza izimpi. Lapho abahleli bezempi base-US bekhuluma ngokukhulisa impi eVietnam ngasese babezocabangela ukuthi yiziphi izizathu zokunikeza umphakathi, futhi bazokukhulumisana ngokweqile ukuthi yiziphi izizathu zokunikezana, kepha abasoze baxoxisana noma ngabe bangenwe yini impi. Lokho kwakuzwakala kalula. Ukuhlaziywa kwePentagon Papers kufaka amaphesenti ezinxusweni, kuhlanganise namaphesenti angu-XNUM of the motivation ukuba ukusindisa ubuso - ukuqhubeka impi kuphela ukuze ukuphela. Lokho kubonakala kuhlanya ngokwanele, kodwa kuphi kulokho kuhlaziywa kwakuyisisusa se-sadism? Lokhu kwakuyimpi egcwele ukubulawa kwabantu abangenacala, izindlebe zabo ziqoqwe njengezintambo, nabasekeli bezempi babuyela ekhaya bekhala ngokubulala abantu.
Ezimpi zamuva, ungakwazi - njengengxenye encane yabantu base-US - bathi bayasekela ukubhujiswa kwe-Iraq noma iLibya njengesenzo sokusiza ukuze kuzuze izisulu zalo, kodwa uzothola ohlangothini olufanayo ukukhipha nalabo abememeza igazi bese becela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ababambiqhaza kulezi zimpi babamba kabi lokho abakwenzile. Abanye babo abakwazi ukubhekana nokuqaphela. Abanye babo baba yizintambo ezizinikezele. Kodwa abanye bamemezela esidlangalaleni inkonzo enkulu abaye bayenza futhi bayakwazisa ukubongwa ngakho. Futhi kufanele sicabange ukuthi sihlukumeze uma singanikeli ukubonga kwethu, kufaka nalabo abacabanga ukuthi banikele impilo yabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bebenze ngesibindi kangakanani noma benza ngendlela engafanele, ngithi impilo yabo ayinikezwanga kodwa isuswa kubo ngokugqugquzela okukhulu labo abasemandleni abaphishekela izinqubomgomo ezingenangqondo zokukhiqiza ngenkathi bekhala "Akunaso isisombululo sezempi," "Ayikho impi isixazululo "futhi wazi kahle ukuthi lawo mazwi ayiqiniso.
Ngesikhathi uGeorge W. Bush ehlongoza ukudweba indiza ngemibala ye-UN futhi iyayiqeda phansi ukuze izame ukudubula ukuze iqale impi ayitshela ukuthi uNkulunkulu imyalile ukuba akhokhe futhi kuyadingeka ngoba uSaddam Hussein wayezama ukubulala uyise , noma lapho uLyndon Johnson esho, "Angizange ngifake uHo Chi Minh nje kuphela, ngimnqume," noma uma uBill Clinton ekhuluma ngabaseSomalia "Asiyikulimaza laba bantu. . . Angikholelwa ukuthi sisunduzwa yizitshalo ezimbili, "noma nini New York Times Umlobi wekhomphyutha uTom Friedman uthe inhloso yempi yase-Iraq kwakuzokwehliselwa emnyango futhi imemezele "Suck kulokhu!" noma lapho abantu bangithumelele izinsongo zokufa ngokukhuthaza ukuthula, noma lapho uBarack Obama ememezela ukuzivikela ngenxa yobugebengu ngenqubomgomo "yokubheka phambili "Kodwa wagxilisa uhlobo olusha lwempi esebenzisa ama robot ezindizayo ezibhekiswe ezinombalwa ezincane zabantu, iningi lazo alizange libonise - kulezi zimo nezinye ezingenakubalwa, lokho esikusebenzisanayo akuyona into ehlanzekile, hhayi ingqondo, hhayi uthando olunzima. Lokho esikubhekene nakho ukuhlukunyezwa kugijima i-amok.
Yini enye engayisho ngomqondo wokwakha ama-nukes amancane amancane, asetshenziswe kakhulu, okusho ama-nukes cishe amandla abo awela eJapane, futhi azi kahle ukuthi ukushintshaniswa kwezikhali zenuzi kungasunduza ilanga futhi kusibulale? Imizamo yokwenza ukuthi uHarry Truman avume ukuvuma kukaHeroshima noNagasaki, esikhundleni sokulandela iseluleko sabaphathi bakhe abaphikisayo, kunokulalela izigaba eziphezulu ezithi akudingeki, kunokuba zibonise isikhali se nyukliya endaweni engavunyelwe futhi esongela ukuyisebenzisa kubantu, kunokuba kuvumeleke ukuthi kunezinkampani ezimbili ezinganele kunalokho - le mizamo iyancipha. UTruman wayeyindoda efanayo eyayishilo ukuthi uma amaJalimane ewina ama-United States kufanele asize amaRussia nokuthi uma amaRussia ewina ama-United States kufanele azisize amaNazi, ngoba ngaleyo ndlela abantu abaningi babezofa. Umbono wokuthi wabona ukufa kwabantu baseJapane njengenhlawulo yanoma yisiphi isinqumo asisekelwe yibuphi ubufakazi. Ukusekelwa kwe-US ngezinhlangothi eziningi ezimpini njengempi ye-Iran-Iraq ye-1980s noma impi yamanje eSiriya ayiyona into engakwazi ukuyenza. Njengomgomo omkhulu womphakathi, njengokubopha abantu abangenamakhaya eSan Diego ngokuba bengenamakhaya kunokuba banika amakhaya, singakwazi ukuqonda kangcono lokho esikusebenzelanayo uma sivuma ukuthi sibhekene nokudabuka.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi izimpi azinawo izisusa eziningi ezingenangqondo, futhi akusho ukuthi bonke abalandeli bezempi bahlehlisa izidakamizwa. Ngenze izingxabano zomphakathi zomphakathi nabalandeli bezempi futhi ngathola ngokuvota ekamelweni ngaphambi nangemva kwezingxabano ukuthi ingxoxo enengqondo enjalo ishintsha izingqondo. Isifundo wonke umuntu esikufundile ngamakholwa kuma-WMD abambe izinkolelo zabo ngokuqinile ngemva kokunikezwa ngamaqiniso akufanele abe ngaphezulu. Ukuphoqa abantu ngalokho abangakuzi ukuthi kunzima, akunakwenzeka. Kodwa kwabasekeli abaningi bezimpi ezinye izici azizona izinto ezicatshangelwe ngempela.
Umshumayeli wase-Alabama ufuna noma yiliphi umdlali webhola ongafanelanga ukukhulekela kahle ifulege lase-United States nomculo wesizwe ukuba babulawe. UMongameli uTrump ufuna nje ukuthi baxoshwe. Uthi futhi noma ngubani okhathalela imindeni yababaleki kumele azonde izisulu zokubulawa kwabantu ababaleki (ngenkathi kungenzeka ukuthi uyabakhathalela abahlukunyezwayo noma yikuphi ukubulawa kwabangewona ababaleki). Ukuhlukumezeka nokuthanda izwe kanye nokuzikhethela ngokulinganayo ngokubambisana ndawonye, futhi akukho noyedwa wabo owenza umqondo. Asikho isizathu esithile sokuthi abantu kufanele babone nabanye abantu ezingeni lesizwe ngaphezulu kunanini lomndeni noma indawo noma idolobha noma izwe noma izwekazi noma iplanethi. Ukukholelwa ekuziphatheni kwamanye amazwe (e-US ubukhulu nakwezinye izindawo) yilokhu-futhi yilesihloko sencwadi yami entsha Ukuphulukisa i-Exceptionalism - akusekho okweqiniso futhi akuyona into eyingozi kunokungabandlululo, ubulili, noma ezinye izinhlobo zobuhlanga. Ngenkathi abampofu abamhlophe bengamemezela ngamakhulu eminyaka "Okungenani ngingcono kunabantu abangewona abamhlophe," noma ubani e-United States angasho ukuthi "Okuncane ngingcono kunabangewona abaseMelika." Futhi noma ubani angazama ukukholelwa lokho, kodwa akuyona ingqondo futhi yenza umonakalo omkhulu.
In Ukuphulukisa i-Exceptionalism Ngibheka izindlela lapho i-United States ingaba khona isizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi angikwazi ukuthola noma yikuphi. Akukona ngesilinganiso somuntu ongenakho mahhala noma iningi lentando yeningi noma ecebile kakhulu noma ephumelele kakhulu noma ephakeme kunazo zonke noma ephakeme kunazo zonke noma obambe isikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphila noma injabulo enkulu kunazo zonke noma ukusimama okungokwemvelo noma noma yini enye umuntu angase afune ukuyisebenzisa ukuze anikeze izingoma zomculo "SiyiNombolo Yodwa." I-United States iyinombolo eyodwa ekukhiyeni abantu emagcekeni, ekuqashweni kwempi, ezinyathelweni ezihlukahlukene zokubhujiswa kwemvelo, kanye neminye imithombo yehlazo esikhundleni sokuziqhenya. Kodwa ngokuyisisekelo yindawo engcono kakhulu ukuhlala ngezilinganiso eziningi ezinganqunywanga kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe elicebile, ngenkathi lihlala indawo engcono yokuhlala kunezwe elihluphekile noma izwe lapho i-CIA isisiza khona ukukhishwa noma izwe likhululiwe ngokuphelele yi-NATO.
Ukuthi abantu bazama ukuthuthela e-United States akukona ubufakazi besizwe esikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. I-United States ayiyona indawo eyithandayo kakhulu, ayiwamukeli abafuduki abaningi, ayiyona imfudumalo kubafaki lapho ifika, futhi ayilungisi izinqubomgomo zayo zokufuduka ezizungezile ezisiza labo abadinga kakhulu kodwa kunalokho okuthandwa ngabantu baseYurophu. Iqiniso lokuthi abantu badinga ukugwema ingozi nobubha emazweni ampofu akuyona into eqondene nombuzo wokuthi ngabe i-United States ingaziphakamisa emazingeni ezwe elicebile. Noma kusemqoka kuphela ngomqondo wokuthi ngokuqondisa izinto eziza kuqala ezidingweni zomuntu nezemvelo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, uhulumeni wase-US angakwazi ukuthola amazwe acebile ngenkathi eshiya ukufaka isandla ekuhluphekeni kwamazwe amaningi ampofu, futhi empeleni kusiza ukwenza abaningi amazwe ahlala lapho abantu bakhetha khona ukuhlala. Ingabe sidinga inqubomgomo encane yokuthutha abantu abancane kanye nodonga olukhudlwana, noma sidinga imingcele evulekile eyoyivumela ezinkulungwaneni zabantu? Cha. Sidinga imingcele evulekile ehlangene nemizamo enkulu engacabangeki yokwenza amazwe abantu abe yizindawo ezifiselekayo ukuba baphile, futhi bayeke izinqubomgomo ezizozenza zingabonakali. Futhi lokhu singakwenza ngokuqondisa kabusha ingxenye encane yokusetshenziswa kwempi.
Kodwa abantu base-United States babheka i-United States njengenhle kakhulu. Ukuthanda izwe, inkolelo yabo yokuphakama okuyingqayizivele, ukusabalalisa kwamafulege kanye namahubo kazwelonke kuvula labo abakwamanye amazwe. Ngisho nabampofu base-United States abanamabi kakhulu kunabampofu kwamanye amazwe acebile banomhlaba ovelele kunabampofu kwamanye amazwe noma abacebile ezweni lakubo. Umonakalo lokhu okwenza kuthatha izinhlobo eziningi. Iphazamisa abantu ekuhleleni nasekusebenzeni ukuze bashintshe. Iholela abantu ukuba basekele osopolitiki, hhayi ngoba bazokwenza noma yini enhle, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bayabathanda izwe. (Umuntu ongenamathuba ambalwa okumelwe abe ngumongameli wase-US akusho ukuthi akekho okholelwa kuNkulunkulu.) Akuyona i-patriot.) Ukuzikhethela ngokweqile kubangela abantu ukuthi basekele izimpi futhi baphikisane nokubambisana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Iholela abantu ukuba balahle izixazululo eziqinisekisiwe zokulawulwa kwezibhamu kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nemfundo ngoba beye kwafakazelwa kwamanye amazwe okufanele afunde kulokhu kunokuba ngenye indlela. Kuholela ekunganakwa kwemibiko yeZizwe Ezihlangene mayelana nobuhlukumeze bobuphofu e-United States. Iholela ekwenqatsheni usizo lwangaphandle ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlekelele zemvelo e-United States.
Kudingeka sizungeze ekuqondeni ukuthi ukuthanda izwe, ubuzwe, ubuciko obuhlukile, akuyona into okufanele yenziwe kahle, kodwa kuyisimo sokuphumula esingasuswa kuso. Ukuthula akulona izwe. Ukuthula kungumhlaba jikelele. Ukuthula kuxhomeke ekuzibonakaliseni kwethu njengabantu njengabantu baseMelika. Lokhu akusho ukuzwa amahloni esizwe esikhundleni sokuziqhenya kukazwelonke. Akusho ukukhomba nesinye isizwe. Kusho ukunciphisa ukuhlonza komuntu ngobuzwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi uyedwa, ilungu lemiphakathi ehlukahlukene, isakhamuzi somhlaba wonke, ingxenye yendalo yesimo esincane.
Lapho uhulumeni wase-US ephakamisa intela yakho noma ethi unelungelo lokuyingxenye yezwe lakho noma ibheyili e-Wall Street noma ukwandisa amalungelo ezinkampanini noma ezinye zezinye izinto azenzayo, abantu abajwayele ukubeka lezo zenzo kumuntu wokuqala. Bambalwa abantu abathi "Siphinde sivuselele izifunda," noma "Sinikeze izikhali eziningi zempi kuminyango yamaphoyisa wendawo," noma "Sithatha izigidigidi eminikelo yomkhankaso." Kunalokho, abantu bakhuluma ngohulumeni basebenzisa igama elithi "uhulumeni. "Bathi" uhulumeni ukhulise intela yami, "noma" uhulumeni wesifunda wenza ukubhaliswa kwevoti ngokuzenzekelayo, "noma" uhulumeni wendawo wakha ipaki. "Kodwa uma kuziwa empini, ngisho nabashisekeli bezokuthula bayamemezela ukuthi" Sasihlasela ibhomu elinye izwe . "Ukuhlonza lokho kudinga ukuphela. Kudingeka sikhumbule futhi sikhulise ukuqwashisa kwethu ngomthwalo wethu wokushintsha izinto. Kodwa asidingi ukuba wenze ubunikazi bethu bube buhle kithi uma sicabanga ukuthi iPentagon kumele ibe nesizathu esihle sokusiza abantu baseJemen.
In Ukuphulukisa i-Exceptionalism Ngibheka amasu ahlukahlukene okuphulukisa ukungafani, okubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwendima. Ake ngilandise nje isigaba esisodwa:
Ake sicabange ukuthi kunoma yiziphi izizathu, ukuqala eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule iNorth Korea ikhiphe umugqa ngokusebenzisa i-United States, kusukela elwandle kuya elwandle elikhanyayo, futhi yahlukanisa, futhi yafundiswa futhi yaqeqeshwa futhi yahlomisa umbusi wesibindi eSouth United States, yabhubhisa i-80 amaphesenti amadolobha aseNyakatho United States, futhi wabulala izigidi zabantu baseNyakatho ye-US. Khona-ke iNorth Korea ikwenqaba ukuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-US noma ukuphela komthetho empini, igcine ukulawulwa kwempi yaseSouth United States impi, yakha izikhali ezinkulu zaseNorth Korea eNingizimu United States, yabeka imicibisholo engeningizimu yendawo e-demistitarized yase-US eyaqhubeka maphakathi nezwe, futhi wabeka izigwegwe zomnotho ezinonya eNorth United States amashumi eminyaka. Njengomhlali waseNorth United States, yini ongacabanga uma umongameli waseNyakatho Korea esongela izwe lakho ngokuthi "umlilo nokufutheka"? Uhulumeni wakho angase abe ne-gazillions yobugebengu bamanje nezomlando kanye nokushiyeka kwesikweletu sakhe, kodwa yini ongacabanga ngezinsongo ezivela ezweni elabulala ugogo nomkhulu wakho futhi zikukhanyela kumzala wakho? Noma ingabe ungabe ukwesaba kakhulu ukucabanga ngomsindo? Lokhu kuhlolwa kungenzeka ngamakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo, futhi ngincoma ukuthi uzame ngokuphindaphindiwe engqondweni yakho nangamaqembu, ukuze ubuciko babantu bungondle emcabangweni wabanye.
Iyiphi iphuzu lami ekusikiseni ukuthi sibheka phansi imali yokusebenzisa impi, ukungafuni nokudabuka? Kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukuza nokuqonda okunembile. Khona-ke singazama ukudweba izifundo zokwenza. Esinye isifundo singase sibe lokhu: ekuqedeni ukuhlukumezeka, sidinga ukungenelela okubona ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona okungahle kwenzeke. Amalungu eKu Klux Klan ashintshiwe abe ngabagqugquzeli bobuhlanga. Abantu bajoyine imigqa yobandlululo kwezobulungiswa bezomnotho emikhankaso yabantu abampofu, abadala nabasha. Labo abathinta ukucabanga ngobukhulu base-US bavame ukucabangela ngamazinga ezwe laseMelika nobuhle okuthi, uma lenziwe wangempela, lizoguqula izwe libe ngcono. Ukufunda kancane ngesinye isiko noma ulimi akulona lukhuni, futhi kungase kungaboni ukuphikiswa okunjengokubonisa ukuthula, kodwa kungenza umehluko. Ucwaningo luye lwabona ukuthi ukuzimisela ukushaya ibhomu ezweni ngokulinganayo kuyafana nekhono lokukuthola ngokunembile ebalazweni. Kuthiwani uma ama-super-patriots angase akhohliswe ngandlela-thile ekufundeni i-geography yomhlaba ukuthi bafuna ukubusa?
Futhi ekugcineni, bekuzokwenzekani uma abantu bekwazi ukuqaphela ubukhulu besabelomali sezempi lase-US, nokuthi iqiniso liyanciphisa imisebenzi kunokuba lidale, libeka engozini kumaMelika kunokuba livikele, libhubhisa indawo yemvelo kunokulondoloza, i-erodes inkululeko esikhundleni sokudala inkululeko, ukunciphisa ukuphila kwethu, ukunciphisa impilo yethu, futhi kusongela ukuphepha kwethu. Kuthiwani uma labo abafuna iUnited States ukuba babe nokuphana bangahlanganyela nalabo abazenza sengathi banomusa futhi basebenzise ngesisekelo samaqiniso ukwenza kube uhlobo lukahulumeni olungagcini nje kuphela ukususa izingane kubazali abaphilayo, kodwa futhi ayidala izigidi zezintandane ngokubulala abazali bazo ngezimpi?
Abantu bakhathalela ngesihluku abayitholayo. Kodwa ubuhlukumeze inqubomgomo yangaphandle kungatholakali lutho, ngoba akukho nhlangano enkulu yezombusazwe efuna ukuthi yaziwe, ngoba imithombo yezinkampani ifuna ukuthi ingaziwa, ngoba amabhodi esikoleni abheka lolo lwazi ngokuhlukumezeka, futhi ngoba abantu abafuni ukwazi. UGeorge Orwell uthe abahlaziyi bezwe ngeke bavele nje bafune ukuhlukunyezwa okwenziwe yisizwe sabo, kodwa bazobonisa ikhono elimangalisayo lokungazi lutho ngabo. Noma kunjalo, siyazi ukuthi uma abantu bephoqeleka ukuba bafunde ngabo, babezokukhathalela. Futhi uma bezwa ngabo ngohlelo lokuxhumana olwenza ukuba baqaphele ukuthi abanye babethola futhi, bazokwenza.
Njengoba izinto zimi, ngokuqaphela kwethu okulinganiselwe, asinamandla. Ukuvimbela ukuqhuma kwe-2013 yaseSiriya, ukusekela iminyaka embalwa isivumelwano se-2015 Iran, ukuvimbela ukusongelwa komlilo nokufutheka, ukumisa ukususwa kwezingane ezivela emindenini - lokhu konke kunqoba okuyingxenye ekhomba ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu.
Ngibhale incwadi yezingane ebizwa ngokuthi I-Tube World lowo uzama ukunikeza izingane umbono ongewona ohlukile, onomusa, futhi owakhayo ezintweni. Ngibhalele futhi ngilethe nami namuhla incwadi ebizwa Impi Akukaze Imane okuyinto engibhala ngokulungiselela ingxabano futhi okuyinto critique of okuthiwa nje war theory. Kulo ngenza icala lokuthi izinqubo eziningi ze-war theory kuphela azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo, kodwa ukuthi uma kungenzeka ukuthi impi eyisimangaliso nje isalokhu - ukuze kube nokuziphatha okuhle - kudingeka ukudlula umonakalo owenziwe ngokugcina isikhungo sempi ukuzungeza nokulahla amaRandi ayizigidi ezintathu ngonyaka. Iningi elinjalo lingenakwenzeka, sinikezwe ezinye izindlela esiye sazenza ekusebenziseni okungezona udlame, ukugcinwa kokuthula okungasetshenzisiwe, iqiniso nokubuyisana, ukudibanisana, usizo nokulawulwa komthetho.
Lo mbono wokuthatha yonke isikhungo sempi yile nhlangano engiyisebenzelayo World BEYOND War. Sinesibambiso esifushane kakhulu abantu abasayine emazweni e-158, futhi ngizodlula kuwo ebhodini lokunamathisela ngomzuzwana nje uma ungathanda ukuwufaka futhi, bese ubeka ikheli lakho le-imeyili uma ungathanda ukuze uhileleke ngokwengeziwe, futhi uyibeke phansi ngokukhululekile uma ungathanda ukuba singathumeli nge-imeyili ngenye umuntu. Ngizokufunda isibambiso ngakho akudingeki uyifunde ebhodini lokunamathisela:
"Ngiyaqonda ukuthi izimpi nokulwa kwamabutho kusenza siphepheke kancane kunokuba sivikele, ukuthi babulale, balimaze futhi bahlukumeze abantu abadala, abantwana nezingane, bayilimaza kakhulu imvelo yemvelo, bachithe ukukhululeka komphakathi, futhi badonsa umnotho wethu, baphonsa izinsiza ezivela ekuqinisekiseni ukuphila imisebenzi. Ngizibophezele ukuhlanganyela futhi ukusekela imizamo engeyimizamo yokuqeda yonke impi namalungiselelo empi nokwakha ukuthula okusimeme nokuthula. "
Sisebenzela imizamo yezemfundo kanye neyentsha yenqubo yokuthuthukisa lo mgomo nezinyathelo ekuqondeni kwayo. Sifuna ukuvalwa kwezisekelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwezikhali, ukuphendula ngokwezenzo zobugebengu, ukushintshwa kwezibijethi, njll. Ngezinye izikhathi sihlela izinsuku ezinkulu zezenzo. Omunye okhuphuka ngehora le-11th ngosuku lwe-11th lwenyanga ye-11th, iminyaka eyi-100 impela kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, yi-Armistice Day, eyayiyiholide yokuthula kuze kufike ukuguqulwa kwayo ibe yiSonto LamaVeterans ngesikhathi sokubhujiswa kweNyakatho Korea ku-1950s. Manje sekuyiholide lapho amaqembu e-Veterans For Peace emadolobheni ahlukahlukene avunyelwe ukuhlanganyela emasontweni. Sidinga ukuyibuyisela emuva ku-Day Armistice, futhi ikakhulukazi sidinga ukugubha usuku lwethu lwe-Armistice Day ukugubha izikhali zempi (kanye nokusongela okuphelele emhlabeni) uDonald Trump uhlelile usuku eWashington, DC Iya kuworldbeyondwar.org/armisticeday ukuze ufunde kabanzi.
Manje ngingathanda ukuzama ukuphendula noma imiphi imibuzo noma uhlanganyele kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo.
Ngiyabonga.
