I-Afghanistan: Iminyaka eyi-19 Yempi

NguMaya Evans, Okthoba 12, 2020

Kusukela Amazwi we-Creative Nonviolence

Impi esekwe yi-NATO ne-US e-Afghanistan yethulwe i-7^th Ngo-Okthoba 2001, inyanga nje ngemuva kuka-9/11, kulokho okwakucatshangwa kakhulu ukuthi kungaba yimpi yombani kanye netshe lokunyathela ekugxileni kwangempela, iMiddle East. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-19 futhi i-US isazama ukuzikhipha empini ende kunazo zonke emlandweni wayo, yehlulekile ezinhlosweni zayo ezimbili kwezintathu zokuqala: ukuketula amaTaliban nokukhulula abesifazane base-Afghanistan. Mhlawumbe okuqondiswe kubo kuphela ngokuzethemba kwakungukusocongwa kuka-Osama Bin Laden ngo-2, owayecashile ePakistan. Izindleko zizonke zempi sezingaphezu kwezimpilo ze-2012 zase-Afghan, kanye nokufa kwamasosha e-100,000 NATO kanye nase-US. Kubaliwe ukuthi i-US isisebenzise njengamanje $ 822 billion empini. Yize kungenasibalo esisesikhathini e-UK, ngo-2013 bekucatshangwa ukuthi kube njalo £ 37 billion.

Izingxoxo zokuthula phakathi kweTaliban, Mujaheddin, Uhulumeni wase-Afghanistan kanye ne-US bezilokhu zenzeka kancane kancane eminyakeni emibili edlule. Lezi zinkulumo bezenzeka kakhulu edolobheni laseDoha, eQatar, ikakhulukazi abaholi besilisa asebekhulile abebezama ukubulalana kule minyaka engama-2 edlule. AmaTaliban acishe abe namandla, ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-30 silwa namazwe angama-40 acebile emhlabeni, manje balawula ku okungenani okubili kokuthathu yabantu bezwe, bathi banabantu abaningi abazibulala ngamabhomu, futhi muva nje bakwazile ukuthola isivumelwano esinempikiswano ne-US sokukhululwa Iziboshwa ezingama-5,000 XNUMX zaseTaliban. Kuwo wonke amaTaliban bebezethemba ngomdlalo omude yize bekuthembiswa okokuqala e-US ngo-2001 ukunqoba amaTaliban.

Iningi labantu base-Afghanistan abajwayelekile banethemba elincane ngezingxoxo zokuthula, besola abaxoxisana ngokungathembeki. UNaima oneminyaka engu-21 ohlala eKabul uthi: “Izingxoxo ziwumbukiso nje. Ama-Afghani ayazi ukuthi labo bantu babambe iqhaza empini amashumi eminyaka, ukuthi manje sebenza nje isivumelwano sokunikeza i-Afghanistan kude. Okushiwo yi-US ngokusemthethweni nalokho okwenziwayo kwehlukile. Uma befuna ukulwa impi lapho-ke, bayalawula futhi abekho ebhizinisini lokuletha ukuthula. ”

U-Imsha oneminyaka engu-20, naye ohlala eKabul, uqaphele: “Angicabangi ukuthi izingxoxo ngezokuthula. Sibe nabo esikhathini esedlule futhi abaholeli ekuthuleni. Olunye uphawu ukuthi uma izingxoxo ziqhubeka abantu basabulawa. Uma bezimisele ngokuthula, kufanele bakuyeke ukubulala. ”

Izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nabantu abasha abamenyiwe ezinhlakeni ezehlukene zezinkulumo eDoha, kanti kube kanye kuphela lapho bekukhona ukuthunyelwa kwabesifazane bamenyiwe ukuthi babeke udaba lwabo lokugcina amalungelo atholakele kanzima atholwe kule minyaka eyi-19 edlule. Yize inkululeko yabesifazane ngesinye sezizathu ezintathu eziyinhloko ezinikezwe yi-US ne-NATO ngenkathi ihlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-2001, akuyona enye yezingqinamba ezibalulekile zokuxoxisana ngesivumelwano sokuthula, esikhundleni salokho ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kuseduze kwamaTaliban angaphinde abambe i-al Qaeda, ukuphela kwempi, kanye nesivumelwano phakathi kukaHulumeni waseTaliban no-Afghanistan wokwabelana ngamandla. Kukhona nombuzo wokuthi ngabe amaTaliban akhona ezingxoxweni zokuthula eDoha amele zonke izingxenyana ezahlukahlukene zamaTaliban ngaphesheya kwe-Afghanistan nasePakistan - abantu abaningi base-Afghans bayabona ukuthi abanakho ukukhishwa kuzo zonke izigaba, futhi ngalokho, izinkulumo ngokuzenzekelayo azikho emthethweni.

Kuze kube manje, amaTaliban avumile ukukhuluma noHulumeni wase-Afghanistan, okuyinkomba ethembisayo njengoba phambilini amaTaliban enqabile ukwamukela ukuba semthethweni kukaHulumeni wase-Afghan, emehlweni abo, okwakunguHulumeni ongahlonishwa wase-US. Futhi, ukumiswa komlilo kungenye yezinto ezidingeka esivumelwaneni sokuthula, ngokudabukisayo akubanga khona ukumiswa okunjalo ngesikhathi sezingxoxo nokuhlaselwa kwabantu kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi kuyinto eyenzeka cishe nsuku zonke.

UMongameli uTrump ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi ufuna ukususa amabutho ase-US e-Afghanistan, yize kungenzeka ukuthi i-US izofuna ukugcina indawo ihlala kuleliya lizwe ngendlela yezikhungo zamasosha ase-US, kanye namalungelo ezimayini avulelwa izinkampani zase-US, njengoba ixoxwe nguMongameli Trump noGhani ngoSepthemba 2017; Ngaleso sikhathi, kuchazwe uTrump Izinkontileka zase-US njengenkokhelo yokuxhasa uHulumeni waseGhani. Izinsizakusebenza zase-Afghanistan zikwenza kube esinye sezifunda ezicebe kakhulu ezimayini emhlabeni. Ucwaningo oluhlanganyelwe yiThe Pentagon kanye ne-United States Geological Survey ngonyaka we-2011 lilinganiselwa $ 1 trillion wamaminerali angafakwanga kufaka phakathi igolide, ithusi, i-uranium, i-cobalt ne-zinc. Cishe akuyona into eyenzeka ngengozi ukuthi isithunywa esikhethekile sokuthula sase-US kulezi zingxoxo nguZalmay Khalilzad, owayengumeluleki wenkampani yeRAND, lapho eluleke khona ngepayipi legesi elidluliselwa e-Afghanistan.

Yize uTrump efuna ukwehlisa amasosha ase-US ayi-12,000 asele phansi abe ngu-4,000 ngasekupheleni konyaka, akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-US izophuma ezisekelweni zayo zamasosha ezinhlanu ezisasele ezweni; Inzuzo yokuba nesisekelo ezweni eligibela imbangi yalo enkulu iChina kuzobe kuseduze ukuthi luyeke. Ucezu olukhulu lokuxoxisana lwe-US usongo lokuhoxisa usizo, kanye namandla okulahla amabhomu - UTrump usekhombisile ukuzimisela ukungena kanzima futhi ngokushesha, ewa 'umama wawo wonke amabhomu' ku-Nangahar ngo-2017, ibhomu elikhulu kunawo wonke elingelona elenuzi elake lawela esizweni. KuTrump, ibhomu elilodwa elikhulu noma ukhaphethi omkhulu ozoba yindlela yakhe yokusebenza uma izingxoxo zihluleka ukuhamba ngendlela yakhe, iqhinga elizophinde lixhase umkhankaso wakhe wobumengameli olwelwa 'empini yamasiko' , kubhebhethekisa ubandlululo oluxubene nobuzwe obumhlophe.

Yize i-UN icele ukuthi kumiswe impi emhlabeni jikelele ngesikhathi kuvalwa iCovid 19, impi iyaqhubeka e-Afghanistan. Lesi sifo saziwa ukuthi sine-virus kuze kube yimanje siyi-39,693 futhi wabulala abantu abangu-1,472 kusukela ngecala lokuqala eliqinisekisiwe ku-27^th Februwari. Iminyaka engamashumi amane yezingxabano idicilele phansi insizakalo yezempilo engasebenzi kahle, ishiya abantu abadala besengozini enkulu kulesi sifo. Ngemuva kokuthi leli gciwane livele okokuqala e-Afghanistan, abakwaTaliban bakhiphe isitatimende bethi babheka lesi sifo njengesijeziso esivela kuNkulunkulu sokwenza okungalungile komuntu kanye nesivivinyo sikaNkulunkulu sokubekezela komuntu.

Njengoba abantu abayizigidi ezi-4 bebaleke ngaphakathi, uCovid 19 ngokungangabazeki uzoba nomthelela omubi ikakhulukazi kubabaleki. Izimo zokuphila ezimnyama ngaphakathi kwamakamu zenza kube nzima ngabantu abafudukele ngaphakathi ukuba bazivikele, ngokungahambi kahle komphakathi endlini eyodwa yodaka, imvamisa ehlala abantu okungenani abayisishiyagalombili, nokugeza izandla kuyinselelo enkulu. Amanzi okuphuza nokudla kutholakala kancane.

Ngokwe-UNHCR kunababaleki ababhalisiwe abayizigidi ezi-2.5 abavela e-Afghanistan emhlabeni jikelele, okubenza babe ngabantu besibili ngobukhulu babantu abafudukayo emhlabeni, kepha kuyinqubomgomo esemthethweni yamazwe amaningi e-EU (iBrithani ifakiwe) ukubuyisa ngenkani abantu base-Afghanistan babuyela eKabul, e ulwazi olugcwele lokuthi i-Afghanistan ihlukaniswe njengezwe "elingenakho ukuthula emhlabeni". Eminyakeni yamuva ukuxoshwa ngenkani emazweni ase-EU kuye kwaphindeka kathathu ngaphansi kwe “Indlela Ehlanganyelwe Phambili” inqubomgomo. Ngokwamaphepha aputshukile, i-EU ibizazi kahle izingozi zabafuna ukukhoseliswa e-Afghan. Ngo-2018 i-UNAMA ibhale i- ukufa okuphezulu okwake kwarekhodwa okubandakanya abalimele abangu-11,000 3,804, ukufa kwabangu-7,189 XNUMX nokulimala okungu-XNUMX. UHulumeni wase-Afghanistan uvumelane ne-EU ukuthola abadingiswa ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi ukuntuleka kokubambisana kungaholela ekusizeni.

Le mpelasonto iyingxenye yesenzo sikazwelonke sokumaka ubumbano nababaleki kanye nabokufika manje ababhekene ne imvelo enobutha yenqubomgomo nokwelashwa kweBrithani okunokhahlo. Kuza kungakapheli izinsuku zethu UNobhala Wezasekhaya uPreti Patel ngemuva kokuphakamisa ukuthi silahle ababaleki kanye nabokufika abangenazo izincwadi abazama ukuwela isiteshi e-Ascension Island, ukubopha abantu kwizikebhe ezingasasetshenziswa, ukwakha "uthango lwasolwandle" ngaphesheya kwesiteshi, kanye nokufaka imishini yamanzi ukwenza amagagasi amakhulu okugcwala izikebhe zabo. IBrithani izinikele ngenhliziyo yonke empini eyayilwa ne-Afghanistan ngo-2001, manje isiyazibalekela izibopho zayo zomhlaba wonke zokuvikela abantu ababalekela izimpilo zabo. IBrithani kufanele ivume ukubekwa icala ngezimo eziphoqa abantu ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo futhi bakhokhele imbuyiselo yokuhlupheka okubangelwe yimpi.

UMaya Evans uxhumanisa amaVoices for Creative Nonviolence, UK.