Kusuka e-Afro-Middle East Centre, ngoFebhuwari 19, 2018
Lapho kusungulwa i-African Union (AU) ngo-May 2001, izinkulumo mayelana nokuphepha kwabantu nokulwa nobuphekula zazivame kakhulu emhlabeni nasemhlabeni wonke. E-Afrika, okuhlangenwe nakho kwezingxabano eSierra Leone naseGreat Lakes esifundeni kwakunzima kakhulu kubantu basezwekazi, nasemzimbeni omusha. Ngakho-ke i-AU esanda kuhlanganiswa yafuna ukufaka izinyathelo ezizokwenza ngcono ukuthula nokuvikeleka nokuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa komuntu, ngisho nokuvumela ukuthi inhlangano ingenele emazweni angamalungu. Isigaba sesine se-AU's Constitutive Act sathi ukungenelela ezweni elilodwa kungase kuvunywe ngumzimba lapho kwenzeka ukuthi uhulumeni walowo mhlaba uphephe kakhulu abantu; ukuvimbela ubugebengu bezempi, ubugebengu obuphikisana nomuntu kanye nokuqothulwa kobuhlanga kwakukhulunywa ngokucacile.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa lapho kudalwa i-AU, i Ukuqhunyuka kwamabhomu kuSepthemba 2001 World Trade Center eNew York zenzeke, ngokuphoqeleka okunye okumele kwenziwe ku-ajenda ye-AU. Ngenxa yalokho, i-AU inezinyanga eziningi ezedlule, i-AU igxile kakhulu emzamweni wokulwa nobuphekula (kwezinye izimo ukulimaza amalungu omphakathi amalungu). Ngakho-ke ukuhlanganiswa kokulwa nobuphekula kuye kwaphakanyiswa phakathi kwamazwe, futhi, ngokukhathazeka, ukuqeqesha, ukuthunyelwa kwamakhono nokuthunyelwa kwamabutho angaphandle kwamanye amazwe - ikakhulukazi i-US neFrance - bekuye kwafunwa ukubhekana nalokhu, usongo olwedlulele. Lokhu ngokungazivumelanga, futhi, ukuxuba izintshisekelo zangaphandle nalabo bezwekazi, ngokuvamile kuvumela ama-ajenda angaphandle ukuba abuse.
Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, uhlobo olusha lwendima yangaphandle kuleli zwekazi seluqala ukusungulwa, futhi yilokho esifuna ukugcizelela njengenselelo ku-African Union, izwekazi lonke, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwamazwe ase-Afrika. Sibheka lapha esimweni sokudalwa kwezingqalasizinda ezithunyelwa ezempi ezithathwe yizifunda ezihlukahlukene zase-Afrika, okungathi kungase kubonwe, kubhekene nathi, inselele ngokuphathelene nobuzwe bezwekazi.
Inkinga yezisekelo
Imvamisa kukhuthazwa osomaqhinga bezempi njengokunciphisa 'ubushiqela bebanga', izisekelo zokuthunyelwa phambili zivumela ukuthunyelwa phambili kwamasosha nemishini, okuvumela izikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo, kanye nokunciphisa ibanga, ikakhulukazi ngokwesidingo sokufaka uphethiloli. Leli qhinga ekuqaleni laliyinqaba yamasosha ase-US - ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwempi yaseYurophu yekhulu lamashumi amabili, noma iMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Njengoba kubhalwe ngu I-Nick Turse, Izisekelo zezempi zase-US (kufaka phakathi amasayithi okusebenza phambili, izindawo zokuphepha zokubambisana, nezindawo zengqikithi) e-Afrika inomboro ehamba ngamashumi amahlanu, okungenani. I Isisekelo sase-US ku-Diego Garcia, isibonelo, wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlaseleni kwe-Iraq ye-2003, ngamalungelo amancane okuzulazula / ukuwasebenzisa adingeka kwamanye amazwe.
Amaziko ase-US, ama-compounds, amachweba kanye nama-bunkers amafutha angamazwe angamashumi amane nane amane ase-Afrika, kufaka phakathi ezindaweni ezihlala eKenya, Ethiopia nase-Algeria. Ngaphansi kokuphikisana nobuphekula, futhi ngokubambisana okuhlangene, iWashington ingenele izinhlangano zokuphepha ze-continental futhi yenze umqondo wokubeka amahhovisi emahhovisi angaphansi komhlaba. Izikhulu zezempi zaseMelika kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo babheka leli zwekazi njengezempi egcwele ngokuncintisana neChina, futhi ngokukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezifundazwe, izikhulu zase-US ziqeda ngempumelelo izikhungo zase-continental kuhlanganise ne-AU. Kuze kube manje, lokhu akukaze kube yinto enkulu ekuphikisana phakathi kwezwekazi, kodwa ukubambisana kwe-US kuye kwakha ukubunjwa kwamazwe abalingani ukuze babelane ngezimo zangezinye izizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-US isebenzisa lezi zisekelo ukuze zenze imisebenzi kwamanye amazwekazi; Amadronsi asebenza e-Chadelley base eDibibouti asetshenziswe eJalimane naseSiriya. Lokhu kufaka i-African ithi ingxabano engahambisani nayo, izifunda zabo noma izwekazi.
Ezinye iziningi eziningi zalandele isu le-US - naphezu kwezinga elincane, ikakhulukazi ukulwa komhlaba wonke phakathi kwamandla omhlaba wonke (noma amandla omhlaba wonke azimisele). Leli qhinga le-lily pad manje lisetshenziswa yi-US, Russia, China, IFrance, ngisho namazwe amancane afana nalokhu I-Saudi Arabia, i-UAE futhi Iran. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kuqiniswe, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwandisa amandla nokusebenza kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi, ngakho-ke kwenza kube nzima ukuhambisa imikhumbi yenethiwekhi njengendlela yokuveza amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kokuzivikela kwemishini, kanye nezindleko zokunciphisa ukutholakala kwezobuchwepheshe kusho ukuthi izindiza ezindiza isikhathi eside, njengendlela yokuphakamisa izinyathelo, ziye zaba yingozi; ibhalansi ye-offense-defense ngezindlela ezithile kuthanda amandla okuzivikela.
Lezi zisekelo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezigcinwe amandla omhlaba wonke, ziye zaphazamisa i-AU ekusebenziseni izixazululo zomhlaba zasemhlabeni, ikakhulukazi lezo ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokukhulumisana. I-Mali ibalulekile kulokhu, ikakhulukazi lapho khona amabutho aseFrance ayekhona lapho kusebenza i-Operation Barkhane yayibambe imizamo yabantu baseMaliya ukuba bahlanganise i-Islamist Ansar Dine (manje eyiQembu lezokuVikela kwamaSulumane namaSulumane) enkambeni yezombangazwe, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa ukuhlukunyezwa enyakatho. Ngokufanayo, i-UAE izisekelo eziseSomalilandukugqugquzela nokuvuselela ukuhlukaniswa kweSomalia, nemiphumela emibi yesifunda. Emashumini eminyaka ezayo, izinkinga ezinjengalezi zizokhula, njengoba amazwe afana neNdiya, i-Iran, ne-Saudi Arabia akha izindlu zempi emazweni ase-Afrika, futhi ngenxa yokuthi izindlela ezinqunyelwe ukuxhumana ezinjenge-Multi-National Joint Task Force I-Lake Chad Basin, eye yaba nempumelelo, ikwazi ukubhekana nokuhlukumezeka komngcele. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zivame ukuzamazama kwezwekazi ezenziwa yizifundazwe ezingaphansi, njalo ngokuphikisana nezinhloso nezinhlelo zamandla omhlaba wonke.
Kunesidingo esikhulu sabantu base-Afrika ukuba bakhathazeke ngalezi zintuthuko futhi lokhu kugxile ekudalweni kwezinsisekelo, ngenxa yethonya labo kubantu bamazwe ahlukahlukene, kanye nemiphumela yombuso kanye nobukhosi bezwekazi. U-Diego Garcia, isisekelo esabeka umkhuba walesi simo e-Afrika, sibonisa imiphumela engaba yinkimbinkimbi yalokho. Isiqhingi sabantu besiqhingi siye sancishiswa njengamalungelo kanye nenkululeko engenamalungelo, futhi amalungu alo amaningi asuswe ngokuqinile emakhaya abo futhi axoshwa - kakhulu eMauritius naseSychelles, angavumeli ilungelo lokubuyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwesisekelo kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuthi i-African Union ayinethonya elincane phezu kwesiqhingi; kusengaphansi kokubusa njengendawo yaseBrithani.
Ngokufanayo, 'impi yomhlaba wonke ngokubhekela ukwesaba', kanye nokuphakama kweChina, ibone amandla omhlaba wonke efuna ukufaka kabusha noma ukuqinisa ubukhona bawo kuleli zwekazi, nemiphumela emibi. Kokubili i-US neFrance zakha izisekelo ezintsha e-Afrika, neChina, i-UAE ne-Saudi Arabia ezilandela. Ngaphansi kokulwa nokulwa nobuphekula, kaningi banezinye izithakazelo, ezifana nezisekelo zaseFrance eNiger, okuyizindlela eziningi zokuzivikela Izifiso zaseFrance ezungeze izinsiza ezinkulu ze-uranium zaseNiger.
Ngonyaka odlule (i-2017), i-China yaqeda ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo e-Djibouti, ne-Saudi Arabia (i-2017), i-France, ngisho naseJapane (isisekelo sayo sakhiwe ku-2011, futhi sinezinhlelo zokwandiswa) ukugcina izisekelo ezincane izwe. I-Eritrea yase-Assab port isetshenziswa yi-Iran kanye ne-UAE (2015) ukuze isebenzise izisekelo, kanti i-Turkey (2017)ukuthuthukisa isiqhingi saseSuakin e-Sudan ngaphansi kokulondolozwa kwezintambo zasendulo zaseTurkey. Ngokuphawulekayo, uPhondo lwe-Afrika liseduze nezinkinga zeBab Al-Mandab neHormuz, okuyinto engaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-20 ezentengiselwano zezwe ezihamba ngayo, futhi kuyisisombululo sempi njengoba kuvumela ukulawula okuningi kwe-Indian Ocean. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi cishe zonke izisekelo ezingasetshenziswanga yi-US neFrance zakhiwa emva kwe-2010, ebonisa ukuthi izinhloso ezivela kulezi zinto zihlangene nokuqalwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukulwa nobuphekula. I-UAE base-Assab, futhi, kubalulekile kulokhu; U-Abu Dhabi useyisebenzise ukuthumela izikhali kanye namabutho kusukela ku-UAE nakwamanye amazwe ahlangene aseSaudi, ngenxa yomkhankaso wabo wempi eJalimen, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi yabantu kanye nokwehlukana kwalelo zwe.
Amasisekelo nobukhosi
Ukwakhiwa kwalezi zisekelo ezisezempi kuye kwahlukumeza ubukhosi bezwe basekhaya kanye nezwekazi. I-UAE baseSomaliland echwebeni laseBerbera (2016), isibonelo, iveza ukuphela komsebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iSomalia ehlanganisiwe. Kakade, iSomaliland inebutho elinamandla lokuphepha; Ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo nokusekelwa okulandelayo yi-UAE kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi iMogadishu ngeke isakwazi ukulawula uHarisaisa. Lokhu kungase kuholele ekuxabaneni okungaphezulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba iPuntland iqala ukuvuselela ukuzimela kwayo, futhi njengoba al-Shabab esebenzisa lezi zingxabano ukuze akhulise ithonya layo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisekelo se-UAE sika-Assab, ngokuhambisana nokuvinjelwa kwe-Qatari yamanje, sesongela ukubusa Ingxabano yemingcele ye-Eritrean-Djibouti, njengoba isinqumo seDibibtiti sokuqeda ubudlelwane neQatar ngenxa yobuhlobo obuseduze noRiadh wabona uDoha ehoxisa abalindi bezokuthula (2017); ngenkathi u-Emirati asekela i-Eritrea evuselela u-Asmara ukuba aphinde avuselele amabutho ayo emaqhingini aseDoumeira aphikisana nawo, okuyinto i-UN eyazibiza ngokuthi i-Djibouti.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mncintiswano wokwakha izisekelo (kanye namanye ama-ajendas geopolitical) uye wabona emazweni angaphandle avame ukusekela ama-strongmen ase-Afrika (akumangalisi, ecabanga ukuthi ezinye zalezi zizwe zakwamanye amazwe ziyizombusazwe), ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu kanye nokuzamazama kwamanye amazwe ukuthola izixazululo. I-imbroglio yaseLibya njengamanje ibone amazwe afana nokusekela kweGibhithe neRussia, uGeneral Khalifa Haftar, othembise amalungelo asekela lapho kwenzeka ukunqoba kwakhe. Lokhu kufanele kube nokukhathazeka okukhulu njengoba kuphazamisa kokubili uhlelo lwe-AU kanye nezinhlelo zomakhelwane ezizama ukuxazulula impikiswano.
I-AU nezisekelo
Lo mkhuba usongela ukuthi ubuholi be-African Union buvele bukhona, ikakhulukazi njengoba ithonya eliqondile lamandla angaphandle, njengalezi zisekelo ze-lily, ezisongela ukuphikisana kwamanye amazwe. Impi isivele ikhuphukile e-Ethiopia ngokuphendula ukusungulwa kwama-Eritrea ezinsisekelo eziningi, kanti zombili amazwe azivezileukuphikiswa ukuya eBelbera base eSomaliland. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kulezi zizwe kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zangaphakathi, njengalezo phakathi kwe-Ethiopia ne-Eritrea, ziba yingozi kakhulu, futhi zinciphisa ikhono le-AU lokukhohlisa ukuthi zixoxisane. Ngokukhathazayo, amalungelo okusekela avame ukuhambisana nama-multi-billion dollar dollar deal packages. Lezi ngeke ziqinisekise kuphela ukuthi izingxabano ezingezansi emngceleni, njengalezo eziphakathi kwe-Ethiopia ne-Eritrea, zilandela indlela enobudlova futhi eyonakalisayo, kodwa futhi leyo mibuso iphinde ikwazi ukuvimbela ngokuphikisana ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabantu. Lokhu 'ukuthuthukiswa kokugunyaza' kwakuyisici esiyinhloko esenza inkinga yokulwa ne-AU eyayikhuluma nayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kungabonwa ngokusetshenziswa kuka-UAE kwesisekelo se-Assab sokuhambisa amabutho e-Yemen, i-Afrika iyaqhubeka isetshenziselwa indawo yokuthutha amasosha kwezinye izinkundla zokulwa. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-UAE, ku-2015, iyafuna ingalo eqinile I-Djibouti ukuvumela izindiza ze-Emirati nezinhlangano zokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimu yayo njengesisekelo sokusebenza kwe-Yemeni. I-Djibouti ne-Abu Dhabi baqeda izibopho zomhlaba, kodwa i-UAE ithole indawo ezimisele e-Eritrea.
I-AU izodinga ukwandisa amandla ayo (inselele ngomqondo ovamile) ukuba igxile kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashazwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuphikisana okuphakathi - izinsongo ezibucayi ngaphezu kokuphekula. Lesi sikhungo sinezimpumelelo eziningi ekulwa nokulwa kwabantu abangeyona imibuso, ikakhulukazi endaweni yokugqugquzela ukusebenzisana kombuso wesifundazwe. Iqembu elihlangene lamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kweLake Chad kanye neG5 Sahel (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Chad) izinyathelo ezamukelekayo ekuqinisekiseni izixazululo zomakhelwane zokudlula emiphakathini, nakuba lezi zidingo zidinga ukuhlanganiswa nokugxila ngaphezulu ngokuhlanganiswa. Ngisho neG5 Sahel, okuye kwaholela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamazwe ayisithupha aseSahelian, ukugcinwa kweFrance kwezisisekelo zokuthunyelwa phambili kulezi zizwe kuqinisekisile ukuthi iParis iye yathonya kakhulu ukwakheka, isakhiwo nezinhloso zamandla. Lokhu kuyakuba khona, futhi kuyoba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi, iMali ngoba i-GSIM ingenakunqunywa ekukhulumisaneni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungahlali kahle eNyakatho kuhlala kuqhubeka. Ukubambisana kweLipako-Gourma phakathi kweMali, iNiger neBurkina Faso kuzobona imiphumela engcono njengoba amaFulentshi engabandakanyekanga kuwo, futhi ngoba ihlobanisa nokuphepha komngcele kunezepolitiki zombuso wasekhaya.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisana okunjengalezi kuyoba nzima ukuqala empini ezayo ethonywe amandla angaphandle, futhi afaka izindlu ezingaphansi kwesifundazwe. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kusukela, ngokungafani nalokho okwenziwa la mabutho ahlangene, izinhlangano zesifunda zizokhubazeka uma amabhiligerents angaphansi kwamandla angaphansi kwesifunda. I-AU izodinga ukuthuthukisa ikhono layo lokukhulumisana nokucindezela noma ingozi ibekwe eceleni njengoba kunjalo eLibya. Ngisho naseBurundi, lapho imibuso emikhulukazi yezwekazi ecebisana ngokumelene nesikhathi sesithathu sikaPitro Nkurunziza, umbuso wakhe usasebenza, naphezu kokusongelwa kwe-AU kanye nezigwebo.
