Ibhalwe nguStephen Zunes, Amafilimu Okwenza
NGAPHEZU kwanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi emlandweni, icala eliqinile lingenziwa ngezizathu ze-pragmatic, ze-utilitarian zokuthi impi ayisadingeki. Ubuciko bombuso obungenalo udlame akufanele kube iphupho lama-pacifists kanye nama-idealists aphuphile. Singafinyelela kuyo.
Ukumane ukuphikisana nempi nokubhala ngemiphumela yayo edabukisayo akwanele. Kudingeka sikwazi ukubeka phambili ezinye izindlela ezithembekile, ikakhulukazi endabeni yemizamo yokulungisa impi ngezizathu ezifanele, njengokuqeda ubushiqela nemisebenzi, ukuzivikela, nokuvikela labo ababhekene nokubulawa nokubulawa kwabantu.
Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zalinganisela ukuhlomisa izinhlangano ezilwela izinguquko ezilwa nobushiqela. Abanye baze bavumelane nokungenelela kwezempi egameni lalezi zinhlangano egameni lokuthuthukisa intando yeningi. Nokho, zikhona ezinye izindlela eziphumelela kakhudlwana zokwehlisa ubushiqela.
Kwakungebona abashokobezi be-Left People's Army abehlise ubushiqela base-Marcos obusekelwa yi-US ePhilippines. Kwakuyizindelakazi ezazithandaza irosari phambi kwamathangi ombuso, kanye nezigidi zabanye ababhikishi abangenalo udlame abamise uManila omkhulu.
Akuwona amasonto ayishumi nanye okuqhuma kwamabhomu awisa umholi waseSerbia uSlobodan Milosevic, “umbhubhi waseBalkan” odume kabi. Kwakuyinhlangano yokuphikisa engenalo udlame - eholwa ngabafundi abasebasha isizukulwane sabo esenziwa umhlatshelo ochungechungeni lwemikhankaso yezempi enegazi ngokumelene namaRiphabhulikhi aseYugoslavia angomakhelwane - ekwazile ukuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yabantu ukuthi ivukele okhethweni oluntshontshiwe.
Kwakungelona uphiko oluhlomile lwe-African National Congress olwaletha ukubusa kweningi eNingizimu Afrika. Kwakungabasebenzi, abafundi, kanye nezakhamuzi zasemalokishini okwathi - ngokusebenzisa iziteleka, ukuduba, ukwakhiwa kwezinye izikhungo, nezinye izenzo zokungahloniphi - okwenza ukuthi uhlelo lobandlululo lungakwazi ukuqhubeka.
Akuyona i-NATO eyehlisa imibuso yamaKhomanisi yaseMpumalanga Yurophu noma yakhulula amariphabhuliki aseBaltic ekulawuleni amaSoviet. Kwakungabasebenzi bedokodo basePoland, abantu abasontayo eMpumalanga Jalimane, abaculi base-Estonia, izihlakaniphi zaseCzech, nezigidi zezakhamuzi ezivamile ezazibheke phansi amathange ngezandla zazo futhi zingabe zisakuqaphela ukuba semthethweni kwabaholi BeQembu LamaKhomanisi.
Ngokufanayo, omashiqela abanjengoJean-Claude Duvalier eHaiti, u-Augusto Pinochet eChile, iNkosi uGyanendra eNepal, uJenene Suharto e-Indonesia, uZine El Abidine Ben Ali waseTunisia, noshiqela abavela eBolivia baya eBenin futhi besuka eMadagascar baya eMaldives baphoqeleka ukuba behle lapho sekucaca ukuthi babengenawo amandla lapho bebhekene nokumelana nobudlova nokungabambisani.
Isenzo Esingenalo Udlame Sibonakale Sisebenza
Umlando ukhombisile ukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, isenzo esingenalo udlame samasu singasebenza kangcono kunomzabalazo wezikhali. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-Freedom House lubonise ukuthi, emazweni acishe abe amashumi ayisikhombisa asukile embusweni wobushiqela waya kumazinga ahlukene entando yeningi eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu edlule, yidlanzana kuphela elakwenza lokho ngomzabalazo wezikhali osuka ngezansi noma uguquko olugqugquzelwa phezulu. Cishe akukho mibuso yentando yeningi emisha eyabangelwa ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe. Cishe ezingxenyeni ezintathu kwezine zezinguquko, uguquko lwalusekelwe ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi zomphakathi ezisebenzisa izindlela ezingenabo ubudlova.
Ngokufanayo, encwadini ehlonishwa kakhulu Kungani I-Civil Resistance Isebenza, ababhali u-Erica Chenoweth no-Maria Stephan (abahlaziyi besu abavamile, abagxile ekulinganiseni) baphawula ukuthi ekuvukeleni umbuso okukhulu okucishe kube ngu-350 okusekela ukuzibusa nokubusa kwentando yeningi ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, ngokuyinhloko ukumelana nobudlova kwaphumelela ngamaphesenti angu-26 kuphela ngaleso sikhathi, kuyilapho ngokuyinhloko imikhankaso engenalo ubudlova ibe nesilinganiso sempumelelo esingamaphesenti angu-53. Ngokufanayo, baye baqaphela ukuthi imizabalazo ephumelelayo yezikhali ithatha isilinganiso seminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, kuyilapho imizabalazo ephumelelayo engahlomile ithatha isilinganiso seminyaka emibili kuphela.
Isenzo esingenalo udlame futhi sibe yithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlehlisa ukuketula umbuso. EJalimane ngo-1923, eBolivia ngo-1979, e-Argentina ngo-1986, eHaiti ngo-1990, eRussia ngo-1991, naseVenezuela ngo-2002, ukuketulwa umbuso kuye kwahoxiswa lapho abakhi bozungu beqaphela, ngemva kokuba abantu bengene emigwaqweni, lokho kulawula ngokomzimba. izakhiwo nezikhungo ezibalulekile kwakungasho ukuthi empeleni zinamandla.
Ukumelana okungenabudlova nakho kuphonsele inselelo ngempumelelo umsebenzi wezempi wangaphandle. Ngesikhathi se-intifada yokuqala yasePalestine ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, iningi labantu ababengaphansi kwabo laba yizinhlangano ezizibusayo ngokungabambisani okukhulu nokwakhiwa kwezinye izikhungo, okuphoqa u-Israyeli ukuthi avumele ukusungulwa kwePalestine Authority kanye nokuzibusa kweningi lamadolobha. izindawo zaseWest Bank. Ukumelana okungenabudlova eNtshonalanga yeSahara edlayo kuphoqe iMorocco ukuthi inikeze isiphakamiso sokuzimela okuthi - nakuba isasilela kakhulu esibophweni saseMorocco sokunikeza amaSahrawi ilungelo lawo lokuzibusa - okungenani ivume ukuthi le ndawo akuyona nje enye ingxenye yeMorocco.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuthatha amaJalimane eDenmark naseNorway phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, amaNazi awazange esabalawula abantu. I-Lithuania, iLatvia, ne-Estonia bazikhulula ekubusweni yiSoviet ngokumelana nobudlova ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-USSR. ELebanon, izwe elacekelwa phansi yimpi amashumi eminyaka, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokubusa kweSyria yaqedwa ngokuvukela okukhulu, okungenabudlova ngo-2005. Futhi ngonyaka odlule, iMariupol yaba idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke elakhululwa ekulawuleni amavukela-mbuso ayesekelwa iRussia e-Ukraine. , hhayi ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu nokudubula kwebutho lezempi lase-Ukraine, kodwa lapho izinkulungwane zabasebenzi bensimbi abangahlomile bamasha ngokuthula ezindaweni ezihlala abantu basenkabeni yedolobha futhi baxosha labo ababezihlukanisa behlomile.
Cishe zonke lezi zinyathelo zokulwa nomsebenzi zazizenzekela. Kuthiwani uma, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izigidigidi zamabutho ahlomile - ohulumeni bebezoqeqesha abantu babo ekulweni nomphakathi okukhulu? Ohulumeni ngokuyinhloko bathethelela isabelomali sabo sezempi esikhukhumele njengendlela yokuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa amabutho ezizwe eziningi zomhlaba (ezincane ngokuqhathaniswa), ayengenza okuncane ukuvimbela umhlaseli onamandla, ohlomile. Ukumelana okukhulu nomphakathi kungase empeleni kube indlela enengqondo kakhudlwana yokumelana nokuthathwa umakhelwane onamandla kakhulu ngokungasebenzisani okukhulu nokuphazamiseka.
Ukusebenza kokumelana nobudlova ngokumelene nabalingisi bombuso sekuye kwaziswa kakhulu. Ingabe ukumelana okungenabudlova nakho kungaba wusizo ekusebenzelaneni nabadlali abangekho ngaphansi kombuso, ikakhulukazi ezimeni ezihlanganisa amaqembu ahlomile aqhudelanayo, izinduna zempi, amaphekula, nalabo abangenandaba nokusekelwa okudumile noma ukuhlonishwa kwamazwe ngamazwe? Ngisho nasezimeni zalokho okungase kubizwe ngokuthi “ubushiqela obuhlukene phakathi,” siye sabona impumelelo ethile emangalisayo, njengaseLiberia ekhungethwe yimpi neSierra Leone, lapho ngokuyinhloko izinhlangano ezingenalo udlame ezaziholwa abesifazane zaba neqhaza elikhulu ekuletheni ukuthula. E-Colombia, ezintabeni zaseGuatemala, naseNiger Delta, kube nokunqoba okuncane kokumelana okungenabudlova ngokumelene nombutho wezokuvikela wombuso kanye namaqembu ahlomile azimele, okunikeza umqondo walokho okungenzeka uma amasu anjalo esetshenziswa ngokuningiliziwe. indlela.
Izifundo Zamandla Ziliphikisa Icala Lezempi
Kuthiwani ngamacala okushushiswa okuhleliwe okuhambisana nokuqothulwa kohlanga, okuye kwasetshenziswa njengezaba zalokho okuthiwa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela? Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi idatha esebenzayo ibonisa ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukungenelela kwezempi yabantu, ngokwesilinganiso, ukwanda izinga lokubulala, okungenani esikhathini esifushane, njengoba abenzi bobubi benomuzwa wokuthi akukho abangalahlekelwa ngakho futhi abaphikisayo abahlomile bazibona benesheke elingenalutho ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuyekethisa. Futhi, ngisho nangesikhathi eside, ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe akukunciphisi ukubulala ngaphandle uma kungathathi hlangothi ngempela, okuyinto engavamile ukuba njalo.
Thatha ukungenelela kwe-NATO yango-1999 eKosovo: ngenkathi umkhankaso wokulwa nabashokobezi baseSerbia ngokumelene nabashokobezi baseKosovar abahlomile wawunesihluku ngempela, ukuhlanzwa kobuhlanga okuphelele - lapho amabutho aseSerbia exosha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-Albanian - afika kuphela. ngemuva I-NATO iyalele i-Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe ukuthi ihoxise abaqaphi bayo futhi yaqala ukuqhuma ngamabhomu. Futhi imigomo yesivumelwano sokuqeda impi eyaqeda impi emasontweni ayishumi nanye kamuva yaba ukuhlehla phakathi kwezimfuno zangempela ze-NATO emhlanganweni waseRambouillet ngaphambi kwempi kanye nesiphakamiso sephalamende laseSerbia, kwaphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe Isivumelwano besingaxoxisana ngaso ngaphandle kwamasonto ayishumi nanye okuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu. I-NATO ibinethemba lokuthi lokhu kuqhuma kwebhomu kuzophoqa uMilosevic ukuthi asuke esikhundleni, kodwa empeleni kwamqinisa ekuqaleni njengoba amaSerbia ezungeza ifulegi njengoba izwe labo laliqhunyiswa ngamabhomu. AbaseSerbia abasebasha base-Otpor, inhlangano yabafundi eyahola ukuvukela umbuso okwagcina ngokuketula uMilosevic, bawubukela phansi umbuso futhi bathuswa ingcindezelo yaseKosovo, nokho bakuphikisa kakhulu lokhu kuqhuma kwamabhomu futhi babona ukuthi kwayibuyisela emuva injongo yabo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, bathi ukube bona kanye nophiko olungenabudlova lwenhlangano yase-Albania yase-Kosovar bathole ukwesekwa eNtshonalanga ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi, impi yayingagwenywa.
Nokho, izindaba ezinhle ukuthi abantu emhlabeni abalindele ushintsho emithethweni yohulumeni babo. Kusukela emazweni ampofu kakhulu e-Afrika kuya emazweni acebe kakhulu aseMpumalanga Yurophu; kusukela emibusweni yamakhomanisi kuya embusweni wobushiqela wezempi ophiko lwesokudla; kusukela kuwo wonke umkhakha wamasiko, indawo, kanye nemibono, amandla entando yeningi kanye nenqubekela phambili aye aqaphela amandla amakhulu okumelana nomphakathi angenalo udlame ukuze bazikhulule ekucindezelweni nasekuphonseni inselelo impi. Lokhu akuvelanga, ezimweni eziningi, ekuzibophezeleni kokuziphatha noma ngokomoya ekungabini nobudlova, kodwa ngoba kuyasebenza.
Singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ibutho lezempi alisoze lathethelelwa? Ukuthi zikhona njalo ezinye izindlela ezingenabo ubudlova? Cha, kodwa siyasondela.
Iphuzu eliyinhloko liwukuthi izizathu ezingokwesiko zokulwela impi ziya ziba nzima nakakhulu ukuzivikela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uyamukela i-pacifism njengesimiso somuntu siqu, singaphumelela kakhulu ekukhulumeni kwethu kwe-statecraft engenalo udlame uma siqonda futhi sizimisele ukumela ezinye izindlela ezingezona ubudlova zempi, njengesenzo esingenalo ubudlova.
