Lapho amazwe aphakathi nendawo eqala ukwakha ezweni lasendulo, ayebhekene nenkinga esanda kuqala ukuyixazulula. Uma iqembu lezizwe ezinokuthula lifikelwa umbuso ohlomile, onobudlova obunamandla, babenokukhetha ezintathu kuphela: bahambise, babaleke, noma balingise izwe elinjengempi futhi banethemba lokuphumelela empini. Ngale ndlela umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ubenempi futhi kuye kwahlala kunjalo. Ubuntu buzivale ngaphakathi kukheji yempi. Ingxabano yaqala impi. Impi iyimpi eqhubekayo futhi ehlelekile phakathi kwamaqembu okuholela enanini elikhulu labalimele. Impi futhi isho, njengoba umbhali uJohn Horgan abeka, impi, amasiko empi, amabutho, izingalo, izimboni, izinqubomgomo, amasu, inkulumo-ze, ubandlululo, izizathu ezinengqondo ezenza ukuthi izingxabano zeqembu elibulalayo zenzeke hhayi nje kuphela kodwa futhi kungenzeka1.
Esimweni esiguqukayo sempi, izimpi azikhawulwanga ezifundeni. Umuntu angakhuluma ngezimpi ezihlangene, lapho impi evamile, izenzo zobushokobezi, ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu nezinye izindlela zodlame olukhulu olungakhethi zenzeka2. Abalingisi okungebona abombuso badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezimpini, ezivame ukuthatha uhlobo lwempi ebizwa ngokuthi yestymmetric.3
Nakuba izimpi ezithile zibangelwa izenzakalo zendawo, 'aziphuli' ngokuzenzekelayo. Ziwumphumela ongenakugwemeka wesistimu yezenhlalakahle ekulawuleni izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe nezombango, i-War System. Isizathu sezimpi ngokujwayelekile yi-War System elungiselela umhlaba kusengaphambili ngezimpi ezithile.
Izenzo zamasosha noma kuphi zikhulisa usongo lwezenzo zamasosha yonke indawo.
UJim Haber (Ilungu le- World Beyond War)
Uhlelo Lempi lusekuyingxenye kusethi yezinkolelo namagugu ahlanganisiwe asebekhona isikhathi eside kangangokuba iqiniso labo nokusebenza kwalo kuthathwa kalula futhi bayahamba bengathandwa, yize kungamanga.4 Phakathi kwezingane ezivamile ze-War System myths ziyi:
- Impi ayinakugwenywa; bekulokhu sinakho futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi kuzoba njalo.
- Impi "yimvelo yomuntu."
- Impi iyadingeka.
- Impi inenzuzo.
- Umhlaba 'uyindawo eyingozi.'
- Umhlaba ngumdlalo onga-zero (Lokho onakho engingakwazi ukuba nakho okuphambene nalokho, futhi othile uzohlala ebusa; kungcono kithi kunabo ".")
- 'Sinezitha' zethu.
Kumele silahle imicabango engacashunwanga, isib, ukuthi impi izohlala ikhona, ukuthi singakwazi ukuqhubeka silwa impi futhi siphile, nokuthi sihlukene futhi asixhunyiwe.
URobert Dodge (Ilungu Lebhodi, Isisekelo Sokuthula KweNyukliya)
Uhlelo Lwezempi lubandakanya nobuchwepheshe bezikhungo kanye nezikhali. Ingeniswe kakhulu emphakathini futhi izingxenye zayo ezahlukahlukene zidla ngokuhlangana ukuze ziqine kakhulu. Isibonelo, idlanzana lamazwe acebile likhiqiza iningi lezikhali ezisetshenziswa ezimpini zezwe, futhi lithethelele ukubamba iqhaza kwazo ezimpini ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe ngezikhali abazithengisile noma abanikeze izizwe noma amaqembu ampofu.5
Izimpi zihleleke kahle, zahlelwa kusengaphambili amabutho alungiswa kusasele isikhathi eside yi-War System efinyelela kuzo zonke izikhungo zomphakathi. Isibonelo, e-United States (isibonelo esiqinile somhlanganyeli ohlelweni lwempi), hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi kunezikhungo ezakha impi ezifana negatsha eliphezulu likahulumeni lapho inhloko yezwe iphinda futhi induna yenhloko, inhlangano yezempi uqobo (Amasosha uqobo , I-Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard) kanye ne-CIA, NSA, Homeland Security, ama-War College amaningi, kepha impi yakhelwa kwezomnotho, yenziwa ngokwesiko ezikoleni nasezikhungweni zezenkolo, isiko eliqhutshwa emindenini. , okhazinyulisiwe emicimbini yezemidlalo, eyenziwe yaba yimidlalo nama-movie, futhi wagcotshwa ngabezindaba. Cishe akukho lapho umuntu afunda khona ngokunye.
Isibonelo esisodwa esincane sensika eyodwa yomkhosi wamasiko ukuqasha kwezempi. Izizwe zizama ngakho konke okusemandleni ukuthola abantu abasha empini, beyibiza ngokuthi "yiNkonzo." Abaqashi basebenza kanzima ukwenza i-"Service" ibukeke, benikela ngemali nangokwezifiso zemfundo futhi bayiveze njengethokozisayo nenothando. Akukaze kuboniswe ukwehla kwezinga eliphansi. Ukuqasha izikhala azikhombisi amasosha akhubazekile noma ashonile noma amadolobhana aqothulwe izakhamuzi nabantu abashonile.
E-US, igatsha le-Army Marketing and Research Group National Assets ligcina imithwalo yamaloli angaka-trailer abukisa kakhulu, akhangayo, asebenzisanayo futhi akhombisa ukulwa futhi kuhloswe ngawo ukuqasha "kanzima ukungena ezikoleni eziphakeme." Imikhumbi ifaka " Army Adventure Semi ”, i-“ American Soldier Semi ”nabanye.6 Abafundi bangadlala kuma-simulators futhi balwe izimpi zamathangi noma indiza ihlasele izindiza ezinophephela emhlane futhi banikeze i-Army gear yama-ops wezithombe bese uthola ukuthambekela kokujoyina. Amaloli asemgwaqweni izinsuku ze-230 ngonyaka. Isidingo sempi sithathwa kalula nje futhi ubungozi baso abuboniswa. U-Photojournalist u-Nina Berman wakubhala ngamandla ukuzazisa kwakhe kwe-US Pentagon emphakathini waseMelika ngale kwezikhangiso ezijwayelekile ze-TV nokuba khona kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemicimbi yezemidlalo.7
Ngenkathi izimpi zivame ukwethulwa noma ziqhubeke ngaphandle kokusekelwa iningi lomphakathi, izimpi ziholela engxenyeni ethile, elula engqondweni. Ohulumeni baphumelele ukuzikholisa bona kanye nenqwaba yabantu ukuthi kunezimpendulo ezimbili kuphela ekuhlukunyezweni: ukuhambisa noma ukulwa - ukubuswa "yilezo zilo" noma ukuziqhumisa nge-Stone Age. Bavame ukucaphuna i- “Munich Analogy,” lapho ngo-1938 abaseBrithani ngobuwula banikela kuHitler kwase kuthi ekugcineni, umhlaba kwadingeka ulwe namaNazi noma kunjalo. Okushiwo wukuthi uma abaseBrithani “besukume” kuHitler ngabe uhlehlile futhi bekungeke kube khona iMpi Yezwe II. Ngo-1939 uHitler wahlasela iPoland futhi abaseBrithani bakhetha ukulwa. Amashumi ezigidi zabantu afa.8 Kwalandela “Impi Yomshoshaphansi” eshisa kakhulu enomjaho wezikhali zenuzi. Ngeshwa, ngekhulu le-21st, kuye kwaba sobala ngokusobala ukuthi ukwenza impi akukudaleli ukuthula, njengoba amacala ezimpi ezimbili ze-Gulf Wars, impi yase-Afghan kanye nempi yaseSyria / ISIS zikhombisa ngokusobala. Singenise isimo se-permawar. UKristin Christman, ku- "Paradigm for Peace," uphakamisa indlela yokufanisa enye indlela, yokuxazulula izinkinga ezingxabanweni zamazwe:
Asiyikukhahlela imoto ukuze ihambe. Uma ngabe kukhona okungalungile ngakho, singazi ukuthi iyiphi uhlelo olungasebenzi nokuthi kungani: Lingasebenzi kanjani? Ingabe ivula kancane? Ingabe amasondo ajikeleza ngodaka? Ingabe ibhethri idinga ukuvuselelwa? Ingabe igesi nomoya uhamba? Njengokukhahlela imoto, indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga ezithembele ezixazululweni ezempi ayifuni izinto: Ayichazi phakathi kwezimbangela zobudlova futhi akabheki izinyathelo ezinonya nezokuzivikela.9
Singayiqeda impi kuphela uma sishintsha umqondo, sibuze imibuzo efanelekile ukuthola izimbangela zokuhlukunyezwa ngumhlukumezi futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukubona ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kungenye yezimbangela. Njengomuthi, ukwelapha kuphela izimpawu zesifo ngeke kuselaphe. Ngamanye amagama, kufanele sikhombise ngaphambi kokukhipha isibhamu. Lo mbhalo wokuthula wenza lokho.
Uhlelo lweMpi alusebenzi. Akuletha ukuthula, noma ukuphepha okuncane. Okukhiqiza ukungavikeleki kokubili. Kodwa siyaqhubeka.
Izimpi ziwumqedazwe; Kuhlelo Lempi wonke umuntu kufanele aqaphele wonke umuntu. Umhlaba uyindawo eyingozi ngoba uhlelo lweMpi lwenza kube njalo. "Yimpi kaHobbes" yabo bonke. "Izizwe zikholelwa ukuthi ziyizisulu zezingqinamba nokusongelwa kwezinye izizwe, ziqinisekile ukuthi amasosha abanye angahloswa ekubhujisweni kwabo, ngenkathi behluleka ukubona okwabo ukwehluleka, ukuthi isenzo sabo kudala kanye le ndlela yokuziphatha abayesabayo futhi bayohlaselana ngayo, njengoba izitha ziba yizithombe zesibuko komunye nomunye. Izibonelo ziyavama: ukungqubuzana kwama-Arabhu nama-Israyeli angabonakali, ukungqubuzana kweNdiya nePakistan, impi yaseMelika yokulwa nokwesabisa okwakha amaphekula. Uhlangothi ngalunye luqonde ngomhlaba ophakeme onamasu. Uhlangothi ngalunye lubonisa olunye uhlangothi ngenkathi luqhuma umthelela walo oyingqayizivele kwimpucuko. Okwenezwe kulokhu kuguquguquka kungumjaho wezimbiwa, ikakhulukazi uwoyela, njengoba izizwe zilandela imodeli yezomnotho yokukhula okungapheli nomlutha wamafutha10. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simo sokungavikeleki okuhlala njalo sinika abaphethe izikhundla nabaholi ithuba lokubambelela emandleni ezepolitiki ngokudlisa ukwesaba okudumile, futhi sinikeza ithuba elihle lenzuzo labenzi bezikhali abesekelana nabezepolitiki abathanda amalangabi.11
Ngalezi zindlela uhlelo lweMpi luzenzisa amandla, luyaziqinisa futhi luyazithuthukisa. Ngokukholelwa ukuthi umhlaba uyindawo eyingozi, izizwe ziyazivikela futhi zenze ukulwa ngokuzwana, ngalokho kufakazela ezinye izizwe ukuthi umhlaba uyindawo eyingozi nokuthi-ke kumele zihlomile futhi zenze okufanayo. Inhloso ukusongela udlame oluhlomile esimweni sokungqubuzana ngethemba lokuthi "luzonqanda" uhlangothi, kepha lokhu kwehluleka njalo, bese umgomo ungabi ukugwema ukungqubuzana, kodwa ukukunqoba. Izindlela zokulwa nezimpi ezithile cishe azifunwa ngokungathi sína nomqondo wokuthi kungenzeka kube khona enye indlela eya eMfini uqobo cishe ayenzeki kubantu. Umuntu akakutholi lokho umuntu angakufuni.
Akusekho okwanele ukuqeda impi ethile noma uhlelo oluthile lwezikhali uma sifuna ukuthula. Yonke inkimbinkimbi yamasiko ye-War System kumele ishintshwe ngesistimu ehlukile yokulawula ukungqubuzana. Ngenhlanhla, njengoba sizobona, uhlelo olunjalo seluvele seluthuthuka ezweni langempela.
I-War System iyinhlangano yokukhetha. Isango lendawo yensimbi yensimbi, eqinisweni, livulekile futhi singakwazi ukuphuma lapho sikhetha.
Izinzuzo Zendlela Ehlukile
Izinzuzo ziyizi: ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi nokuzilimaza, ukungabe besaba ngokwesaba, ukungabi nosizi lokulahlekelwa othandekayo ezimpi, izigidi eziyizigidi zamaRandi zichithekele ekubhujisweni nasekulungiseni ukubhujiswa, ukungcola okungabikho futhi ukubhujiswa kwemvelo okuvela ezimpini nokulungiselela izimpi, ababaleki abaphikisana nempi kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi ezibangelwa yimpi, ukungazwakali kwenkululeko yentando yeningi kanye nokukhululeka komphakathi njengoba ukwenziwa kukahulumeni kanye nokufihlwa kuhlaziywa yimikhuba yezempi, kungabe kusahle futhi kufe ngenxa yezikhali ezisele esikhathini esidlule izimpi.
Isixuku esikhulu sabantu abavela kuzo zonke izinhlanga bathanda ukuhlala ngokuthula. Ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lokuba khona kwethu, abantu bayayizonda impi. Noma ngabe isiko lethu liphi, sabelana ngesifiso sempilo enhle, iningi lethu eliyichaza njengokuthi sinomndeni, ukukhulisa izingane nokubabheka bekhula baba abantu abaphumelelayo, nokwenza umsebenzi esiwutholayo. Futhi impi iyaphazamisa impela lezo zifiso.
U-Judith Hand (Umbhali)
Abantu bakhetha ukuthula ngesisekelo somfanekiso wabo wengqondo yesimo esizayo esizayo sabo esifiselekayo. Lesi sithombe singacace njengephupho noma sicace njenhloso noma ngesitatimende se-mishini. Uma abameli bokuthula beveza umbono wekusasa elinengqondo, elikholekayo nelikhangayo kubantu, isimo esingcono ngezindlela ezithile kunalokho okukhona manje, khona-ke lesi sithombe sizoba inhloso evumela futhi ishukumise abantu ukuba bawulilandele. Akubona bonke abantu abakhangwa umqondo wokuthula.
ULuc Reychler (Isayensi Yezokuthula)
Ukubaluleka Kwendlela Ehlukile - Impi ihluleka ukuletha ukuthula
Impi Yezwe I yayilungile njengoba "impi yokuqeda izimpi," kodwa impi ayifuni ukuletha ukuthula. Kungathatha isifungo sesikhashana, isifiso sokuphindisela, kanye nomncintiswano wezikhali ezintsha kuze kube yimpi elandelayo.
Impi, okokuqala, ithemba lokuthi umuntu uzoba ngcono; ngokulandelayo ukulindela ukuthi omunye umuntu uzoba kubi nakakhulu; ke ukwaneliseka ukuthi akuyona into engcono kakhulu; futhi, ekugcineni, kuyamangaza lapho wonke umuntu eba nzima nakakhulu. "
UKarl Kraus (Umlobi)
Ngokwemibandela ejwayelekile, izinga lokuhluleka kwempi ngamaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu - okungukuthi, uhlangothi olulodwa luhlala luluhlekile. Kepha ngamaqiniso, ngisho nalabo okuthiwa bangabanqobi bayalahlekelwa kakhulu.
Ukulahlekelwa kwempi12
Izingozi Zempi
IMpi Yezwe II
Ingqikithi - 50+ million
I-Russia (“victor”) - izigidi ezingama-20;
I-US ("victor") - 400,000+
Impi yaseKorea
ISouth Korea Yezempi - 113,000
ISouth Korea Izakhamizi - 547,000
INorth Korea Yezempi - 317,000
Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho Korea - 1,000,000
I-China - 460,000
Amasosha ase-US - 33,000+
I-Vietnam War
ISouth Vietnam Yezempi - 224,000
INyakatho neVietnam Yezempi kanye neViet Cong - 1,000,000
ukuphuma Izakhamizi ZaseVietnam - 1,500,000
Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho yeVietnam - 65,000;
US Military 58,000 +
Ukulimala kwabantu ezimpini kungaphezulu kakhulu kofileyo uqobo. Ngenkathi kunombango phakathi kwalabo abazama ukukala ukulimala kwempi, sixwayisa ngokungazibukeli phansi isibalo sabantu abahlukumezekile, ngoba lokho kuyiphazamiso ezindlekweni zempi zabantu ezihlala isikhathi eside. Siphakamisa ukuthi umbono ohlanganisela ngokwengeziwe wokulimala kwempi ubonise imiphumela emibi. Ukuhlolwa kwengozi ngokuphelele yempi kufanele kufake phakathi ukufa okuqondile nangokungaqondile. Izisulu zempi ezingaqondile zingalandelelwa emuva kokulandelayo:
Ukucekelwa phansi kwengqalasizinda
• Izakhiwo zomhlaba
• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium esetshenzisiwe
• Ababaleki kanye nabantu ababalekelwa ngaphakathi
• Ukungondleki
• Izifo
• Ukweqa umthetho
• Ukubulawa kwangaphakathi kwezwe
• Izisulu zokudlwengulwa nezinye izindlela zobudlova bocansi
• Ukungalungi kwezenhlalo
NgoJuni 2016, i-United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) yathi "izimpi nokushushiswa kuxoshe abantu abaningi emakhaya abo kunanoma yisiphi isikhathi selokhu kwaqala amarekhodi e-UNHCR". Sekukonke abantu abayizigidi ze-65.3 badudulwa ekugcineni kwe-2015.13
Kungabalwa kuphela lezo zingozi zokulwa kwempi "engaqondile" njengokulimala kwangempela lapho izinganekwane zempi "ehlanzekile" nethi "ukuhlinzwa" enezinamba ezinciphile zabantu abalimele ukulwa.
Isiphithiphithi esihlaselwe izakhamuzi asinakuqhathaniswa, sihlose futhi asithinteki
UKathy Kelly (Isishoshovu Sokuthula)
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emashumini amabili eminyaka nasekupheleni kwamashumi amabili nanye eminyaka, izimpi zibonakala zingapheli, kepha zidlulela ngaphandle kwesisombululo iminyaka ngisho namashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokuthola ukuthula. Izimpi azisebenzi. Bakha isimo sempi yaphakade, noma lokho abanye abahlaziyi manje abakwibiza nge-permawar. Eminyakeni yokugcina ye-120 umhlaba ubhekane nezimpi eziningi njengoba uhlu olulandelayo lwengxenye libonisa:
Impi YaseSpain yaseMelika, izimpi zaseBalkan, iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Impi YaseRussia Yempi YaseSpain, Impi Yezwe YaseSpain, iMpi Yezwe Yesibili, impi yaseKorea, iMpi yaseVietnam, izimpi eziseMelika Ephakathi, izimpi zaseYugoslav Devolution, ezokuqala nezokuqala. Impi Yesibili Yezimpi ZaseCongo, Impi Yezwe Yase-Iraq ne-Iraq, izimpi zaseSoviet kanye nezase-Afghanistan zase-US, impi yase-US Iraq, impi yaseSyria, nezinye ezahlukahlukene kubandakanya iJapan neChina ne-1937, impi yombango ende eColombia (yaphela ngo-2016), kanye nezimpi eSudan, e-Ethiopia nase-Eritrea, izimpi zama-Arabhu nezase-Israel (uchungechunge lwezingxabano zamasosha phakathi kwamasosha e-Israel ahlukahlukene kanye ne-Pakistan, njll.
Impi Yaba Njalo Ebhubhisayo
Izindleko zempi zikhulu ebangeni lomuntu, kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho. Izigidi eziyishumi zafa eMpini Yezwe I, i-50 zaya kwizigidi ezingama-100 eMpini Yezwe II. Impi iqale e2003 yabulala abantu abangamaphesenti amahlanu e-Iraq. Izikhali zenuzi, uma zisetshenziswa, zingaqeda impucuko noma impilo emhlabeni. Ezimpini zanamuhla akuwona amasosha kuphela afela enkundleni yempi. Umqondo "wempi ephelele" waletha imbubhiso nakwabangasilwa futhi, kangangokuba namuhla izakhamizi eziningi - abesifazane, izingane, amadoda amadala-ziyafa ezimpini kunamasosha. Sekuwumkhuba ojwayelekile wamabutho wanamuhla ukuba angenise ngokungakhethi iziqhumane eziphezulu emadolobheni lapho ukugxila okukhulu kwezakhamizi kuzama ukusinda kulokhu kubulawa kwabantu.
Uma nje kubhekwa impi njengomubi, kuyohlale kuthakazelisa. Uma kubhekwa njenge-vulgar, kuzophela ukuvunywa.
U-Oscar Wilde (Umbhali Nezinkondlo)
Impi ihlambalaza futhi ibhubhise izinto eziphilayo lapho impucuko ihlala khona. Ukulungiselela impi kudala futhi kukhishwe amathani amakhemikhali anobuthi. Izindawo eziningi ze-Superfund e-US zisezindleleni zempi. Izinkampani zezikhali zenuzi ezinjengeFernald e-Ohio naseHanford eWashington State ziye zonakalisa umhlabathi namanzi anemfucuza e-radioactive ezoba yingozi ngenxa yezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ukulwa kwempi kushiya izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha angamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye emhlabeni kungenalutho futhi kuyingozi ngenxa yamapulazi, izikhali ze-uranium eziphelile, nezibhamu zebhomu ezigcwala ngamanzi futhi zibe yi-malaria. Izikhali zamakhemikhali zibhubhisa amahlathi nezihlahla zamanzi. Amabutho ezempi asebenzisa amafutha amaningi futhi akhipha amathani kagesi okushisa.
Ku-2015, udlame lubiza umhlaba $ 13.6 trillion noma nge $ 1,876 kuwo wonke umuntu emhlabeni. Le ndlela enikezwe i-Institute of Economics and Peace ku-2016 Global Peace Index yabo ifakazela ukuthi ukulahleka komnotho "kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa izindleko nokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakheni ukuthula nasekubekeni ukuthula".14 Ngokusho kukaMel Duncan, umsunguli we-Nonviolent Peaceforce, izindleko zochwepheshe futhi okhokhelwa ngaphandle kokulimala okungekho emthethweni kuba u- $ 50,000 ngonyaka, uma kuqhathaniswa ne- $ 1 million kubiza abakhokhi bentela base-US isosha e-Afghanistan ngonyaka.15
Izwe libhekene nengozi yezemvelo
Isintu sibhekene nenkinga yemvelo yomhlaba lapho impi isidingida khona futhi sifaka isandla kuyo, kubandakanya, kepha kungagcini lapho, ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu esibi esizophazamisa ezolimo, sidale isomiso kanye nezikhukhula, siphazamise izindlela zezifo, sikhuphule amazinga ababaleki ukunyakaza, nokuphazamisa imvelo yemvelo lapho kuhlala khona impucuko. Kufanele sisheshe sisuse izinsiza ebezisaphazeka lapho kudotiwa khona imigwaqo yokubhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu abantu abhekene nazo manje.
Ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nokushoda kwezinsiza kuyizinto ezifakayo empini nodlame. Abanye bakhuluma ngokuhlangana okuyinhlekelele kobuphofu, udlame kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.16 Yize kungafanele ukuthi sihlukanise lezo zinto njengabashayeli bezimpi eziyimbangela, zidinga ukuqondwa njengezengeziwe - futhi mhlawumbe ezibaluleke ngokwengeziwe - izinto eziyingxenye yomongo wezenhlalo, ezepolitiki kanye nomlando wohlelo lwempi.
Kuyadingeka ukuphazamisa le ndlela enobungozi esongela kakhulu abantu kunemiphumela eqondile yempi. Ukuqala kwezempi kuyisinyathelo esinengqondo. Hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi isabelo-mali samasosha esingaphandle silawula imithombo edingeka kakhulu yokulungisa inkinga yeplanethi. Umthelela omubi wezemvelo wezempi kuphela mkhulu.
Ukuxhuma amachashazi - okubonisa umthelela wempi emvelweni
- Izindiza zamasosha zisebenzisa cishe ikota eyodwa yamafutha endiza emhlabeni.
- UMnyango Wezokuvikela usebenzisa amafutha amaningi ngosuku kunezwe laseSweden.
- UMnyango Wezokuvikela ukhiqiza imfucuza eminingi yamakhemikhali kunezinkampani zamakhemikhali ezinkulu ezinhlanu ezihlanganisiwe.
- Ibhomu lomzabalazo le-F-16 lidla cishe uphethiloli oluphindwe kabili ngehora elilodwa njengoba abashayeli be-US abadonsa kanzima bashisa unyaka.
- Amasosha ase-US asebenzisa uphethiloli owenele ngonyaka owodwa ukuqhuba lonke uhlelo lokuhamba lwesizwe lweminyaka engu-22.
- Ngesikhathi somkhankaso we-1991 wezindiza e-Iraq, i-US isebenzise cishe amathani we-340 wamakhompiyutha aqukethe i-uranium (i-DU). Kwakunamazinga aphezulu kakhulu omdlavuza, izinkinga zokuzalwa nokufa kwezinsana eFallujah, e-Iraq ekuqaleni kwe-2010.17
- Okunye ukulinganiselwa kwamasosha e-2003 ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokusetshenziswa kuka-Army kwamabutho kwenzeka ezimotweni ezaziletha uphethiloli enkundleni yempi.18
Embikweni we-Ajenda Yokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Post-2015, i-UN High-Level Panel ye-Eminent Persons ikubeke kwacaca ukuthi ibhizinisi-njengokujwayelekile bekungeyona inketho nokuthi bekudingeka kube nezinguquko ezibandakanya ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo nokwakha ukuthula kwabo bonke.19
Ngeke nje siqhubekele phambili ngohlelo lokuphathwa kokungqubuzana oluthembele empini ezweni oluzoba nabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye nge2050, ukushoda kwezinsiza ezinzima nesimo sezulu esishintsha kakhulu esizophazamisa umnotho womhlaba futhi sithumele izigidi zababaleki ekuqhubekeni . Uma singayiqedi impi bese sibheka ukunaka kwethu kweplanethi yomhlaba, umhlaba esaziyo uzophela komunye unyaka onobudlova obudlangile.
1. Impi Yinkinga Yethu Esiphuthuma Kakhulu – Masiyixazulule
(http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/war-is-our-most-urgent-problem-let-8217-s-solve-it/)
2. Funda kabanzi ku: Hoffman, FG (2007). Ukungqubuzana phakathi nekhulu le-21: ukuphakama kwezimpi ze-hybrid. I-Arlington, eVirginia: Isikhungo sePotomac seFundo seNqubomgomo.
3. Impi ye-Asymmetric yenzeka phakathi kwamaqembu alwayo lapho amandla ezempi, amasu noma amaqhinga ehlukahluka kakhulu. I-Iraq, iSyria, ne-Afghanistan yizibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu zalokhu.
4. Izimpi zaseMelika. I-illusions and Realities (I-2008) kaPaul Buchheit isula imibono eyiphutha ye-19 ngezimpi zase-US nohlelo lwempi lwaseMelika. UDavid Swanson Impi ingamanga (2016) iphika ukuphikisana kwe-14 okusetshenziselwe ukuthethelela izimpi.
5. Ngemininingwane eqondile ngabakhiqizi bezikhali esizweni, bheka i-2015 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Yearbook Year “Ukudluliselwa kwezingalo nokwenziwa kwezingalo” e- https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2015/10.
6. Inkampani eyiSelf Exitit Company inikezela “ngemibukiso eminingi efana nezimoto eziningi, iMexico Semis, i-Adventure Semis, ne-Trailer Trailer eyenziwe ngababusi beMpi ukuze kubuye kuxhunyaniswe abantu baseMelika neMpi Yezwe laseMelika futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuqwashisa ngezempi phakathi kwezikole zamabanga aphezulu kanye nasekolishi abafundi kanye nezikhungo zabo zethonya. Bona iwebhusayithi ku: http://www.usarec.army.mil/msbn/Pages/MEC.htm
7. Indatshana yesithombe ingabonakala endabeni ethi “Izibhamu kanye namaHotdogs. Izempi zase-US Zikhuthaza Kanjani Izikhali Zayo I-Arsenal KuMphakathi ”at https://theintercept.com/2016/07/03/how-the-us-military-promotes-its-weapons-arsenal-to-the-public/
8. Izinombolo ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngomthombo. Izilinganiso zisukela ezigidini ze-50 ziye kweziyizigidi ezingama-100, kufaka phakathi nengxenye yePacific yempi esele iqhubeka.
9. Paradigm for Peace iwebhusayithi: https://sites.google.com/site/paradigmforpeace/
10. Ucwaningo lutholile ukuthi ohulumeni bangaphandle banezikhathi ze-100 zokungenelela ezimpini zombango lapho izwe elisezimpini linemiholo enkulu kawoyela. Bona ukuhlaziya kanye nesifinyezo salolu cwaningo ku I-Peace Science Digest at http://communication.warpreventioninitiative.org/?p=240
11. Ubufakazi obujulile bezenhlalo kanye ne-anthropological bungatholakala kulezi zincwadi: Pilisuk, Marc, noJennifer Achord Rountree. I-2015. Isakhiwo Esifihlekile Sokuhlukumezeka: Ubani Abazuzisa Ukuhlukumezeka Kwempi Nomhlaba Wonke
I-Nordstrom, uCarolyn. I-2004. Izithunzi Zempi: Ubudlova, Amandla, kanye Nobungcweti Bomhlaba Wonke Kwikhulu Lamashumi Amabili Wokuqala.
12. Inani lingahlukahluka ngokuya ngomthombo. Iwebhusayithi Ukufa Kokulwa Kwezimpi Ezikhulu kanye Nezenzo Zesikhulu Samashumi Amabili futhi Izindleko zeProjekthi Yezempi zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane yaleli thebula.
13, echibini http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacement-hits-record-high.html
14. Bheka i-2016 "Global Peace Index Report" ku http://static.visionofhumanity.org/sites/default/files/GPI%202016%20Report_2.pdf
15. Izindleko ezilinganiselwe zamasosha ngonyaka e-Afghanistan ziqala ku- $ 850,000 ziye ku- $ 2.1 wezigidi kuya ngomthombo nonyaka. Bona isibonelo umbiko ka Isikhungo Sokuhlola Amasu Nesabelomali at http://csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Analysis-of-the-FY-2014-Defense-Budget.pdf noma umbiko owenziwa ngumqambi wePentagon ku- http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/28/one-soldier-one-year-850000-and-rising/. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyiphi inombolo eqondile, kuyacaca ukuthi iyakhuphuka.
16. Bheka: Parenti, umKristu. I-2012. I-Tropic of Chaos: Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-New Geography of Violence. ENew York: Izincwadi Zesizwe.
17. http://costsofwar.org/article/environmental-costs
18. Imisebenzi eminingi ibhekana nokuxhumana phakathi kwempi nemvelo. Ukungena ngaphakathi Izimpi zaseMelika. I-illusions and Realities: Umphumela Wempi Yezemvelo Awubalulekile; noShifferd ngaphakathi Ukusuka Empi Kuya Ekuthuleni ahlinzeke ngemibono emihle kakhulu yemiphumela emibi yempi nokulwa impi kwezemvelo.
19. Ubambiswano Olusha Lomhlaba Wonke: Susa Ubuphofu kanye Nezomnotho Zokuguqula Ngokwentuthuko Esimeme. Umbiko wePhaneli Esezingeni Eliphezulu Yabantu Ababonakala Emhlanganweni kwi-Ajenda Yokuthuthukisa ye-Post-2015 (http://www.un.org/sg/management/pdf/HLP_P2015_Report.pdf)
Emuva kokuqukethwe kwe-2016 Uhlelo Lokuvikela Lomhlaba Wonke: I-Alternative to War.
