nguRobert Parry, Novemba 9, 2017
Kusukela Izindaba ze-Consortium
I-United Nations entsha exhaswe umbiko ngesigameko sango-Ephreli 4 sarin edolobheni elilawulwa yi-Al Qaeda eSyria usola uhulumeni kaBashar al-Assad ngesihluku, kodwa umbiko uqukethe ubufakazi obujulile ngaphakathi kwe-"Annex II" yayo obuzofakazela ukungabi nacala kuka-Assad.
Noma kunjalo, i-Joint Investigative Mechanism [JIM], iphrojekthi ehlanganyelwe ye-U.N. kanye ne-Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons [OPCW], yabubekela eceleni lobu bufakazi obushaqisayo futhi yakhipha isinqumo secala sika-Assad esasifunwa yi-United States namadlelandawonye ayo. ufunda kuze kube manje, uzothola ukuthi izisulu ezingaphezu kwe-100 zokuchayeka i-sarin zayiswa ezibhedlela zendawo eziningana. ngaphambi indiza yempi yaseSyria okusolwa ukuthi ibingahlasela idolobha laseKhan Sheikhoun.
I-JIM idlulise ubufakazi besenzo sonya, lapho izisebenzi ze-Al Qaeda zizosebenzisa i-sarin ukubulala izakhamizi ezingenacala futhi zisole u-Assad, endaweni eyi-14 ku-Annex II yombiko. Ukuzwela kwalobu bufakazi bokuthi "ukuhlasela" okuhleliwe kuphakanyiswa ukuthi uMongameli uTrump uphuthume ekwahluleleni futhi wayala isiteleka "sokuziphindiselela" ngemicibisholo ye-59 Tomahawk esikhungweni sezindiza saseSyria ngobusuku buka-Ephreli 6-7. Lokho kuhlasela kwe-US kubikwa ukuthi kubulale amasosha amaningana esisekelweni kanye nezakhamuzi eziyisishiyagalolunye, kuhlanganise nezingane ezine, ezindaweni eziseduze.
Ngakho-ke, uma kuba sobala ukuthi i-Al Qaeda yakhohlisa uMongameli uTrump ngeke nje abe necala lokwephula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nokubulala abantu abangenacala, kodwa yena kanye nayo yonke inhlangano yezombangazwe yaseNtshonalanga kanye nemithombo yezindaba emikhulu izobukeka “njengezilima eziwusizo zika-Al Qaeda. .”
Njengamanje, iNtshonalanga kanye nemidiya yayo evamile ukuvikela amaRussia ngenxa yokungamukeli "ukuhlola" kwe-JIM, okusola u-Assad ngokuhlaselwa kwe-sarin. I-Russia nayo ithatha izintambo zokubuza ngokuqhubeka kwegunya le-JIM. Akukaze kube nokungabaza okujwayelekile mayelana nombiko we-JIM futhi cishe akukho okukhulunywa ngakho ekuhlukeni kwezikhathi zesibhedlela.
Izinkinga Zesikhathi
Ukuthola ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwe-sarin okuthiwa kwenzeke nini ngo-Ephreli 4, umbiko we-JIM uthembele kofakazi edolobheni elilawulwa yi-Al Qaeda kanye nevidiyo enelukuluku ebonisa iziqhumane ezintathu zentuthu kodwa zingekho izindiza. Ngokusekelwe kumethadatha yevidiyo, i-JIM ithe isigameko siqoshwe phakathi kwamahora angu-0642 nangu-0652. Ngakho i-JIM ibeka isikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-sarin phakathi kuka-0630 namahora angu-0700.
Ngokusho kwe-Annex II yombiko, "Izikhathi zokwamukelwa kwamarekhodi zisukela phakathi kwamahora angu-0600 nangama-1600." Futhi lezi zimo zakuqala - zifika ngaphambi kodwa ukungeniswa kokuqala kwezisulu ezibhedlela zendawo kwaqala emahoreni angu-0600, i-JIM yathola, okusho ukuthi lezi zisulu zazingeke zidliswe ushevu ngezinsolo zokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu emoyeni (ngisho noma ukuhlasela kwezindiza kwenzeke ngempela. kwenzeka).
"Ukuhlaziywa kwe ... amarekhodi ezempilo aveze ukuthi ezimweni ezingu-57, iziguli zingeniswe ezibhedlela ezinhlanu ngaphambi kwesigameko eKhan Shaykhun," kusho i-Annex II.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kungqubuzana kwesikhathi akuzange kukhawulelwe ezibhedlela ezimbalwa nasezindaweni ezizungezile eKhan Sheikhoun, kodwa kwaqoshwa nasezibhedlela ezazihlakazekile kuyo yonke indawo futhi kwakuhlanganisa nesibhedlela esisodwa esasizothatha ihora noma ngaphezulu ukufinyelela.
I-Annex II yathi: "Ezimweni ezinjengalezi eziyishumi, iziguli zibonakala zingeniswe esibhedlela esiqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-10 ukusuka eKhan Shaykhun ngamahora angu-125 kanti ezinye iziguli ezingama-0700 kubonakala sengathi zingeniswe esibhedlela esiqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-42 ngamahora angu-30."
Ngamanye amazwi, iziguli ezingaphezu kwe-100 zizobonakala zivezwe ku-sarin ngaphambi indiza yempi yaseSyria okusolwa ukuthi ibingaliwisa ibhomu okusolwa ukuthi libhomu futhi izisulu zingakhishwa, okutholwe ukuthi kukodwa bekuyoqeda icala le-JIM elibhekene nohulumeni waseSyria.
Kepha i-JIM ibonakale inentshisekelo enkulu ekugqibeni lobu bufakazi be-Al Qaeda eyenza lesi sigameko - futhi ibulale izakhamizi ezithile ezingase zisebenziseke - kunokulandela le nkinga yesikhathi.
"I-[JIM] ayizange ikuphenye lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye futhi ayikwazi ukunquma ukuthi kuxhumene nanoma yisiphi isimo esingaba sesiteji, noma ekugcinweni kwamarekhodi okungekuhle ngaphansi kwezimo ezinesiphithiphithi," kusho umbiko. Kodwa izaba ezinikeziwe mayelana nokugcinwa kabi kwamarekhodi kuzofanele zisebenze ezibhedlela eziningi endaweni ebanzi zonke ziqopha amanga isikhathi sokufika kweziguli ezingaphezu kwe-100.
I-video yentuthu yentuthu nayo isingenile ukungabaza okuvela kuTheodore Postol, uchwepheshe wezikhali e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, owaphawula ukuthi akukho nelilodwa kulawa mapayipi amathathu elihambisana nomonakalo wezakhiwo (njengoba ubhekwa ezithombeni zesathelayithi) owawungabangelwa amabhomu asemoyeni alawo mandla.
Ukuthola kukaPostol kusikisela ukuthi intuthu yayingaba enye ingxenye yomcimbi wesiteji esikhundleni semfucumfucu ekhahlelwe ngamabhomu asemoyeni.
I-JIM nayo ayikwazanga ukuthola ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi indiza yezempi yaseSyria yayiphezu kweKhan Sheikhoun ngesikhathi sevidiyo nakuba umbiko uthi indiza yayingafika phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-5 ukusuka edolobheni.
Umlando Wokukhohlisa
Mhlawumbe okubaluleke nakakhulu, umbiko we-JIM awuzange uzibe umongo wecala lango-April 4 kanye nomlando odlule we-Al Qaeda's Nusra Front ehlasela izikhali zamakhemikhali ngenhloso yokubeka icala kuhulumeni waseSyria nokukhohlisa amasosha ase-US ukuba angenelele eceleni. yeNusra kanye nabalingani bayo abangamaSulumane.
Ngomhla zi-4 kuMbasa, kwaba nesisusa esinamandla sokuthi i-Al Qaeda nabalingani bayo besifunda benze umcimbi ohleliwe. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili, abaphathi bakaMongameli uTrump bashaqise abavukeli baseSyria kanye nabasekeli babo ngokumemezela ukuthi "ukushintsha kombuso" kwakungaseyona inhloso yase-US eSyria.
Ngakho-ke, i-Al Qaeda kanye nabanikezeli bayo besifunda babemagange ukuhlehlisa isinqumo sikaTrump, esafezwa ukusabela kwakhe ngokomzwelo kumavidiyo wezindaba zekhebula abonisa izingane nezinye izakhamuzi zihlupheka futhi zifa eKhan Sheikhoun.
Ngobusuku buka-Ephreli 6-7, ngaphambi kokuthi kwenziwe uphenyo olunzulu, uTrump wayala ukuthi kuqhunyiswe imicibisholo ye-Tomahawk engu-59 esikhungweni sezindiza saseSyria okuthiwa siqale ukuhlasela kwe-sarin.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ngatshelwa ngumthombo wezobunhloli ukuthi okungenani abanye abahlaziyi be-CIA bakholelwa ukuthi isigameko se-sarin empeleni sasihlelwe nge-sarin okungenzeka ukuthi yandiziswa nge-drone evela endaweni ekhethekile yaseSaudi-Israel eJordani.
Lo mthombo uthe inkundla yesigameko ibishesha ngenxa yesimemezelo esimangalisayo sokuthi abaphathi bakaTrump abasafuni ukushintshwa kombuso eDamaseku. Ukuxhamazela kuholele ekubeni budedengu ekubopheni yonke imininingwane edingekayo ukuze kufakwe isihluku ku-Assad, kusho umthombo.
Kepha ama-slip-ups ambalwa, njengokwehluleka okubonakalayo ukuxhumanisa isikhathi sokungeniswa esibhedlela ngemuva ukuhlasela kwezindiza okuhlosiwe, akuzange kuvimbe abaphenyi be-JIM ekusekeleni isifiso saseNtshonalanga sokusola u-Assad futhi badale omunye umugqa wokuhlasela ngokumelene namaRussia.
Ngokufanayo, abanye abaphenyi abaxhumene ne-UN babukela phansi ubufakazi bangaphambili bokuthi iNusra ye-Al Qaeda yayihlela izigameko zezikhali zamakhemikhali ngemva kokuba uMongameli Obama ebeke phansi “umugqa obomvu” wakhe ngezikhali zamakhemikhali. Amasosha ngokusobala ayenethemba lokuthi amasosha ase-US azokhipha amasosha aseSyria futhi avule indlela yokunqoba i-Al Qaeda.
Ngokwesibonelo, abaphenyi be-U.N wafunda Ivela kubantu abambalwa basedolobheni lase-Al-Tamanah mayelana nokuthi amavukelambuso kanye “nezishoshovu” ezihlangene bakwenza kanjani ukuhlasela kwegesi ye-chlorine ngobusuku bango-April 29-30, 2014, base bethengisa le ndaba engamanga kwabezindaba zaseNtshonalanga ezikhohlisayo futhi, ekuqaleni, ithimba labaphenyi le-U.N.
“Ofakazi abayisikhombisa bathi izixwayiso ezivamile [mayelana nokuhlasela kwezikhali ze-chlorine okuseduze kukahulumeni] zazikhishwe, kodwa empeleni azikho izigameko zamakhemikhali ezenzeka,” kusho umbiko we-U.N. “Ngesikhathi abantu befuna ukuphepha ngemuva kwalezi zixwayiso, bagqekezelwa imizi yabo kwasabalala amahlebezi okuthi kuyadlalwa. … [T] hawu [laba fakazi] babeze ngaphambili ukuzophikisana nemibiko yabezindaba engamanga esabalele.”
Ubufakazi Obungabaza
Abanye abantu, abasole ukuthi kube nokuhlasela kwamakhemikhali kukahulumeni ku-Al-Tamanah, banikeze ubufakazi abasolwa, okuhlanganisa nemininingwane evela emithonjeni engabazekayo, ngokusho kombiko.
“Omunye ufakazi uveze izinsuku zazo zonke izigameko ezinhlanu eyifunda ephepheni, kodwa akazange aveze noma yibuphi ubufakazi ngalesi sigameko sangomhla zingama-29-30 kuMbasa wezi-2014. Lona wabuye wahlinzeka ngevidiyo enesihloko esithi 'indawo lapho umgqomo wesibili wawuqukethe igesi ye-chlorine enobuthi. yachithwa ngomhlaka-30 Ephreli 14'”Umbiko uthe, “Ofakazi abathathu, abangazange bachaze isigameko sangomhla zingama-29-30 ku-Ephreli 2014, banikeze imininingwane engaziwa ukuthi ivelaphi. Ufakazi oyedwa ubenolwazi lwesibili lwezehlakalo ezinhlanu e-Al-Tamanah, kodwa akazange azikhumbule izinsuku eziqondile. Kamuva lowo fakazi wanikeza i-USB-stick enolwazi lwemvelaphi engaziwa, eyagcinwa kumafolda ahlukene ngokwezinsuku zazo zonke izigameko ezinhlanu ezishiwo yi-FFM [I-U.N.'s Fact-Finding Mission].
Abanye ofakazi abasola ukuhlasela kukahulumeni waseSyria banikeze izinsolo zokuthi bathole “amabhomu emiphongolo” efakwe i-chlorine ngokusekelwe ekutheni idivayisi izwakale kanjani ekwehleni kwayo.
Umbiko we-U.N. wathi, “Ufakazi wokuzibonela, othi ubephezu kophahla, wathi wezwa indiza enophephela emhlane nomsindo ‘omkhulu kakhulu’ wokuwa kombhobho. Abanye okwaxoxwa nabo babebhekisele emsindweni oshayayo ohlukile wemiphongolo equkethe i-chlorine njengoba iwa. Isitatimende sofakazi asikwazanga ukuqinisekiswa nanoma yiluphi olunye ulwazi.”
Kodwa-ke, isimangalo ngokwaso asinangqondo ngoba akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma ngubani angathola i-chlorine canister ngaphakathi "kwebhomu lombhobho" "ngomsindo ohlukile wokushaya ikhwela."
Iphuzu elikhulu, nokho, ukuthi amavukela-mbuso e-jihadist e-Al-Tamanah kanye namaqembu abo enkulumo-ze, okuhlanganisa abasebenzi bosizo kanye nezishoshovu, kubonakala sengathi bahlele umzamo ohlangene wokukhohlisa ophelele ngevidiyo mbumbulu enikezwe abaphenyi be-UN kanye nemithombo yezindaba yaseNtshonalanga.
Isibonelo, i-Telegraph yaseLondon kubika ukuthi “Amavidiyo okusolwa ukuthi athathwe e-Al-Tamanah … ahloselwe ukukhombisa izindawo ezithinta amabhomu amakhemikhali amabili. Izishoshovu zithi oyedwa ushonile kwathi abanye abangu-70 balimala.”
I-Telegraph icaphune okuthiwa uchwepheshe wezikhali u-Eliot Higgins, umsunguli weBellingcat kanye nozakwabo omkhulu kuMkhandlu omelene neRussian Atlantic Council, njengoba bevumelana nezimangalo zika-Al-Tamanah.
“OFakazi bebelokhu bebika ngokusetshenziswa kwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ukuwisa amabhomu asetshenziswa emiphongolweni yamakhemikhali,” kusho uHiggins. "Njengoba kunjena, cishe ishumi nambili izigameko zokuhlaselwa kwamabhomu amakhemikhali kusolwa kuleya ndawo emasontweni amathathu edlule."
Tyena u-Al-Tamanah ephikisa embikweni we-U.N. akazange athole ukunakwa kwabezindaba ngesikhathi okutholwe yi-UN kukhishwa ngoSepthemba 2016 ngoba umbiko we-UN uthembele olwazini lwabavukeli ukuze usole ezinye izinsolo ezimbili zokuhlasela kwe-chlorine kuhulumeni futhi lokho kwatholakala konke. Kodwa icala bekufanele liphakamise amafulegi abomvu uma kubhekwa ubukhulu benkohliso esobala.
Ukube abantu basedolobheni abayisikhombisa bebekhuluma iqiniso, lokho bekuyosho ukuthi amavukela-mbuso namadlelandawonye abo bakhiphe izexwayiso zokuhlasela mbumbulu, bakhiqize ama-video enkulumo-ze ukuze bakhohlise iNtshonalanga, futhi balungiselela “ofakazi” “ngobufakazi” ukuze bakhohlise abaphenyi. Nokho, azikho izinhlaba-mkhosi ezikhalayo mayelana nezinye izimangalo zamavukela-mbuso.
Isigameko saseGhouta
Ukuhlasela okudume kakhulu - ngegesi ye-sarin endaweni engaphansi kweDamaseku yaseGhouta ngo-Agasti 21, 2013, kwashona amakhulu - nakho kwasolwa ngokulangazela kuhulumeni wase-Assad, njenge-New York Times, Human Rights Watch, Higgins's Bellingcat nezinye izitolo eziningi zaseNtshonalanga. wafinyelela kuleso siphetho naphezu kwezimo ezingalindelekile. U-Assad ubesanda kwamukela abaphenyi be-UN eDamaseku ukuyohlola ukuhlaselwa kwamakhemikhali abesola wona kumavukelambuso.
Kodwa lokhu kwaba okunye ukujaha ukwahlulela emazweni aseNtshonalanga okwaletha abaphathi baka-Obama onqenqemeni lokuhlasela kwezempi yaseSyria okwakungase kusize inhlangano ye-Al Qaeda yaseSyria kanye/noma i-Islamic State ukunqoba impi. usongo “lomugqa obomvu” oluvela kuMongameli u-Obama emxwayisa ngokungenelela kwamasosha ase-US uma uhulumeni waseSyria esebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali. Kungani u-Assad kanye nebutho lakhe bezokhetha umzuzu onjalo wokuhlasela i-sarin ebulalayo ngaphandle kwaseDamaseku, ebulala iningi labo izakhamuzi, akuzange kube nomqondo.
Nokho, ekugcineni, icala lisola u-Assad ngokuhlaselwa kwe-sarin ka-2013 yawa.
Ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe bezikhali zangempela - abafana noTheodore Postol, uprofesa we-MIT wezesayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nenqubomgomo yezokuphepha kazwelonke, kanye noRichard M. Lloyd, umhlaziyi wenkontileka yezempi i-Tesla Laboratories - bathole ukuthi umcibisholo odiliva i-sarin wawunamandla kakhulu. ibanga elifushane elibeka indawo yalo okungenzeka lidubule ngayo endaweni yabavukeli.
Kamuva, kubikwa yintatheli uSeymour Hersh okufakiwe I-intelligence yaseTurkey esebenza nabavukeli be-jihadist njengomthombo okungenzeka we-sarin.
Siphinde safunda ngo-2016 ukuthi umlayezo ophikweni lwezobunhloli e-U.S. lwaluxwayise u-Obama ukuthi bubuthakathaka kangakanani ubufakazi obumelene no-Assad. Abukho ubufakazi “be-slam-dunk,” kusho uMqondisi weNational Intelligence uJames Clapper. Futhi u-Obama uveze ukwenqaba kwakhe “incwadi yokudlala” yezempi yaseWashington ukuze kuqhunyiswe iSyria njengesinye sezikhathi zakhe zokuziqhenya njengoMongameli.
Ngalesi sizinda, bekufanele kube nokungabaza okukhulu lapho ama-jihadist kanye nabalingani babo benza izimangalo ezintsha mayelana nohulumeni waseSyria obandakanyeka ekuhlaselweni kwezikhali zamakhemikhali. Kodwa kwakungekho.
Umongo obanzi walolu phenyo oluchemile ukuthi abaphenyi be-U.N. kanye ne-OPCW bebengaphansi kwayo ingcindezi enkulu yokuqinisekisa ukumangalelwa ngokumelene neSyria nezinye izifundazwe ezihlosiwe.
Ukuzimela okulinganiselwe kwe-U.N. emizamweni yayo yophenyo kwephulwa ngokusobala ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka lapho abaphathi bakaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush behlanza izinhlangano ze-UN ezazingahambisani nombuso wase-US, ikakhulukazi ekungeneleleni eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Njengamanje, iNtshonalanga isola iRussia. ngenxa yokuwohloka kokuvumelana ngemuva kophenyo lwe-UN, kodwa inkinga ngempela iqhamuka isu laseWashington lesikhathi eside lokuphoqa izinhlangano ze-UN ukuba zibe yizikhali zenkulumo-ze zamasu e-US geopolitical.
Ngokuxhashazwa kwezimali kanye nokukhethwa kwabasebenzi ababalulekile, abaphathi bakaBush basungula ukuthatha noma okungenani ukuchithwa kwenhlangano eyodwa ehlangene ne-U.N. ngemva kwenye.
Isibonelo, ngo-2002, iPhini likaBush likaNobhala Wombuso uJohn Bolton wahola ekuthathweni kwe-OPCW njengoba uBush ehlela ukusho izikhali zamakhemikhali njengezaba eziyinhloko zokuhlasela i-Iraq.
UMqondisi Jikelele we-OPCW uJose Mauricio Bustani ubhekwe njengesithiyo ngoba wayecindezela i-Iraq ukuthi yamukele izivumelwano ze-OPCW zokuqeda izikhali zamakhemikhali, okungenzeka ukuthi zabukela phansi isisekelo se-WMD sikaBush sempi.
Yize uBustani esanda kukhethwa kabusha esikhundleni esisha, usomlomo waseBrazil waphoqeleka ukuba aphume, ukuze alandelwe kulowo msebenzi izikhulu eziphendulekayo, okuhlanganisa noMqondisi Jikelele wamanje u-Ahmet Uzumcu waseTurkey, ongaveli ezweni le-NATO kuphela kodwa wasebenza njengesikhulu saseTurkey. inxusa ku-NATO naku-Israyeli. [Ukuze uthole imininingwane, bheka i-Consortiumnews.com "Amandla e-U.N. 'Empi Enolaka.'”]
Kusukela ngalezo zinsuku zokuhlasela kwe-Iraq, umdlalo awukashintshi. I-US nezinye izikhulu zaseNtshonalanga zilindele ukuthi i-UN kanye nezinhlangano ezihlobene nazo zamukele noma okungenani zingaphikisi ukungenelela kweWashington geopolitical.
Umehluko kuphela manje ukuthi iRussia, elinye lamalungu amahlanu asebenzisa i-veto yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, ithi sekwanele - futhi ukuphikisana kweRussia nale mibuzo echemile kuvela njengenye indawo eyingozi kakhulu eMpini Yomshoshaphansi.
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Intatheli ephenyayo uRobert Parry yephule eziningi zezindaba ze-Iran-Contra ze-Associated Press kanye ne-Newsweek ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Ungathenga incwadi yakhe yakamuva, Indaba Eyebiwe YaseMelika, noma ku phrinta lapha noma njenge-e-book (kusuka Amazon futhi barnesandnoble.com).
