Izimpi Zase-Afghanistan Ziya Ezitelekeni Ezingekho Emthethweni zeDrone

by LA Progressive, Ngo-September 30, i-2021

Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu abaphathi bakhe beqale ukuhlasela nge-drone okwabulala izakhamizi eziyishumi eKabul, e-Afghanistan, uMongameli uJoe Biden wakhuluma ne-United Nations General Assembly. Ngokuziqhenya limenyezelwe, "Ngimi lapha namuhla, okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni engama-20, ne-United States ingekho empini." Izolo, abaphathi bakhe babenakho wethule isiteleka se-drone eSyria, nasemasontweni amathathu ngaphambili, i-US ibenze isiteleka somoya eSomalia. Umkhuzi oyinhloko ubuye wakhohlwa ukuthi amasosha ase-US asalwela okungenani emazweni ayisithupha ahlukene, okubalwa i-Iraq, i-Yemen, iSyria, iLibya, iSomalia neNiger. Futhi wathembisa ukuqhubeka nokuqhuma amabhomu e-Afghanistan ukude.

Ngeshwa ukuhoxa kukaBiden kwamasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan akunanzuzo kangako lapho kuhlaziywa ngenxa yesibambiso sabaphathi bakhe sokukhuphuka “phezu-the-umkhathizwe”Ukuhlaselwa kulelo zwe kusuka kude yize singeke sibe namabutho phansi.

“Amasosha ethu awabuyi ekhaya. Kumele sithembeke ngalokho, ”kusho uMmeli Tom Malinowski (D-New Jersey) wathi ngesikhathi sobufakazi bebandla likaNobhala Wombuso u-Antony Blinken ekuqaleni kwale nyanga. "Bamane nje bathuthela kwezinye izizinda esifundeni esifanayo ukuze benze imikhankaso efanayo yokulwa nobuphekula, kubandakanya nase-Afghanistan."

Ngenkathi uBiden ekhipha amabutho ase-US e-Afghanistan, abaphathi bakhe baqala isibhamu sovutha esihogweni esivela e-drone yaseMelika eKabul eyabulala izakhamizi eziyishumi, kubandakanya nezingane eziyisikhombisa, base beqamba amanga ngakho. Usihlalo we-Joint Chiefs of Staff u-Gen. Mark Milley ngokushesha uthe bekuyiisiteleka esilungile”Ukuvikela amasosha ase-US njengoba ayephuma.

UBiden ulandela ezinyathelweni zabamanduleli bakhe abane, bonke abenza neziteleka ezingekho emthethweni ze-drone ezabulala izakhamizi eziningi.

Cishe emasontweni amathathu kamuva, noma kunjalo, i uphenyo olunzulu okwenziwa ngu The New York Times uveze ukuthi uZemari Ahmadi wayeyisisebenzi sosizo saseMelika, hhayi inkampani ye-ISIS, futhi "iziqhumane" kuToyota okwakuqondiswe kuzo isiteleka se-drone kwakungamabhodlela amanzi. UGeneral Frank McKenzie, umphathi we-US Central Command, wabe esebiza lesi siteleka “njengephutha elibi.”

Lokhu kubulawa okungenangqondo kwezakhamizi kwakungeyona into eyenzeka kanye, yize kwakutholwa umphakathi kakhulu kuneziteleka eziningi zangaphambilini ze-drone. UBiden ulandela ezinyathelweni zabamanduleli bakhe abane, bonke abenza neziteleka ezingekho emthethweni ze-drone ezabulala izakhamizi eziningi.

Isiteleka seKabul drone "sibeka ukungabaza ngokuthembeka kwezobunhloli ezizosetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi [yaphezulu]," i Times kuphawulwe. Ngempela, lokhu akuyona into entsha. "Ubunhloli" obusetshenziselwa ukwenza iziteleka ze-drone ngu idume ngokungathembeki.

Isibonelo, i Amaphepha weDrone wadalula ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angama-90 alabo ababulawa yiziteleka ze-drone ngesikhathi sezinyanga ezinhlanu phakathi noJanuwari 2012 kuya kuFebhuwari 2013 kwakungeyona imigomo ehlosiwe. UDaniel Hale, oveze amadokhumende aqukethe iDrone Papers, udonsa izinyanga ezingama-45 ejele ngokuveza ubufakazi bamacala ezempi aseMelika.

Iziteleka ZikaDrone Ezenziwa NguBush, Obama, UTrump noBiden Babulala Izakhamizi Ezingabaleki

Ama-Drones awabangeli izisulu ezimbalwa zomphakathi kunamabhomu aqhutshwa ngamabhomu. Ucwaningo olususelwa kwimininingwane yamasosha ehlukanisiwe, olwenziwe nguLarry Lewis waseCentre for Naval Analyzes noSarah Holewinski weSikhungo Sabantu Abangqubuzana, okutholiwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones e-Afghanistan kubangele ukufa kwabantu abaphindwe kayishumi kunezindiza ezindizayo zempi.

Lezi zinombolo cishe ziphansi ngoba amasosha ase-US abheka bonke abantu ababulewe kuleyo misebenzi njengezitha ezibulewe zisetshenziswa. UGeorge W. Bush, uBarack Obama, uDonald Trump noBiden bonke bengamele iziteleka ze-drone ezabulala izakhamizi eziningi.

Bush igunyaziwe zilinganiselwa ku-50 iziteleka ze-drone ezabulala abantu abangu-296 okusolwa ukuthi "bangamaphekula" kanye nezakhamizi ezingama-195 eYemen, eSomalia nasePakistan.

Ukuphatha kuka-Obama kwenziwa Iziteleka ze-drone eziphindwe ka-10 kunomanduleli wakhe. Ngesikhathi esesikhundleni sika-Obama, wagunyaza iziteleka ezingama-563 - ikakhulukazi nge-drones - eSomalia, ePakistan naseYemen, kwabulawa izakhamizi eziphakathi kuka-384 no-807, ngokusho kweBureau of Investigative Journalism.

Trump, okhulule ezika-Obama imithetho yokubhekisa, waqhumisa ngamabhomu wonke amazwe u-Obama ayenawo, ngokuvumelana ne UMicah Zenko, owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu eMkhandlwini Wezangaphandle. Ngesikhathi seminyaka emibili uTrump esesikhundleni, wethule Izigameko ze-2,243 drone, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-1,878 emahlombe amabili ka-Obama ehhovisi. Kusukela ukuphathwa kukaTrump kwaba ngaphansi kokuzayo ngezibalo eziqondile zokulimala kwabantu, akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi zingaki izakhamizi ezibulewe ewashini lakhe.

Ama-Drones azulazula ngaphezu kwamadolobha amahora amaningi, ekhipha umsindo okhipha umsindo wokuthi isabisa imiphakathi, ikakhulukazi izingane. Bayazi ukuthi i-drone ingawisa ibhomu kubo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. I-CIA yethula “umpompi ombili,” isebenzisa idrone ukubulala labo abazama ukuhlenga abalimele. Futhi kulokho okufanele kubizwe ngokuthi “umpompi ophindwe kathathu,” bavame ukukhomba abantu emingcwabeni belilela abathandekayo babo ababulewe ekuhlaselweni yi-drone. Esikhundleni sokusenza singabi sengozini yobuphekula, lokhu kubulawa kwenza abantu bakwamanye amazwe bacasukele i-United States kakhulu.

Iziteleka ZikaDrone Ngesikhathi se "War on Terror" Azikho Emthethweni

Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Drone okwenziwe ngesikhathi "sempi yokwesaba" akukho emthethweni. Yize uBiden athembisa enkulumweni yakhe yeGeneral Assembly ukuthi "uzosebenzisa futhi aqinise… umqulu we-UN" futhi wathembisa "ukunamathela emithethweni nakwizivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba," iziteleka zakhe ze-drone, kanye nalabo ababengaphambi kwakhe, bephula zombili iCharter kanye neGeneva Convention.

Ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha aseMelika kanye ne-CIA drone kubulale abantu abalinganiselwa ku-9,000 kuya ku-17,000 kusukela ngo-2004, kufaka phakathi izingane ezingama-2,200 XNUMX nezakhamizi eziningana zase-US.

I-UN Charter iyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kombutho wezempi ulwe nelinye izwe ngaphandle kwalapho uzivikela ngaphansi kwe-Article 51. Ngo-Agasti 29, ngemuva kokuthi idrone yase-US ibulale izakhamizi eziyishumi eKabul, i-US Central Command yakubiza lokhu “i-airstrike yokuzivikela engenamuntu engaphezulu kwamandla omkhathi. ” ICentral Command ithi isiteleka besidingeka ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okuseduze kweKabul Airport yi-ISIS.

Kepha iNkantolo Yobulungiswa Yamazwe Ngamazwe ibambe ukuthi amazwe awakwazi ukufaka isicelo Article 51 ekuhlaselweni kuhlonyiwe ngabalingisi abangebona ombuso abangabekelwanga kwelinye izwe. I-ISIS iphikisana namaTaliban. Ukuhlaselwa yi-ISIS ngakho-ke akunakufakwa kumaTaliban, aphinda alawule i-Afghanistan.

Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinobutha obusebenzayo, "ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones noma ezinye izindlela zokubulala okuhlosiwe cishe ngeke kube semthethweni," u-Agnès Callamard, umlobi okhethekile we-UN mayelana nokubulawa okungafanele, ukufingqa noma ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungafanele, tweeted. Ubhale ukuthi “amandla abulala ngamabomu noma abulala abantu angasetshenziswa kuphela lapho kudingeka khona ngokuqinile ukuvikela engcupheni eseduze yokuphila.”

Izakhamizi azisoze zaba yizisulu zeziteleka zamasosha. Ukubulawa kwabantu okuhlosiwe noma kwezepolitiki, okubizwa nangokuthi ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho emthethweni, kwephula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ukubulala ngamabomu ukwephula okukhulu iMihlangano yeGeneva okujeziswa ngayo njengecala lempi ngaphansi kwe-US War Crimes Act. Ukubulala okuhlosiwe kusemthethweni kuphela uma kubonakala kudingekile ukuvikela impilo, futhi azikho ezinye izindlela - kufaka phakathi ukubanjwa noma ukukhubazeka okungabulali - okutholakala ukuvikela impilo.

Umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wokusiza abantu udinga ukuthi uma kusetshenziswa umbutho wamasosha, kufanele uthobele zombili lezi zimo ze ukuhlukaniswa futhi ukulingana. Ukwahlukanisa kunika igunya lokuthi ukuhlaselwa kufanele njalo kuhlukanise phakathi kwamasosha nezakhamizi. Ukulingana kusho ukuthi ukuhlaselwa akukwazi ukweqisa maqondana nenzuzo yezempi efunwayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPhilip Alston, owayengumbhali wezindaba ezikhethekile we-UN mayelana nokubulawa ngokungenacala, ukufingqa noma ukubulala ngokungenasizathu, kubika, "Ukunemba, ukunemba nokuba semthethweni kwesiteleka sedrone kuncike ekuhlakanipheni komuntu lapho isinqumo sokukhomba sincike khona."

Izakhamizi azisoze zaba yizisulu zeziteleka zamasosha. Ukubulawa kwabantu okuhlosiwe noma kwezepolitiki, okubizwa nangokuthi ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho emthethweni, kwephula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

Amaphepha eDrone afakiwe imibhalo evuzayo kwembula “uchungechunge lokubulala” abaphathi baka-Obama abalusebenzisayo ukuthola ukuthi bazobhekiswa kubani. Izakhamizi ezingenakubalwa zabulawa kusetshenziswa "amasiginali wezobunhloli" - ezokuxhumana zakwamanye amazwe, i-radar nezinye izinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi - ezingxenyeni zempi ezingachazwanga. Izinqumo zokukhomba zenziwa ngokulandelela omakhalekhukhwini abangahle noma bangathwalwa ngabasolwa njengamaphekula. Ingxenye yobuhlakani obusetshenziselwa ukukhomba okungahle kube khona okuhlosiwe eYemen naseSomalia kwakususelwa kuzimpawu zezobunhloli.

Ezika-Obama Ukuholwa Kwenqubomgomo KaMongameli (PPG), ebiqukethe imithetho yokukhomba, ichaze izinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwamandla abulalayo ngaphandle "kwezindawo ezinobutha obusebenzayo." Kwakudinga ukuthi umuntu ohlosiwe abe “usongo oluqhubekayo oluseduze.” Kepha uMnyango Wezobulungiswa oyimfihlo iphepha elimhlophe esamenyezelwa ngo-2011 saphinde saputshuka ngo-2013 sagunyaza ukubulawa kwezakhamizi zase-US ngaphandle “kobufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukuhlaselwa kwabantu base-US kanye nezintshisekelo zabo kuzokwenzeka maduze nje.” Leli bha kungenzeka ukuthi beliphansi ngokubulala izakhamizi ezingezona ezeMelika.

I-PPG ithe kumele kube "nesiqiniseko sokuthi i-HVT [ubuphekula obunenani eliphezulu] noma enye into ebhekiswe ebunqwabeni esemthethweni ikhona ngaphambi kokuthi kubulawe abantu ababulalayo. Kepha abaphathi baka-Obama baqale "iziteleka zabasayinayo" ezingakhombisanga abantu, kepha kunalokho abesilisa abaseminyakeni yobusosha abakhona ezindaweni zomsebenzi osolisayo. Abaphathi baka-Obama bachaze amasosha (okungewona izakhamizi) njengabo bonke abantu abaseminyakeni yobusosha abakhona endaweni yesiteleka, "ngaphandle uma kukhona ubuhlakani obusobala obubonisa ukuthi bamsulwa ngemuva kokufa kwakhe."

"Ubuhlakani" lapho kusekelwa khona iziteleka ze-drone zase-US akunakwethenjwa ngokwedlulele. Izwe laseMelika lizibandakanye nokwephula kaninginingi iSivumelwano SeUN kanye neMihlangano yaseGeneva. Futhi ukubulawa okungekho emthethweni kwe-US nge-drones kwephula ilungelo lokuphila elifakwe ku-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, esinye isivumelwano i-US esivumile. Kusho, “Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuphila. Leli lungelo lizovikelwa ngumthetho. Akekho umuntu ozophucwa impilo yakhe ngaphandle kwesizathu. ”

UKabul Drone Strike: "Umthetho Wokuqala Wesigaba Esilandelayo Sempi Yethu"

"Leso siteleka sedroni eKabul besingesona isenzo sokugcina sempi yethu," Omele uMalinowski wathi ngesikhathi sobufakazi bebandla likaBlinken. "Ngeshwa isenzo sokuqala sesigaba esilandelayo sempi yethu."

"Kumele kube nokuziphendulela," kubhala uSenenkulu uChristopher S. Murphy (D-Connecticut), oyilungu leKomiti Yezobudlelwano Namazwe Angaphandle. iposi le-Twitter. "Uma ingekho imiphumela yesiteleka esiyinhlekelele kanjena, ikhombisa lonke uhlelo lomyalo wokuthi kuzobekezelelwa ukubulala izingane kanye nezakhamizi."

NgoJuni, izinhlangano eziyi-113 ezinikezelwe amalungelo abantu, amalungelo omphakathi kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi, ubuhlanga, ubulungiswa bezemvelo kwezenhlalo kanye namalungelo omakadebona wabhala incwadi kuBiden "ukufuna ukuthi kuphele uhlelo olungekho emthethweni lweziteleka ezibulalayo ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inkundla yempi eyaziwayo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones." U-Olivia Alperstein ovela kwi-Institute for Policy Studies tweeted ukuthi i-United States kufanele "ixolise ngazo zonke iziteleka ze-drone, futhi iqede impi ye-drone unomphela.

UMarjorie Cohn

Kuthunyelwe ngeposi ngemvume yombhali kusuka ku- Ngaphandle

Ngesonto likaSepthemba 26-Okthoba 2, amalungu e- Ama-Veterans For Peace, Ikhodi ye-Pink, UBan Killer Drones, nezinhlangano zamadlelandawonye zithatha izinyathelo https://www.veteransforpeace.org/take-action/shut-down-creech ngaphandle kweCreech Drone Air Force Base, enyakatho neLas Vegas, ngokuphikisana nama-drones ahlomile. Ama-drones alawulwa kude aqhamuka kwimicibisholo yomlilo yaseCreech e-Afghanistan, kanye naseSyria, Yemen naseSomalia.