Ibhalwe nguJohn Hanrahan
Njengamanje usuwazi umshini wokuzivivinya: I-CIA noma amasosha ase-US adedela isiteleka se-drone noma okunye ukuqhuma kwamabhomu emoyeni e-Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia nanoma yiliphi elinye izwe i-United States ethi linelungelo lokulihlasela.
Umkhulumeli kahulumeni wase-US ubika ukuthi bangu-5 noma 7 noma 17 noma 25 noma yiliphi inani “lamasosha” abulewe - iTaliban, noma i-al Qaeda noma i-ISIS/ISIL/Islamic State fighters - ngokusho kombiko wayo ogcwele. Izinsizakalo zocingo, amaphephandaba ajwayelekile, abasakazi bezindaba zethelevishini babika ngokufanelekile ngemfashini kafushane ngesinye isiteleka esiyimpumelelo se-drone noma imicibisholo, sifeza izindinganiso ezincane zobuntatheli ngokumazisa ngePentagon, noma imithombo yezobunhloli noma imithombo kahulumeni wase-US - ngesinye isikhathi baze basho igama lomkhulumeli okhiphe izindaba.
Bese - ngokuvamile lutho. Yebo, kwesinye isikhathi othile onomfutho omncane uphakamisa iphunga elibi - kusho umongameli wase-Afghan, noma isikhulu esithile sendawo esivelele esazibonela ngawakhe ukuhlasela, noma Odokotela abangenayo iBorder ngemuva kokuhlasela kwe-US esibhedlela sabo sase-Afghanistan ngo-Okthoba. (* Bheka umbhalo waphansi.) Ezinseleleni ezinjalo zokuthi amaMelika abulala “amasosha” kuphela, lab’ ofakazi bokuzibonela abaxakile bagomela ngokuthi abaningi balabo ababulawa empeleni babengamasosha, ngisho nabesifazane nezingane.
Kepha ngalezo zikhathi lapho izikhulu zaseMelika zibhekene nobufakazi obuqine kakhulu bokubulawa kwabantu, bavame ukuxolisa (ngenkathi bengavumi ukuthi izakhamuzi zabulawa ngempela), zithembisa uphenyo - bese kuba okokugcina kubonakala sengathi sizwa ngakho. emaphephandabeni avamile.
Manje, isifundiswa saseNyuvesi yaseMelika (AU), uJeff Bachman, senzile ibhalwe phansi lokho okungenzeka abanye abafundi bakucabangele ekufundeni izindaba ze-drone phakathi neminyaka edlule, kodwa bengenalo idatha yokuyisekela. Ekuhloleni izihloko ngu I-New York Times futhi Washington Post ngemuva nje kweziteleka zase-US phakathi kuka-2009 no-2014, u-Bachman waphetha:
"Womabili amaphepha awameleli kakhulu isibalo sezakhamizi ezibulewe ezitelekeni ze-drone ePakistan naseYemen, ahlulekile ukulungisa irekhodi lomphakathi lapho kuvela ubufakazi bokuthi ukubika kwabo akulungile futhi akunaki ukubaluleka komthetho wamazwe omhlaba."
Ucwaningo luka-Bachman luhlangana ne I-Interceptisanda kushicilelwa “Amaphepha weDrone” izihloko, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezibhala amanga kukahulumeni wase-US kwabezindaba nasemphakathini mayelana nenani labangewona amasosha ababulewe ezitelekeni zama-drone.
U-Bachman, umfundisi oqeqeshiwe wamalungelo abantu kanye nomqondisi weGlobal Affairs MA Programme e-AU's School of International Service, uhlole isampula yama-81. Times izihloko kanye nezihloko ze-26 Post ezishicilelwe phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbili zeziteleka ezithile ze-drone phakathi kuka-2009 no-2014. Wabe eseqhathanisa ukubika kwamaphepha amabili ocwaningweni nasekulandeleni iziteleka ze-drone yi-Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ) yaseLondon. Uthe ubheka idatha ye-TBIJ njengonegunya “ngoba basebenzisa indlela egunyazwe i-Center for Civilians in Conflict and Human Rights” eSikoleni Somthetho sase-Columbia University.
Ekuhlaselweni kwe-drone okubikwe ngakho ngu The Times, i-TBIJ ithole izakhamuzi ezibulewe ekuhlaselweni okungu-26 kwezingu-81. The Times, nokho, kubika izakhamuzi ezibulewe kokubili kuphela kwalokho kuhlasela, kubhala uBachman.
Bukela i IposiUmbiko wokuhlaselwa kwe-drone, u-Bachman uthole ukuthi i-TBIJ ibike ukuthi kubulawe abantu abayi-7 kwezingu-26, ngenkathi Iposi kubika izakhamuzi ezibulewe ekuhlaselweni okukodwa kuphela.
Ezitelekeni ezingama-33 ezidale abalimala, i-TBIJ ithole ukuthi phakathi kuka-180 no-302 izakhamuzi zabulawa - nokho. Times futhi Thumela zabika ngokufa kwezakhamuzi ezingu-XNUMX kuphela ezindabeni ezintathu ezaphawula kuzo ukuthi kwakunezisulu zokufa kwabantu.
"Lo mkhuba wokubikwa kancane kwabantu abalimala kusho ukuthi abafundi abaziswa ngemiphumela yangempela yeziteleka ze-drone eYemen nasePakistan," kubhala u-Bachman. "Kumele ukwehluleka kwezintatheli kula maphepha ukubuka izinsolo ezibucayi zikahulumeni mayelana nokuthi obani ababulawa ikakhulukazi ezitelekeni."
Okubi nakakhulu, u-Bachman ubika okwenzeka lapho ethintana namaphephandaba womabili ukuze awabuze “ngokungalungi ekubikeni kwawo ngokufa kwabantu, nokubona ukuthi noma yiliphi iphephandaba elishicilele izilungiso” mayelana nokufa kwezakhamuzi ngenxa yeziteleka zezindiza. “Impendulo yabo bobabili yayiwukuthi abazange,” ebhala.
Funda okungakumbi ngo- Bachman esihlokweni ukuze abone isifinyezo esigcwele salokho akutholile kanye nokuphawula okuqondile abika ukuthi uthola kukho Times futhi Thumela abameleli. Kodwa ngesampula eyodwa yokunganaki kwabezindaba okujwayelekile kulolu daba, cabanga ngalokho uBachman abike ukuthi watshelwa nguSylvester Monroe, IposiUmsizi womhleli ophethe.
UMonroe, wabhala uBachman, “wathi lapho kusetshenziswa ‘imithombo engokomthetho’ akunakwenzeka ‘ukuqinisekisa ngokuzimela ukuthi yibaphi kwabafile ababengamalungu amaqembu ezidlamlilo futhi okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyizakhamuzi ezingenacala.’”
Ngokusho kuka-Bachman, uMonroe wengeze lokhu kudalulwa okumangalisayo: "Ngisho noma i-CIA ibingavuma ukuthi isibalo sayo asinembile, bekungeke kube kithi ukulungisa." Vumela lokho kungene phakathi: Iposi ngokusobala ngeke yenze izilungiso zamanga kanye nokuhlanekezela amanga kwe-ejensi yezinhloli ngisho nalapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthi i-ejensi ngokwayo iwavume.
U-Bachman uphinde waphawula ukuthi igama elithi "amalungelo abantu" - kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene - kuvele ku-5 kuphela The TimesIzindaba zokuhlasela kwe-drone ezingama-81, futhi kokukodwa kwezingu-26 Thumela izihloko. Igama elithi "imithetho yempi" noma "imithetho yokungqubuzana kwezikhali" - okudingekayo "ukubeka iziteleka ze-drone esimweni sazo sezomthetho samazwe ngamazwe" - azizange zishiwo kunoma yiziphi izindatshana.
“Ngaphandle kokwenza izinto obala kukahulumeni nokubika okunembile, ababi, njengomthombo we I-Intercept'Amaphepha e-Drone,' ukuphela komthombo wolwazi ozosivumela ukuthi siqonde imiphumela yangempela yeziteleka ze-drone," kuphetha u-Bachman.
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- Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kaningi kwase-US ngo-Okthoba 2 esibhedlela iDoctor Without Borders eKunduz, e-Afghanistan, lapho kwabulawa okungenani abasebenzi be-30, iziguli kanye nabanye, kungase kube yilelo cala eliyingqayizivele ukuthi izenzakalo zizophoqa ukuthi ziphenywe ngokucophelela. Kodwa ungathembeli kukho. Ecaleni lasesibhedlela saseKunduz, ofakazi bokuzibonela - abaseNtshonalanga/odokotela abavela enhlanganweni yezokwelapha ehlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ebeka izinsolo zokuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwenziwa ngamabomu - bekungeke kubhalwe kalula yiPentagon kanye nabezindaba zethu ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile. Odokotela abangenayo iBorder babize ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kaningi esibhedlela njengobugebengu bempi obungenzeka futhi bafuna ukuhlasela kuphenywe uphenyo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngaphansi kwe-Geneva Conventions. Esikhundleni salokho, uGeneral John F. Campbell, umkhuzi waseMelika e-Afghanistan, uqoke ujenene wezinkanyezi ezimbili komunye umyalo ukuthi ahole lokho uCampbell akubiza ngokuthi uphenyo oluzimele - okude kakhulu kulokho oDokotela Ngaphandle Kwemingcele ekubizele yona. Ukugcina uphenyo ngaphakathi kwendlu yamasosha kwenza kube maningi amathuba okuthi sibheke komunye walawo maphutha-enziwa imibiko ye-Pentagon, kunokuba umbiko owenziwe ngamacala empi. Ngisho nalesi sinyathelo sophenyo esinganele, esingqubuzanayo, singaphezu kokuvamile ukwenzeka lapho izakhamuzi ezivamile zibulawa ukuhlasela kwe-US futhi bengekho abantu baseNtshonalanga noma abantu abanezicucu abazozifakaza.
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UJohn Hanrahan, okwamanje osebhodini labahleli le-ExposeFacts, wayengumqondisi omkhulu we-The Fund for Investigative Journalism kanye nentatheli yezindaba. The Washington Post, The Washington Star, UPI nezinye izinhlangano zezindaba. Ubuye abe nolwazi olunzulu njengomphenyi wezomthetho. UHanrahan ungumbhali we Uhulumeni Ngenkontileka futhi co-umbhali we I-Lost Frontier: Ukumaketha kwe-Alaska. Wabhala kakhulu i-NiemanWatchdog.org, iphrojekthi ye-Nieman Foundation for Journalism e-Harvard University.
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