Ngemva Kweminyaka Engamashumi Amabili Empi, Abantu BaseCongo Bathi Kwanele

Ibhalwe nguTanupriya Singh, Ukuphikiswa Okudumile, Disemba 20, 2022

I-M23 Kanye Nokwenza Izimpi ECongo.

I-Peoples Dispatch ikhulume nesishoshovu sase-Congo kanye nomcwaningi u-Kambale Musavuli mayelana nokuhlasela kwakamuva kweqembu lamavukelambuso i-M23 engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-DRC kanye nomlando obanzi wezimpi zamanxusa esifundeni.

NgoMsombuluko, Disemba 12, kwaba nomhlangano phakathi kweqembu lamavukelambuso i-M23, i-Congolese armed Force (FARDC), umkhuzi webutho elihlangene le-East African Community (EAC), iJoint Expanded Verification Mechanism (JMWE), i-Ad-Hoc. I-Verification Mechanism, kanye nebutho le-UN eligcina ukuthula, i-MONUSCO, e-Kibumba endaweni yaseNyiragongo esifundazweni saseNyakatho Kivu etholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-DRC.

Umhlangano ubanjwe ngemuva kwalokho imibiko Ukulwa phakathi kwe-M23 kanye ne-FARDC, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuthi iqembu lamavukelambuso lizibophezele "ukugcina ukumiswa kwezikhali" esifundeni esicebile ngamaminerali. I-M23 yaziwa kabanzi njengebutho lezwe elingumakhelwane iRwanda.

NgoLwesibili, mhla ziyisi-6 kuZibandlela, i-M23 yamemezela ukuthi isikulungele “ukuqala ukuhoxa nokuhoxa” endaweni ehlanziwe, nokuthi iyayeseka “imizamo yesifunda yokuletha ukuthula okuhlala isikhathi eside e-DRC.” Isitatimende sikhishwe ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwe Ingxoxo Yesithathu Yama-Inter-Congo ngaphansi kwesisekelo se-East African Community (EAC) bloc ebibanjelwe eNairobi, futhi igqugquzelwa nguMongameli wangaphambilini waseKenya u-Uhuru Kenyatta.

Alinganiselwa ku-50 amaqembu ahlomile abemelwe emhlanganweni obuseNairobi, ngaphandle kwe-M23. Izingxoxo bezibanjwe ngoNovemba 28, kukhona nabaholi baseKenya, Burundi, Congo, Rwanda nase-Uganda. Kulandele inqubo ehlukile yezingxoxo ezabanjelwa e-Angola ngasekuqaleni kukaNovemba, eyaveza isivumelwano sokuyeka ukulwa esasizoqala ukusebenza kusukela ngoNovemba 25. Lokhu kwakuzolandelwa ukuhoxa kwe-M23 ezindaweni eyayizithathile—okuhlanganisa iBunagana, Kiwanja, neRutshuru.

Yize i-M23 ibingeyona ingxenye yezingxoxo, leli qembu lithe lizokwamukela ukumiswa kokudubula libe linelungelo eligcwele lokuzivikela. Iphinde yacela "izingxoxo eziqondile" nohulumeni wase-DRC, futhi iphinde yasho esitatimendeni sayo sangoDisemba 6. Uhulumeni wase-DRC usenqabile lesi sicelo, wabeka iqembu lamavukela-mbuso "iqembu lamaphekula."

ULieutenant-Colonel Guillaume Njike Kaiko, okhulumela amasosha esifundazweni, kushiwo kamuva ukuthi umhlangano owawungoDisemba 12 wawucelwe ngabavukeli, ukuze bathole isiqiniseko sokuthi ngeke bahlaselwe yiFARDC uma behoxa ezindaweni ezidlayo.

Nokho, uLieutenant-General Constant Ndima Kongba, umbusi waseNyakatho Kivu, kugcizelelwe ukuthi umhlangano wawungewona wokuxoxisana, kodwa wawubanjwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezinqumo ngaphansi kwezinqubo zokuthula zase-Angola naseNairobi.

NgoDisemba 1, amasosha aseCongo asole i-M23 kanye namadlelandawonye ngokubulala abantu abangu-50 ngoNovemba 29 eKishishe, eRutshuru Territory, engamakhilomitha angu-70 enyakatho yedolobha laseGoma. NgoDisemba 5, uhulumeni ubuyekeze isibalo sabashonile saba ngu-300, okuhlanganisa okungenani nezingane eziyi-17. I-M23 izichithile lezi zinsolo, ithi bayisishiyagalombili kuphela abantu ababulawe “ngezinhlamvu ezidukile.”

Nokho, ukubulawa kwabantu kwaqinisekiswa iMONUSCO, kanye neHhovisi Elihlangene Lamalungelo Abantu (UNJHRO) ngo-December 7. Ngokusekelwe ophenyweni lokuqala, lo mbiko uveze ukuthi okungenani abantu abangu-131 babulawa ezigodini zaseKishishe naseBambo phakathi kuka-November 29 no. 30.

“Izisulu zibulawe ngokungafanele ngezinhlamvu noma ngezikhali,” funda umbhalo. Iphinde yengeza ngokuthi okungenani abesifazane abangu-22 namantombazane amahlanu badlwenguliwe, nokuthi udlame “lwenziwa njengengxenye yomkhankaso wokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuthumba kanye nokuphangwa kwezigodi ezimbili zaseRutshuru Territory ukuziphindiselela ngezingxabano phakathi kuka-M23 no-MXNUMX. IDemocrats for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR-FOCA), namaqembu ahlomile iMai-Mai Mazembe, kanye neNyatura Coalition of Movements for Change.”

Umbiko wengeze ngokuthi amasosha e-M23 aphinde angcwaba izidumbu zalabo ababulawa “okungase kube yimizamo yokucekela phansi ubufakazi.”

Izibhicongo zaseRutshuru akuzona izehlakalo ezizimele, kodwa kunalokho zingezakamuva ochungechungeni olude lwezenzo zonya ezenziwa e-DRC cishe iminyaka engama-30, okulinganiselwa ukuthi zibulale abantu baseCongo abayizigidi eziyi-6. Nakuba i-M23 yagqama kulandela ukuthunjwa kwayo i-Goma ngo-2012, futhi futhi ngokuqala kabusha kokuhlasela kwayo kwakamuva ngoNdasa, kungenzeka ilandele umkhondo weqembu emashumini eminyaka adlule, kanye nayo, izimfuno ezingapheli zama impiriya ezibhebhezela udlame ezweni. I-Congo.

Amashumi eminyaka Empi Yommeleli

"I-DRC yahlaselwa omakhelwane bayo, iRwanda ne-Uganda, ngo-1996 no-1998. Nakuba womabili la mazwe ahoxa ngokusemthethweni kuleli kulandela ukusayinwa kwezivumelwano zamazwe amabili ngo-2002, aqhubekile nokweseka amaqembu avukela umbuso," kuchaza uKambale Musavuli, Umcwaningi waseCongo kanye nesishoshovu, engxoxweni no Ukuthunyelwa Kwabantu.

I-M23 isifinyezo se-"March 23 Movement" eyakhiwa amasosha ngaphakathi kwebutho laseCongo ayengamalungu eqembu langaphambili lamavukelambuso, i-National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP). Basola uhulumeni ngokwenqaba ukuhlonipha isivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa ngoMashi 23, 2009, esaholela ekuhlanganisweni kweCNDP neFARDC. Ngo-2012, laba ababengamasosha e-CNDP bahlubuka kuhulumeni, bakha i-M23.

Nokho, uMusavuli uveza ukuthi izimangalo eziphathelene nesivumelwano sokuthula zingamanga: “Isizathu sokuba bahambe ukuthi omunye wabaphathi babo, uBosco Ntaganda, wayesatshiswa ngokuthi uzoboshwa.” I-International Criminal Court yayisikhiphile amawaranti amabili ngokuboshwa kwakhe, ngo-2006 nango-2012, ngamacala obugebengu bempi kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini. Kwakungaphansi komyalo wakhe lapho amasosha e-CNDP abulala abantu abalinganiselwa ku-150 edolobheni laseKiwanja eNorth Kivu ngo-2008.

Ngemuva kokhetho lukamongameli ngo-2011, kwaba nengcindezi kuhulumeni waseCongo ukuthi aphendule uNtaganda, kusho uMusavuli. Wagcina ezinikele ngo-2013, walahlwa yicala futhi wagwetshwa yi-ICC ngo-2019.

Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa libunjiwe, iqembu lamavukela-mbuso i-M23 lathumba iGoma ngo-November, 2012. Nokho, leli qembu lahlala isikhashana, futhi ngo-December leli qembu lase lihoxile. Babalelwa ku-750,000 abantu baseCongo abaxoshwa yizimpi ngalowo nyaka.

“Ngaleso sikhathi kwacaca emphakathini ukuthi iRwanda yeseka amasosha aseCongo. Wena ube namazwe ase-US kanye ne-Europe afaka ingcindezi eRwanda, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho yaqeda ukwesekwa kwayo.” Amasosha aseCongo nawo abesekelwe amasosha avela emazweni aseNingizimu ne-Afrika eseNingizimu (SADC) - ikakhulukazi iNingizimu Afrika neTanzania, esebenzisana namasosha e-UN.

Nakuba i-M23 izophinde ivele eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, umlando wayo nawo awuzange uphelele ku-CNDP. "I-CNDP eyandulele i-Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), iqembu lamavukelambuso elalisekelwa iRwanda elalwa impi eCongo phakathi kuka-1998 no-2002, lapho kusayinwa isivumelwano sokuthula, okwalandela i-RCD yajoyina amasosha aseCongo," Musavuli kusho.

"I-RCD ngokwayo yandulelwa yi-AFDL (i-Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire), ibutho elalisekelwa iRwanda elahlasela i-DRC ngo-1996 lizoketula umbuso kaMobuto Sese Seko." Ngemuva kwalokho kwabekwa umholi we-AFDL uLaurent Désiré Kabila. Kodwa-ke, uMusavuli uyanezela, ukungezwani kwakhula ngokushesha phakathi kwe-AFDL kanye nohulumeni omusha waseCongo ikakhulukazi mayelana nezindaba ezihlobene nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nemigqa engaphansi kwezombusazwe.

Ngemva konyaka ephethe, uKabila wayala ukuthi kususwe wonke amasosha angaphandle ezweni. “Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezizayo, i-RCD yasungulwa,” kusho uMusavli.

Okuphinde kuphawuleke kakhulu kulo mlando umzamo ophindaphindiwe, ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zokuthula ezihlukahlukene, ukuhlanganisa la mabutho amavukelambuso ebuthweni laseCongo.

"Lena bekungeyona intando yabantu baseCongo, ibekiwe," kuchaza uMusavuli. “Kusukela ngo-1996, kube nezinhlelo eziningi zokuxoxisana ngokuthula ezivame ukuholwa ngamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Ngemuva kwesivumelwano sokuthula sango-2002, sibe naso amasekela-mongameli amane kanye nomongameli oyedwa. Lokhu kwakungenxa yomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi owayeyinxusa laseMelika uWilliam Swing.”

“Ngesikhathi abaseCongo beya ezingxoxweni zokuthula eNingizimu Afrika, izinhlangano zomphakathi zagcizelela ukuthi azifuni amavukelambuso aphambilini abe nesikhundla kuhulumeni ngesikhathi soguquko. USwing wayinyakazisa ingxoxo, njengoba i-US ibilokhu inethonya ezingxoxweni zokuthula e-DRC, futhi yaqhamuka nefomula ebone izinduna zempi ezine zingabasekeli bomongameli bezwe. "

Iphalamende laseCongo manje selithathe isinyathelo esiqinile ngokumelene nanoma yikuphi okungenzeka ngokumemezela i-M23 'njengeqembu lamaphekula' futhi linqabele ukuhlanganiswa kwayo ne-FARDC.

Ukugxambukela Kwamanye Amazwe Nokwebiwa Kwezinsiza

Ukugxambukela kwe-US e-DRC kubonakala selokhu yathola inkululeko, kusho uMusavuli wengeza-ekubulaweni kukaPatrice Lumumba, ukwesekwa okunikezwe umbuso ononya kaMobuto Sese Seko, ukuhlasela kweminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nezingxoxo zokuthula ezalandela, kanye nezinguquko kumthethosisekelo wezwe. ngo-2006 ukuvumela uJoseph Kabila ukuthi angenele ukhetho. “Ngo-2011, i-US yaba ngelinye lamazwe okuqala ukuqaphela imiphumela yokhetho olukhwabanisiwe. Ukuhlaziya ngaleso sikhathi kwabonisa ukuthi ngokwenza lokho, i-US yayibheja uzinzo esikhundleni sentando yeningi,” kusho uMusavuli.

Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu, kwaqala ukuvukela umbuso we-M23. “Yibutho elifanayo lamavukelambuso eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, elinamasosha afanayo kanye nabakhuzi abafanayo, ukuze bafeze izimfuno zeRwanda, yona ngokwayo engumfelandawonye oqinile wase-US kulokho okubizwa nge-War on Terror. Futhi yiziphi izithakazelo zeRwanda eCongo- umhlaba wayo nezinsiza zayo,” wengeza.

Ngakho-ke, "ingxabano yase-DRC akumele ibhekwe njengokulwa phakathi kweqembu lamavukelambuso nohulumeni waseCongo." Lokhu kwaba kuphindwe kabusha ngesishoshovu nombhali uClaude Gatebuke, “Lokhu akukona ukuvukela okuvamile. Ukuhlasela kweCongo yiRwanda ne-Uganda”.

Yize iKigali ikuphikile kaningi ukweseka i-M23, ubufakazi obuqinisekisa izinsolo sebuvezwe kaningi, muva nje umbiko weqembu le-UN lochwepheshe ngo-August. Umbiko ukhombisa ukuthi uMbutho Wezokuvikela waseRwanda (RDF) ubukade usekela i-M23 kusukela ngoNovemba 2021, futhi ubamba iqhaza "emikhankasweni yezempi ngokumelene namaqembu ahlomile aseCongo kanye nezikhundla ze-FARDC," ngokuzimele noma nge-M23. NgoMeyi, ibutho laseCongo laliphinde lathumba amasosha amabili aseRwanda endaweni yalo.

IMusavuli yengeze ngokuthi lolu hlobo loxhaso lwakwamanye amazwe lubonakala nangokuthi i-M23 ikwazi ukuthola izikhali nemishini eyinkimbinkimbi.

Lesi sixhumanisi siba sobala kakhulu kumongo wezingxoxo zokuqeda ukulwa. “Ukuze i-M23 yamukele ukumiswa kwezikhali, u-Uhuru Kenyatta kwadingeka aqale abize uMengameli waseRwanda uPaul Kagame. Akugcinanga lapho, ngoDisemba 5, uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika wakhipha a press communique uveze ukuthi uNobhala Wezwe u-Antony Blinken ukhulume noMengameli uKagame, wacela iRwanda ukuthi iyeke ukugxambukela e-DRC. Kwenzekani ngakusasa? AbakwaM23 bakhiphe isitatimende bethi abasalwi,” kugqamisa uMusavuli.

I-Rwanda ikubekezelele ukuhlasela kwayo i-DRC ngokwenza izaba zokulwa neDemocratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), iqembu lamavukelambuso amaHutu e-DRC asolwa ngokwenza isibhicongo eRwanda ngo-1994. “Kodwa iRwanda ayilandeli I-FDLR, ilandela izimayini. Izimbiwa zaseCongo zingena kanjani eKigali?”

Ngokufanayo, uMusavuli uthe, i-Uganda yakha izaba zokuhlasela iCongo futhi ixhaphaze izinsiza zayo- i-Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). "I-Uganda ithe i-ADF "ngamajihadist" afuna ukuketula uhulumeni. Esikwaziyo ukuthi i-ADF ngabantu base-Uganda abalwa nombuso kaMuseveni kusukela ngo-1986.”

"Sekudaleke ukuxhumana okungamanga phakathi kwe-ADF ne-ISIS ukuze kulethwe ubukhona be-US ... kudala izaba zokuba namasosha ase-US eCongo egameni lokulwa "nesisekelo samaSulumane" kanye "namajihadist".

Njengoba lolu dlame luqhubeka, abantu baseCongo baphinde babamba imibhikisho emikhulu ngo-2022, nalapho kwavela khona amazwi okuphikisa okuqinile kwe-US, kuhlanganise nababhikishi abaphethe ifulegi laseRussia. "Abantu baseCongo babonile ukuthi iRwanda iqhubekile nokuthola ukwesekwa yi-US njengoba isaqhubeka nokubulala nokweseka amaqembu amavukelambuso e-DRC.", kwengeza uMusavuli.

"Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yempi, abantu baseCongo bathi sekwanele."