U-Alfred de Zayas: Akuzona Izijeziso futhi Azikho Emthethweni

Ngu-Alfred de Zayas, Mashi 25, 2024

Amazwi ku-United Nations Security Council

Bahlonishwa, zithunywa ezihloniphekile,

Ukungabi semthethweni kwezinyathelo zokuphoqelela ezihlangene ezibekwe amazwe athile ngokumelene namanye amaZwe, amabhizinisi kanye nabantu ngabanye kubhalwe phansi ocwaningweni lweNhlangano Yezizwe ezibuyela emuva embikweni oyingqamuzana owakhishwa ngonyaka wezi-2000 yiKhomishana Engaphansi Kokukhuthazwa Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu.[1], umbiko wezi-2012 kaKhomishana Omkhulu uNavi Pillay[2], kanye Nokuphawula Okujwayelekile Nr. 8 weKomidi Lamalungelo Ezomnotho Ezenhlalakahle Namasiko[3].

Inqwaba yezinqumo zoMhlangano Jikelele, muva nje zingama-19 kuZibandlela wezi-2023[4], izinqumo zoMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu, kamuva nje zangomhla ziyi-11 kuMfumfu wezi-2023[5], zihlonze ukwephulwa okuqondile komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe okukhona kuma-UCM kanye nosongo oluwubekayo ekuthuleni nasekuvikelekeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Lezi zinqumo, ezamukelwe ngobuningi obukhulu, zikhuthaza zonke izifundazwe ukuthi ziphakamise ama-UCM. Izinqumo ezingamashumi amathathu nanye ze-GA zigxeka ukuvinjelwa kwe-US ngokumelene neCuba, muva nje ngomhlaka-2 Novemba 2023[6].

Naphezu kwentando ecacile ye iningi lomhlaba ukuthi ama-UCM aqedwe, idlanzana Lamazwe liphula lezi sinqumo ngokunganaki futhi liyaqhubeka nokubeka izinyathelo eziphoqelelayo ezinemiphumela engekho emthethweni yasekhaya kanye nengaphandle kwezindawo. Ukuzungezwa kwalawa ma-UCM angekho emthethweni kungaphansi kwezinhlawulo ezinzima. Lo myalelo wamazwe ngamazwe osekelwe ngempoqo uqhwaga imisebenzi yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene futhi ubukela phansi igunya nokwethembeka kwayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukufana umthetho akuwona umthetho, ukuthi akuwona wonke umyalo osemthethweni osemthethweni noma ofanelwe ukulalelwa, njengoba sazi kuSophocles. I-Antigone[7] futhi kwaqinisekiswa ekwahlulelweni kweSivivinyo Sesithathu saseNuremberg, i Ukuqulwa Kwamajaji[8].

Imithetho eminingi yamaNazi “yayiyimithetho”, kodwa ngegama kuphela. Kwakuyizinqumo ezephula ingqikithi yobulungisa. Kanjalo nemithetho yaseYurophu nase-US mayelana nobugqila nokuhweba ngezigqila, imithetho ebekwe amandla obukoloni, kanye nemithetho ye webandlululo.

Impela, lapho imithetho ingabufezi ubulungiswa kodwa kunalokho ibusa ngokwezwe, ichitha umthetho uqobo, nalokho esikubiza ngokuthi impucuko.[9]. Kunokuba baphendukele ezinyathelweni ezinjalo ezingekho emthethweni, bonke abantu abaphucuzekile banomsebenzi wokumelana nazo.

impucuko ufuna ukuthi imibuso, abantu kanye namabhizinisi melana ukudunwa kokuphathwa kwezobulungiswa, ukusetshenziswa komthetho ukuze kube namandla kanye ukungabi nabulungisa, okuhlanganisa nama-UCM angekho emthethweni.

Kubhalwe ukuthi ama-UCM adala ukwephulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokuphila, ukudla, impilo, amanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle. Ama-UCM avimbe izinyathelo ezisheshayo nezisebenzayo zokulwa nobhubhane olufana ne-Covid-19, abhebhethekise ukuqubuka kwekholera, uvendle, isifo sofuba, avimbela ukwelashwa komdlavuza osindisa impilo futhi abangela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zokufa emhlabeni jikelele.[10].

Siyafakaza ukubuyela emuva ngenhlonipho ekweletwa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nesithunzi somuntu. Abameli bakahulumeni kufanele beluleke ohulumeni babo ngendlela engcono kakhulu yokuthobela izivumelwano nezinkambiso zamazwe ngamazwe, hhayi ukuthi bathola kanjani izintuba futhi baphume ezibophweni zamazwe ngamazwe.

Naphezu kwemithelela ebulalayo yama-UCM, abameli bakahulumeni kwamanye amazwe bawabukela phansi ngomzamo wokudukisa izethameli zentando yeningi ukuba zikholelwe ukuthi ama-UCM afeza izinjongo ezisemthethweni. Kujulile ongenangqondo ukunxenxa amalungelo abantu ngomzamo wokuthethelela izinyathelo ezephula ngokusobala amalungelo abantu abasengozini kakhulu.

Izisulu nabahlukumezi bahlehlisiwe lapha. Umkhuba wama-UCM uveza ukuthi imiqondo yezomthetho nolimi lonakaliswe kanjani, ukuthi amalungelo abantu ahlonyiswa kanjani ukucekela phansi amalungelo abantu. I-cognitive dissonance iba yinto entsha evamile. Cha, indaba okuthiwa inesiphetho esihle ingamanga. Isiphetho se-geopolitical asizithetheleli izindlela zobugebengu.

Ukuxilongwa kucacile: Ama-UCM adala izinkinga zobuntu, izinxushunxushu zomthetho nezenhlalo, ezishiya izisulu zingenakho ukufinyelela okusebenzayo kwezobulungiswa futhi ngaphandle kwamakhambi. Ama-UCM awahambisani nezimiso ezinhle ze-UN Charter[11] kanye neMithethosisekelo yama-ejensi amaningi e-UN okuhlanganisa i-UNESCO ne-WHO.

Ngakho-ke masibalekeni i-epistemology trap, futhi uyeke ukubhekisela kuma-UCM njengokuthi “unswinyo”. I kuphela unswinyo olungokomthetho yilezo ezibekwe yilokhu UMkhandlu wezokuPhepha. Konke okunye kwenza okungekho emthethweni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokwephula incwadi nomoya woMqulu we-UN, ikakhulukazi isiqephu sesi-2, isigaba sesi-4.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi “unswinyo” lisikisela ukuthi uMbuso ozishayayo unegunya lokuziphatha noma elingokomthetho lokwenza kanjalo. Lokhu akunjalo njengoba kudalulwe yi-UN Special Rapporteurs uDkt. Idriss Jazairy, uDkt. Alena Douhan, uDkt. Michael Fakhri nabanye.

Ngeke ngiqhubeke ngeneba mayelana nokuxilongwa kwethu kodwa ngikhetha manje ukwenza iziphakamiso ezinengqondo zokuthi singahlenga kanjani uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe nokuthi nikeza usizo nokwelashwa kwabahlukunyezwayo.

Ngikhumbula ukuthi ezinye izifundazwe ziphikelela ekusebenziseni ama-UCM cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu bomhlaba, nokuthi kuze kube manje zikwenze lokhu ngokungajeziswa, ngiphakamisa ukuthi:

1. Izinhlangano ze-UN ezifana ne-ILO, i-UNDP, i-UNEP, i-UNESCO, i-UNICEF, i-WHO kusukela manje iyaqoqa, ilinganise futhi ihlole umonakalo odalwe ama-UCM. Ukuhlolwa komthelela kufanele kumenyezelwe kabanzi.
2. Kufanele kwakhiwe indawo yokubuka yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze ibhale imithelela yama-UCM. Lesi sikhungo sokubuka noma i-“UCM Watch” kufanele sisebenze ngaphansi koMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu We-UN futhi sinikezwe usizo yi-OHCHR, okufanele igcine isizindalwazi futhi isungule indlela yokuqapha.
3. I-General Assembly kufanele icele i-athikili 96 yoMqulu we-UN edlulisela imibuzo yezomthetho ehlotshaniswa nama-UCM ku-ICJ ukuze uthole umbono wezeluleko mayelana nokungabi semthethweni kwawo kanye nezinga lesinxephezelo okufanele sikhokhelwe izisulu. I-ICJ kufanele futhi icabange ukuthi ingabe izinkinga zobuntu kanye nezinkulungwane zokufa okudalwe ama-UCM "ziwubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini" ngezinjongo ze-Article 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo waseRoma.
4. Ngokulandela i-athikili 9 ye-1948 Genocide Convention[12], Amaqembu ezizwe kufanele athumele i-ICJ umbuzo wokuthi ukudalwa ngamabomu kwezimo empeleni ezibhubhisa ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye iqembu ngokusobala lihlanganisa ukuqothulwa kohlanga. Imfuneko "yenhloso" ingacatshangelwa ekuboneni kusengaphambili ukufa okubangelwa ama-UCM. Isinqumo se-ICJ I-Bosnia v. Serbia ibeka isibopho sokuvimbela[13].
5. Izinqubo zezikhalazo zamazwe ahlukahlukene zezinhlangano eziningana zezivumelwano ze-UN kufanele zixoxwe. I-Article 41 ye-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights inikeza amandla eKomidini Lamalungelo Abantu ukuhlola izikhalazo zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokwephulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokuphila. Uma kungekho ukubhukha kulesi sihloko, amandla eKomidi Lamalungelo Abantu prima facie emisiwe. I-Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights izophinde ihlinzekele ngezikhalo phakathi kwezifundazwe ngokuhambisana ne-Article 10.[14].
6. Imithetho yamazwe amaningi ibeka isibopho somphakathi sokusiza abantu abasengozini enkulu yokuphila. Le mithetho ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wemithetho yokuhlenga.[15] Ngokungangabazeki ama-UCM afaka ingozi enkulu empilweni, futhi imibuso kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi angaphansi kwamandla abo bathobela lowo msebenzi wokusiza imithetho futhi bangabi cindezela emacaleni e-UCM.
7. Amazwe kufanele avikele abantu ngabanye kanye namabhizinisi ajeziswe yizifunda eziphoqelela ama-UCM.

Abahle kakhulu

Uma sifuna ukuthi izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe, izinkantolo kanye nezinye izindlela zisebenze ngendlela efanele, kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi zonke izinhlangothi ziphinde zizibophezele Ezinhlosweni Nezimiso ZeNhlangano Yezizwe. Kufanele sibalekele i-epistemology trap futhi yenqabe umzamo wokufihla ama-UCM "njengenswinyo", yenqabe isidingo esingalungile "sokuhambisana" nalokho okungokoqobo. obumbene imiyalo ephula ukulingana okuzimele kweMibuso kanye nokuzikhethela kwabantu.

Ngimema bonke abakhona lapha ukuthi bathole kabusha ingokomoya leSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu futhi baqinisekise ukuthi igunya nokwethembeka kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kuyaqiniswa ngokugcinwa kwezinqumo ze-UN, futhi akuchithwa ubunzima ekubekezeleleni ama-UCM, abonakalisa ngomqondo wangempela a ukuhlubuka ngokumelene ne-UN Charter futhi kuhlanganisa amacala okulwa nobuntu. Ngiyaninxusa ukuthi nisebenze ngendlela eyakhayo ekubambisaneni nasekubuyisaneni kulo mhlaba wethu ovamile.

Ngiyabonga ngokunginaka kwakho

[1] E/CN.4/Sub2/2000/33-https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/422860

[2] A/HRC/19/33-https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F19%2F33&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False

[3] E/C.12/1997/8-https://www.refworld.org/legal/general/cescr/1997/en/52393

[4] https://www.un.org/en/ga/78/resolutions.shtml

[5] https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session54/res-dec-stat

[6]-https://www.undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F78%2F7&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False. I-Res. 78/7

[7] https://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html

[8] https://www.archives.gov/files/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m889.pdf

[9]-https://iihl.org/the-laws-of-humanity/

-https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/irrc-844-coupland.pdf

-https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-6265-299-6_3

UJeffrey Sachs, Inani Lempucuko, Random House, New York 2011.

[10] https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/venezuela-sanctions-2019-04.pdf

[11] Bheka futhi 25 Izimiso Zokuhleleka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe, eshicilelwe njengeSahluko 2 sika-A. de Zayas, Ukwakha Uhlelo Lomhlaba Olulungile, Clarity Press, 2021.

[12] Akunakwenzeka ukufaka icala ngokumelene ne-US ngaphansi kwe-athikili 9, ngenxa yokuthi i-US ithumele ukubhukha ngokumelene ne-athikili 9 lapho iqinisekisa iSivumelwano ngo-1992. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuhambisa amacala ngokumelene neCanada, UK, France, Germany, kanye nawo wonke amanye amazwe. ukubeka ama-UCM futhi kubangele ukuhlupheka nokufa emazweni afana neCuba, iNicaragua, iSyria, iVenezuela, iZimbabwe, njll.

[13] https://icj-cij.org/case/91

[14] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-international-covenant-economic-social-and

[15] https://www.thelaw.com/law/good-samaritan-laws-the-duty-to-help-or-rescue-someone.218/