NguRobert Levering, Meyi 19, 2020
Kusukela Ukuguquka Ukungaboni
Njengokungathi akukho okwanele kokukhathazeka ngalezi zinsuku, abesifazane maduze bangadingeka ukuthi babhalisele ukubuthwa kwezempi.
Kungenzeka ukuthi awukaze uzwe ngalokhu kuthuthukiswa ngenxa yokugcwala kwezindaba ze-COVID-19. Ekupheleni kuka-March, a ikhomishini kazwelonke inxuse uKhongolose ukugunyaza ukuthi bonke abesifazane abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-25 babhalise ku-Selective Service System, i-ejensi eyengamele uhlaka lwezempi.
ICongress ingasivuma lesi siphakamiso. Abantu abaningi abavelele kuzo zombili izinhlangothi basekela umbono ovela Hillary Clinton kuMholi Weningi LeSenate UMitch McConnell. Uma okwedlule kuyinoma yimuphi umhlahlandlela, nokho, singalindela ukuthi izishoshovu zimelane. Ngesikhathi seMpi YaseVietnam, inhlangano enkulu yokuphikisa yaphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi aqede ngokuphelele uhlelo lokubuthwa. Ngenkathi uJimmy Carter ethula kabusha uhlelo lwamanje lokubhalisa ngo-1980, inhlangano enamandla emelene nokusalungiswa yaphazamisa imizamo kahulumeni yokuyisebenzisa.
Yize kunjalo uhlelo luqhubekile nokubhalisa izinsizwa. Udaba lwaphela ekuqapheleni izwe kuze kube ngu-2015, lapho u-Obama evumela abesifazane ukuthi basebenze ezindimeni zokulwa. Abahlaziyi nosopolitiki abehlukene babuze: Uma abesifazane bekwazi ukulwa ezikhundleni, kungani kungafanele nabo bafakwe ngaphansi kohlaka? Abanye baphakamisa umbuzo ohlobene nalokhu: Kungani kungafuneki wonke umuntu enze uhlobo oluthile lwenkonzo yesizwe? ICongress yabe isithwesa iKhomishini Kazwelonke Yezempi, Kazwelonke, kanye Nezisebenzi Zomphakathi ukuthi ihlole lezi zindaba.
Ikhomishana yachitha iminyaka emithathu kanye nezigidi ezingu-45 zamaRandi, yenza ukulalelwa kwecala ezweni lonke futhi yacela izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zokuphawula komphakathi. Umbiko wayo wokugcina onamakhasi angama-245 uqukethe izincomo ezingama-49, ikakhulukazi izindlela zokukhuthaza amathuba okuzithandela okusebenza komphakathi kanye nohulumeni.
Izincomo kuphela ezingaphoqa abesifazane ukuthi babhalisele uhlaka oluqukethe into eyimpoqo. Uma betholwa, abesifazane abenqaba ukubhalisa, njengozakwabo besilisa, bayoba nesibopho sokushushiswa ngobugebengu ngokuya ngeminyaka emihlanu ejele kanye/noma inhlawulo engu-$250,000.
Abanye abanenqubekela phambili nabalwela amalungelo abesifazane bayaseseka isiphakamiso sekhomishini. UJackie Speer, i-liberal Democratic Congressman waseCalifornia, utshele The Hill: “Uma sifuna ukulingana kuleli zwe, uma sifuna ukuthi abesifazane baphathwe ngendlela efanayo nabesilisa futhi akufanele bacwaswe, kufanele sisekele ukubuthwa kwabantu bonke.”
Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Rivera Sun we-CODEPINK, inhlangano elwa nezimpi eholwa ngabesifazane, uyaphikisana. Utshele ikhomishini: “Uhlaka aluyona indaba yamalungelo abantu besifazane. Ukulingana kwabesifazane ngeke kufezwe ngokufaka abesifazane ohlelweni olusalungiswa oluphoqa izakhamuzi ukuthi zibambe iqhaza emisebenzini ephambene nentando yabo futhi elimaze abanye ngobuningi, njengempi. Yinye kuphela indlela yokubhalisa okusalungiswa ukuphatha wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo: qeda ukubhaliswa okusalungiswa.”
Lona akuwona umqondo oqinile. Ngaphandle kwezikhathi ezimfushane phakathi neMpi Yombango kanye neMpi Yezwe I, i-United States yayingabuthelwa empini kwaze kwaba ngangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Inkonzo yezempi eyimpoqo yayibhekwa njengengeyona eyaseMelika, engahambelani nezindinganiso ezisekelwa izwe labakhululekile. Inqwaba yabafuduki beza lapha ukuze ingabuthelwa emazweni akubo. Omunye wabokufika kwakunguFrederick Trump, umkhulu kamongameli wamanje, owabaleka eBavaria ukuze agweme ukucindezelwa eButhweni Lama-Imperial German.
I-United States yayeka ukubuthwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kodwa yaphinde yaqala ngesikhathi seMpi YaseKorea. Nokho, ngemva kokuphela kwaleyo mpi, i-United States yaqhubeka ibuthela izinsizwa empini. Bambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa ababizwa ngaleyo minyaka. Kodwa-ke, khona kanye ukuba khona kwayo kusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umongameli angahlanganisa amasosha ngokushesha ngaphandle kwesheke leCongress noma umphakathi.
Yilokho kanye uLyndon B. Johnson akwenza kusukela ngo-1965. Ngonyaka owandulele uye wagijima “njengommeleli wokuthula” ethi ngeke afake i-United States empini yezwe e-Asia. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokhetho, esebenzisa izaba zokuhlasela komkhumbi wempi ngomgunyathi kanye nokuhlasela endaweni yase-US, uJohnson waqala ukuthela amasosha aseMelika eVietnam. Ngenxa yokuthi umongameli wayekwazi ukukhipha izingcingo ezibhalwe phansi ngokwakhe, wayala abantu abacishe babe yikota yesigidi ukuthi bangenele inkonzo yezempi ngo-1965 futhi bacishe babe ngu-400,000 ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngokushesha kwase kunengxenye yesigidi samasosha aseMelika elwa eVietnam, iningi labo okwakungama-draftees noma amadoda ayebhalisele ukuthi angabuthwa. (Ababhalisiwe babengakhetha igatsha labo lenkonzo kodwa kwakudingeka bachithe iminyaka emithathu, kunemibili, empini.)
Ukuba nohlaka kwenza uJohnson wakwazi ukuhudulela i-United States empini enkulu yomhlaba ngaphambi kokuba umphakathi ukuqonde ngokugcwele okwenzekayo. Ukungalingani okukhulu kohlelo olusalungiswa nakho kwamsiza ukuba angaqwashisi umphakathi ngokwakhiwa okukhulu. Ngaphandle kwamanani amakhulu athunyelwe e-Asia, ingxenye encane kuphela yalabo abafanelekile banikezwayo. Emadodeni ayizigidi ezingama-27 aneminyaka yobudala yokubuthwa phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yempi, bayizigidi ezi-2.5 kuphela - noma ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayi-10 - abakhonza eVietnam.
Ukunquma ukuthi ubani ozobhalwa, i-Selective Service inikeze izintuba eziningi zezingane zezombusazwe nezomnotho, kanye neningi lesigaba esiphakathi. Abafundi basekolishi abafana noBill Clinton noDick Cheney abazange bathintwe. Futhi labo abakwazanga ukuthola amanothi kadokotela wezifo ezincane - noma ezakhiwe - ezifana ne-bone spurs, njengoba kwenzeka kuDonald Trump. Ngenxa yokwesaba ukunyakazisa izimpaphe ezicebile, uJohnson wenqaba ukubiza izinqolobane noma unogada Kazwelonke - okunye ukugcinwa kwesigaba esiphakathi, abanye babo, njengoGeorge W. Bush, abathola amabala ngokuxhumana kwezombusazwe.
Ngenxa yalokho, iVietnam yaba impi yezinga labasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi ababuthiwe abakwazanga nokuvota, njengoba iminyaka yokuvota ngaleso sikhathi yayingama-21. Khuluma ngentela ngaphandle kokumelwa!
Umnyakazo wokumelana nohlaka uyakhula
Uhlaka lwenze kwaba lula ukuthi umongameli aqale impi. Kepha abaphikisi basebenzise ubungozi bayo obukhulu: Okusalungiswa kudinga ukubambisana kwalabo abangaphansi kwakho. UGene Sharp, umfundi kaGandhi nongomunye wezazi eziyinhloko zokungabi nabudlova, uyachaza: “Isenzo sokungabi nabudlova sisekelwe embonweni olula: Abantu abakwenzi njalo lokho abatshelwa ukuba bakwenze, futhi ngezinye izikhathi benza izinto eziye zavunyelwa. kwenqatshelwe ... Uma abantu benza lokhu ngamanani anele isikhathi eside ngokwanele, lowo hulumeni noma uhlelo lwezikhundla ngeke lusaba namandla.”
Ngesikhathi uJohnson ephakamisa izingcingo ezisalungiswa, amadoda kwakudingeka aphathe amakhadi awo okusalungiswa ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi alalele imiyalo evela ku-Selective Service noma abhekane nokudonsa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. Edelela lo mthetho, amadoda aqala ukushisa amakhadi awo okubuthelwa empini noma awabuyisele kuhulumeni emihlanganweni yomphakathi yokulwa nempi. Esenzweni esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu, amadoda angaphezu kwenkulungwane aphendule amakhadi awo emihlanganweni ngesikhathi esisodwa eyayisemadolobheni angaphezu kwamashumi amabili ngo-October 16, 1967. Abahleli bawaqoqa amakhadi bawahambisa ngesandla eMnyangweni Wezobulungisa eWashington, DC Uhulumeni wasabela ngokuthi ebeka uBenjamin Spock, udokotela wezingane owaziwayo, nabanye abane ngokusiza nokusiza amadoda aphula umthetho. Ukuhlaselwa kwabuyela emuva. Akugcinanga ngokuthi uhulumeni alahlekelwe yicala, kodwa amakhulu abantu abadala, okuhlanganisa noMartin Luther King Jr., basayine izicelo noma benza izitatimende zomphakathi besekela abaphikisi.
Amaphuzu amabili kufanele enziwe mayelana nokumelana nohlaka phakathi neMpi YeVietnam. Okokuqala, kwakuyinhlangano engenabudlova ngokusobala. Abaholi bayo abaningi babehileleke enhlanganweni elwela amalungelo abantu eNingizimu, futhi bajulisa ukuzibophezela kwabo ekungabini nobudlova kwabeluleki abahlonishwayo.
UDavid Miller ushise ikhadi lakhe lokusalungiswa emhlanganweni womphakathi ngemuva nje kokuthi iCongress iphasise umthetho oqondile wokwenza leso senzo sibe ubugebengu. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayehlala futhi esebenza endlini Yezisebenzi ZamaKatolika eNew York. UBruce Dancis waxhumanisa isenzo sokuqala sokuphikisa uhlaka olukhulu lapho amadoda angaba ngu-200 eshisa amakhadi awo ngaphambi kwemashi enkulu yokubhikisha eyayiholwa uMartin Luther King Jr. eNew York. UDancis wafunda eCornell lapho imbongi nomfundisi uDaniel Berrigan efundisa khona.
UDavid Harris, owasiza ukuhlela ukungena kwamakhadi kazwelonke ngo-Okthoba 1967, wayeyingxenye yeGandhian Institute for the Study of Nonviolence ePalo Alto, eyasungulwa ngu-Ira Sandperl noJoan Baez. UMichael Ferber, umholi weqembu leBoston Resistance futhi obekwe icala kanye noDkt. Spock, wayehlala ekolishi lendodana ka-David Dellinger. Umphikisi weMpi Yezwe Yesibili, uDellinger wayengomunye wabamangalelwa ecaleni elidume kabi laseChicago 7. UFerber wabhala umlando omuhle kakhulu wenhlangano yaseVietnam ephikisana nokusalungiswa ebizwa ngokuthi “The Resistance.” Le ncwadi wayibhala kanye nesazi-mlando uStaughton Lynd, isishoshovu esaziwayo sokuthula nezabasebenzi. (Endabeni yami siqu, uMartin Luther King Jr. wangikhuthaza. Ngabhala ikhadi lami lokubuthwa kanye namanye amadoda angaba yishumi nambili emhlanganweni womphakathi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe.)
Iphuzu lesibili elibalulekile mayelana nenhlangano yokumelana nohlaka ukuthi iphumelele ngokubukela phansi uhlelo. Abagqugquzeli bawo babekholelwa ukuthi uma singathola amadoda anele angamelana nawo, singasinqoba isimiso samajele. Basebenzisa ngokusobala imodeli yomkhankaso wamalungelo abantu eBirmingham ngo-1963, lapho amakhulu ezakhamizi (kuhlanganise nezingane) eboshwa futhi amisa idolobha. Babekholelwa ukuthi bangathola umphumela ofanayo ngeziphikisayo ezanele zokusalungiswa. Nokho leli qhinga alizange lisebenze ngokushesha, noma ngokusobala, njengoba lenza eNingizimu. Ekugcineni, umnyakazo wokumelana nohlaka lwehlula uhlelo, kodwa abambalwa bethu babona umthelela wethu.
Okusalungiswa kuba yisikweletu esikhulu
Phakathi neminyaka yempi, i-Selective Service yadlulisela amadoda angaba ngu-210,000 eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa ukuze ashushiswe. Kulelo nani, bangaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi abagwetshwa, bangamaphesenti amane kuphela abagwetshwa, futhi bangamaphesenti angu-10 kuphela (abangaba ngu-4 1.5) abagwetshwa ejele. Ukuzwelana nomphakathi kwabamelene nohlaka kuyasiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abashushisi benhlangano bebemanqikanqika ukulandela abephula umthetho kanye namajaji enqabile ukugwebela iningi lalabo abalahlwe amacala ejele. Entwasahlobo ka-4,000, ukuhlola kukaGallup kwembula ukuthi amaphesenti angu-1970 kuphela abantu abadala ayethanda ukuboshwa kwalabo abenqaba ukubambisana. Ngokocwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi lohlaka lwaseVietnam: “Ukube [abephula umthetho] bebeshushiswe kanzima njengabaphangi bamabhange, uphiko lwamajele kahulumeni bekuzodingeka luphinde kabili umthamo walo ekuphakameni kwempi.”
Ngokubonisa ukuthi abethukile, abaphikisi abasalungiswa bacekela phansi uhlelo futhi basiza ekudaleni indawo lapho amanani andayo ontanga yabo aba nesibindi sokuthola izindlela zabo zokugwema ukuya eVietnam. Balinganiselwa ku-250,000 abangazange babhalise (cishe abekho abake babanjwa). Abaningi baphonsela inselelo izivivinyo zabo zamasosha ngamabomu (ababili kwabathathu abaphumelelanga maphakathi no-1970, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyanga ezingaphansi kwengxenye eziyisithupha ngaphambili). Abangaba ngu-30,000 800,000 babalekela eCanada noma eSweden. Futhi abacishe babe ngu-1972 XNUMX bafaka izicelo zokuvotelwa abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza phakathi nempi. Ngo-XNUMX amadoda amaningi athola isikhundla sokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza kunalawo abuthelwe eButhweni Lezempi.
Isihloko ku I-New York ka-June 29, 1970, enesihloko esithi “Inkonzo Ekhethekile Ihlangabezana Nokuphikiswa Okukhulu,” yachaza lesi simo: “Ukumelana nokuhlelwa kweDolobha laseNew York kuye kwasakazeka kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi iSelective Service System, enzima ekuqaleni, namuhla ibonakala ingakwazi ukwenza kanjalo. ukubhala noma ngubani ongenandaba nokubuthwa.” E-Oakland, eCalifornia, amaphesenti angu-53 kwabangu-4,500 5 ababe-odelwe ukuqeqeshelwa ukufundisa awazange afike, futhi amanye amaphesenti amahlanu avela kodwa enqaba ukubhapathizwa.
Abesifazane abaningi namadoda asekhulile bajoyine abaphikisi beminyaka yokusalungiswa ukuze baphonsele inselelo uhlelo. Babevame ukukhomba amabhodi endawo angu-4,000 nangaphezulu kanye nezikhungo zokungeniswa zemilindelo, imibuthano, ukuhlala, noma ngisho nokugasela kwangempela lapho izishoshovu zigqekeze futhi zonakalisa amafayela. (UDaniel noPhilip Berrigan bagqekeza edume kakhulu eCatonsville, eMaryland, ngo-1968.) Ngo-1970, i-Selective Service yabika ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakunesenzakalo “sokungahlakaniphi” esisodwa (ukuboniswa noma ukugqekezwa) nsuku zonke. Isimo besibi kakhulu i-ejensi yabika ukuthi amabhodi endawo abe nobunzima bokuqasha indawo nokugcina abasebenzi.
Esikhundleni sokuba uhlelo olunokwethenjelwa lokufakela ifolishi yenganono emaxhaphozini nasemahlathini aseVietnam, lolu hlaka lwase lube icala elikhulu emshinini wempi. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba uRichard Nixon engumongameli ngo-1969, wanquma ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuphikisa impi kwakuwukuqeda ngokuphelele uhlaka. Uhlelo lwahlakazwa ngo-1973.
Okusalungiswa kuyabuya, kodwa kanjalo nombhikisho
UJimmy Carter wanquma ukuvusa ukubuthwa kwamasosha eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva ngemva kokuba iSoviet Union ihlasele i-Afghanistan. Ukhiphe isinqumo sokuthi wonke amadoda azalwa ngo-1960 noma ngo-1961 abhalise emahhovisi endawo ngesikhathi samasonto amabili ehlobo lika-1980 - noma abhekane neminyaka emihlanu ejele. Ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuthobela ngokuzithandela, i-Selective Service yakhokha u-$200,000 enkampanini yezobudlelwano bomphakathi ukuze ikhiqize izikhangiso ezigunyaza ukubhalisa eziqukethe abantu abaphawulekayo njengomqeqeshi weqembu le-hockey le-Olympic elithi “Miracles on Ice” lase-US. Amaqembu aphikisana nokusalungiswa aphikisana nezindawo zawo zomsakazo ngu-Lily Tomlin no-Martin Sheen. Abafike bezobhalisa babingelelwe ngemibuthano, imibhikisho kanye nokuhlala kwabantu emadolobheni amaningi. Abanye ababhikishi bakhiphe amafomu eposi bawacekela phansi.
UBrayton Harris, Umsizi Womqondisi Wenkonzo Yokukhetha, uvumile entathelini yezindaba ukuthi amadoda amaningi abhalise ngokuthi “Jimmy Carter” kanti abanye besifazane babhalisa njengombhikisho. Uthe nokho-ke, ezinsukwini ezingama-90 i-IRS izobe ikhiphe imininingwane ngalabo abangabhalisanga, ukuze "sizongena egiyeni eliphezulu ekuqiniseni umthetho." Njengoba kwenzeka, cishe amaphesenti angu-70 kuphela amadoda ayizigidi ezingu-1.5 okwakudingeka abhalise ngokuzithandela, ashiya abangaba ngu-450,000 XNUMX bephula umthetho.
Ngokubona ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukushushisa izinsizwa ezicishe zibe yisigidi, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa - ngokombiko wangaphakathi - unqume ukuthi "umjikelezo wokuqala wokushushiswa oshicilelwe kahle, oyimpumelelo ... ungase unikeze ukuvinjelwa okwanele ukuze iSelective Service System [ingakwazi] ukugcina ukwethembeka kohlelo.”
“Indlela kahulumeni yokuqinisa umthetho” ibhuntshile ngokudabukisayo. Amadoda angu-20 kuphela ashushiswa, futhi lokho akuzange kuvimbe izinkulungwane ezenqaba esidlangalaleni ukubhalisa kanye namakhulu ezinkulungwane akwenza lokho buthule.
Omunye walabo abaqokelwe ukushushiswa kwakungu-Edward Hasbrouck, ongabhalisi nowayengumgqugquzeli ophumela obala womkhankaso wokulwa nokusalungiswa. Ummeli wombuso osemusha owayenesifiso sokuvelela ogama lakhe linguRobert Mueller (yebo, lowo Robert Mueller) wayemele uhulumeni. Icala laba a imbangela celebre eNew England ngemibhikisho eminingana, okuhlanganisa neyodwa lapho abantu abathathu bezibopha ngamaketanga eminyango yenkantolo yenhlangano yaseBoston ukuze bavimbele ukuqulwa kwecala. UMueller walinqoba icala lasenkantolo, kodwa ijaji lasihoxisa isigwebo sezinyanga eziyisithupha lase liyalela uHasbrouck ukuthi enze umsebenzi womphakathi amahora angu-1,000 XNUMX. (Emuva konyaka, ecasulwe ukuthi u-Hasbrouck wayeqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokuhlela omelene nohlaka, ijaji lasibuyisela isigwebo sasejele.)
I-Selective Service iba umkhakha wezepolitiki
I-Selective Service yabe isiba uhlelo oluyimfihlo. Njengoba kungebona bonke abantu besilisa ababengabhalisa ngokuzithandela noma besabe, le nhlangano yabhalisa ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Manje cishe amaphesenti angama-50 okubhaliswa kwenzeka lapho amadoda ethola ilayisense yawo yokushayela (izifundazwe ezingama-31 zidinga ukubhaliswa okusalungiswa). Amanye amaphesenti angama-20 lapho befaka isicelo sokubolekwa imali ekolishi. (Iningi lemali mboleko yabafundi lisekelwa uhulumeni wobumbano noma wezifundazwe.)
Izijeziso zokungabhalisi zingaba nzima. Umuntu ongakabhalisi eneminyaka engu-26 uzonqatshelwa umsebenzi noma ukuqeqeshwa umsebenzi kuhulumeni wobumbano noma nohulumeni bezifundazwe abaningi. Khonamanjalo, noma yimuphi umuntu ongeyena isakhamuzi owehluleka ukubhalisa ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-26 ngeke afaneleke ukuba yisakhamuzi.
Noma kunjalo, naphezu kokusebenzisa imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-800 zamaRandi eminyakeni engu-35 edlule, i-Selective Service iyavuma ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-90 kuphela athobela umthetho. Ngakho, minyaka yonke amadoda angaba ngu-200,000 XNUMX angena ezinhlakeni ezihlukahlukene ze-Selective Service, futhi amadoda angaphezu kwesigidi angashushiswa njengezigebengu. Lokho akubali izinombolo abaphule umthetho ngokobuchwepheshe ngoba abazisi Isevisi Yokukhetha njalo lapho beshintsha ikheli labo - imfuneko ecishe ishaywe indiva emhlabeni wonke.
Owake waba nguMqondisi Wezinkonzo Ezikhethiwe uBernard Rostker wachaza isimo okwaba umphumela wekhomishana ngonyaka odlule, wathi, “uhlelo lwamanje lokubhalisa alunikezi imininingwane ephelele futhi enembile lapho kufanele kuqaliswe ukubuthwa. Ngokuhlelekile ayinazo izingxenye ezinkulu zamadoda afanelekayo futhi kulabo abafakiwe, imali yolwazi oluqukethwe iyangabazeka.” Ngempela, uRostker waphetha: “Iphuzu lami elibalulekile ukuthi asikho isidingo sokuqhubeka nokubhalisa abantu.”
Ngakho-ke, kungani i-Selective Service iqhubeka naphezu kokungakwazi kwayo ukwenza imisebenzi yayo eyisisekelo? Inertia ye-Bureocratic iyingxenye yempendulo. Njengezinye izingxenye zenkimbinkimbi yezempi nezimboni kanye nezimpi zaphakade zaseMelika, i-Selective Service ithatha indawo encane emishini yezempi ekhuthazela ngoba akekho oyinselela inselelo.
I-ejensi futhi isebenza njengenhlangano yezombangazwe. Umqondisi wayo wamanje nguDon Benton, oziqu zakhe eziyinhloko kulo msebenzi zibonakala sengathi nguyena ongusihlalo womkhankaso kaTrump ePacific Northwest. Ekuqaleni uTrump wamqokela kwi-Environmental Protection Agency, kodwa waxoshwa ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili kuphela ngenxa “yinqaba” ukuziphatha bese uphatha Isevisi Ekhethiwe. Ukuqhubeka kwakhe kungase kubhekwe nakakhulu uma iCongress icubungula isiphakamiso sekhomishana sokubhalisa abesifazane. Ngenkathi uSenator wesifundazwe saseWashington, yena wake watshela isigele lesifazane seRiphabhulikhi ukuthi wayesebenza “njengentombazanyana enomlomo ongcolile.”
Akufanele yini siguqule okusalungiswa kube okuthile okuwusizo?
Kuyavunywa, Isevisi Yokukhetha ingase ibe namaphutha kabi, kodwa akufanele yini sigcine uhlelo lokubhalisa okusalungiswa uma kwenzeka sidinga ukulwa enye impi enkulu? Yileyo ndlela kanye abasekeli bayo abavikela ngayo le nhlangano. Iwebhusayithi yayo icaphuna uMongameli uTrump ethi: “Ngokomlando, isizwe sikugcinile ukubhaliswa kwe-Selective Service ukuze sihlinzeke ngothango lokumelana nenhlekelele ebingakalindelwa. Ukubhalisa kuyindlela yokulondoloza ukulungela.”
Ulungiselwe ini? Abasekeli bokubuthwa bahlale beveza umcabango weMpi Yezwe II, “iMpi Enhle,” lapho kubhaliswa amadoda angaba yizigidi ezingu-50 aphakathi kweminyaka engu-18 nengu-45 ubudala, ayizigidi eziyishumi ebuthelwa empini, kanti amanye ayizigidi eziyisithupha abhalisela inkonzo yezempi. Iningi lomphakathi likholelwa ukuthi impi yayilungile nokuthi ukubuthwa kwakudingeka ukuze kunqotshwe ubufascism.
Angakanani amathuba okuba isimo esinjalo ezweni lanamuhla? Ubuchwepheshe bezempi - njengama-drones, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nemicibisholo yebanga elide - buye bashintsha uhlobo lwempi yesimanje. Lezi zinguquko ziye zaqeda isidingo senani elikhulu labasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kancane, okungukuthi, ifolishi yenganono eboshiwe.
Cabangela ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule. I-United States iye yahileleka ezingxabanweni eziningi ngaphandle kohlaka: Ngo-1991 uhulumeni waqoqa ngokushesha amasosha angaphezu kuka-540,000 ukuze alwe neMpi YaseGulf. Kulokho okubizwa nge-War on Terror, ngesinye isikhathi kwaba namasosha ayi-100,000 ase-US e-Afghanistan, ayi-150,000 e-Iraq, futhi amanani amancane kakhulu athunyelwa eSyria, eLibya, eSomalia, eNiger, eChad, eMali nasePhilippines.
Kuthiwani ngokulungela amasosha “inhlekelele engakalindelwa”? Ngokusho kukaLieutenant Colonel we-Air Force osethathe umhlalaphansi kanye nesazi-mlando uWilliam Astore, i-United States ikwenzile ubiza ngani "ibutho elinamandla elihlasela ngokushesha" lamasosha acishe abe ngu-250,000 we-Special Operations forces kanye namaMarines. Uma ungeza kulelo nani, i-Army's 82nd and 101st Airborne 10th Mountain Divisions, i-Astore igcizelela ukuthi i-United States "inamandla ezempi angaphezu kokwanele ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kwezwe langempela laseMelika."
I-Selective Service ingase ingadlali indima ngokokuphepha kuzwelonke, kodwa iqhubekisela phambili ukubambelela komshini wempi ekwazini kwaseMelika. Ngenye yalezo zindlela ezicashile amasosha abe yisizinda esamukelekayo emphakathini wethu. Ngaphandle kwalabo abaneshwa abanqatshelwa imisebenzi noma imali mboleko yasekolishi, sonke asivamile ukukhunjuzwa ukuthi uhlaka lucashe ngemuva. Kwenzeka lokhu nje ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ngemuva kokuthi umengameli eyalele ukuthi kubulawe isikhulu esiphezulu sase-Iran waphinde wasabisa ngokuthi uzolwa ne-Iran. Ngosuku olulandelayo iwebhusayithi ye-Selective Service yaphahlazeka ngenxa yesikhukhula samadoda ayekhathazekile ukubheka ukuthi ngabe zizobhalwa yini.
Ukuqeda ukubuthwa kanye unomphela
Lapho iCongress iqala ukuphikisana ngesincomo sekhomishana, singalindela ukuzwa izimpikiswano ezivuna ukubuthwa ezingahlobene nokulungela impi. Abanye bazophikisa ngokuthi uhlaka luzophoqelela uhlobo lokulingana kwezenhlalakahle futhi lukhombe ngokungananazi isipiliyoni sababhaliswa phambilini.
Umlobi wezindatshana uJoseph Epstein, owabhalwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, bathi ukuthi "Ngaphansi kokusalungiswa, inkundla yezenhlalo yaseMelika izoshintsha - futhi, uma ngibheka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, kube ngcono." Uyakhumbula: “Ngangilala ezindlini zamasosha futhi ngihlanganyele konke ukudla kwami namaNdiya aseMelika, ama-Afrika aseMelika avela eDetroit, ama-Appalachian amhlophe, ama-Christian Scientists aseKansas, futhi ngazithola sengingenza ubungane nokuba umngane wezinsizwa engangingeke ngihlangane nazo. Angikaze ngizizwe ngingumMelika kakhulu kunangesikhathi ngiseButhweni Lezempi. "
Lokho kungase kube ukuphikisana okunamandla, kodwa abanye abasalungiswa babenezinkumbulo ezincane kakhulu zempilo yezempi - ukulawulwa okuphoqelelwe, imithetho emincane, ukuqeqeshwa ukubulala nokukhubaza. Futhi u-Epstein akayibheki ingxenye “ekhethiwe” Yesevisi Ekhethiwe. Noma yikuphi ukuqaliswa kabusha kohlaka kungaba nomthelela kumaphesenti amancane abantu njengoba amasosha engazidingi izigidi zemizimba efudumele. Amasosha abeke izinga eliphezulu kangangokuthi amaphesenti angu-70 awo wonke amavolontiya ayahluleka ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa komzimba.
Kuthiwani ngenkonzo kazwelonke? Phela, izwe liwudinga kakhulu umsebenzi owenziwe engqalasizinda yalo, umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, ukuthuthukisa amathuba emfundo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Kungani ungandisi kakhulu ama-Americorps kanye ne-Peace Corps noma ezinye izinhlangano “ezinabalulingene”?
Kuthiwani ngobhubhane lwamanje? “Kungani isevisi eyimpoqo ingekho kumenyu yezinketho zenqubomgomo njengamanje?” UCharli Carpenter, uprofesa we-UMass-Amherst, okucatshangelwe ku-op-ed yakamuva. "Cabanga nje ukuthi i-Selective Service ibize amalungu eqembu leminyaka esengozini enkulu yokuthatha izinyathelo ezinzima - ingasaphathwa eyokufa kwe-COVID-19 futhi yawayalela ukuthi angangeni ezempi kodwa enze imisebenzi yomphakathi ekhokhelwayo." Wasikisela ukuthi indodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala uLiam yayingafanelana nenkonzo enjalo.
Inkonzo kazwelonke ingumbono oncomekayo, futhi ikhomishana yenza inqwaba yezincomo ezibalulekile mayelana nalokhu. Kodwa abaningi abakhuthaza umsebenzi kazwelonke baphikelela ngokuthi kufanele kwenziwe impoqo. Futhi kungani izinsizwa nje noma izinsizwa nezintombi nje? Cishe wonke umuntu kunoma iyiphi iminyaka yobudala angenza iminikelo elusizo emphakathini, ngisho nama-septuagenarian njengami. Phela cishe uhhafu wabo bonke abasenenja base-US (48) badala kuneminyaka engama-65, kanjalo nabamele i-US abayi-147 nababusi abayi-15. Umongameli okhona njengamanje unama-73.
Nokho awuke uzwe othile encoma inkonzo yezempi noma yezwe eyimpoqo kubantu abakwiqembu leminyaka yabo. Noma funa ukuthi abantu abaneminyaka ephakathi kanye nabadala kudingeke ukuthi babhalise nesikhungo sikahulumeni futhi babe khona ukuze bachithe iminyaka emibili yezimpilo zabo ebuthweni lezempi noma amathuba enkonzo yokuzithandela ngaphansi kwesigwebo seminyaka emihlanu ejele kanye/noma inhlawulo engu-$250,000.
Akumangazi neze ukuthi a ucwaningo lukazwelonke bathole ukuthi amaphesenti angama-38 kuphela abesifazane vs. Uma amalungu eCongress ebheka ukubuthwa njengento engasebenza kubo, ngokungangabazeki bazokweseka izikweletu okufanele ziqedwe Uhlelo Lwesevisi Yokukhetha Ezempi olwakudala nolungasebenzi. Uma bengayisusi i-ejensi, kuzoba kubaphikisi abangenalo udlame ukuthola izindlela zokudala zokuqeda ukubuthwa unomphela.
URobert Levering wayesemsebenzini weNew Mobe ngo-1969, ebhekele ukuqeqeshwa kwabamashali. Waba yintatheli yebhizinisi ebhala izincwadi nezindatshana mayelana nendawo yokusebenza yenkampani yeFortune nabanye omagazini. Njengamanje ubhala incwadi emayelana nomthelela wenhlangano yempi elwa neVietnam (“War on the Home Front”). Uphinde abe ngumeluleki wefilimu emayelana nenhlangano yokuphikisa okusalungiswa (“Abafana Abathi CHA!”, ezokhululwa ngonyaka ozayo) futhi ungumdidiyeli wefilimu emayelana nemibukiso yokulwa nempi yango-1969 (“The Movement and the 'Madman '”) ngokukhishwa kwentwasahlobo, 2021.
