Ibhalwe nguHaig Hovaness, World BEYOND War, May 7, 2023
Kwethulwa ngoMeyi 4, 2023, iVietnam eya e-Ukraine: Izifundo ze-US Peace Movement Ukukhumbula i-Kent State kanye ne-Jackson State! I-Webinar ephethwe yi-Green Party Peace Action Committee; I-Peoples Network for Planet, Justice & Peace; kanye ne-Green Party yase-Ohio
Namuhla ngizothulela isigqoko uDaniel Ellsberg, indoda ebizwe ngokuba ngomunye wabasakazi ababalulekile emlandweni waseMelika. Wadela umsebenzi wakhe futhi wabeka inkululeko yakhe engozini ukuze aveze iqiniso ngeMpi YaseVietnam futhi wachitha iminyaka eyalandela esebenzela ukuthula. NgoMashi uDan wabhala ku-inthanethi incwadi ebika ukuthi utholakale enomdlavuza ongapheli futhi kungenzeka ashone kulo nyaka. Lesi yisikhathi esifanele sokwazisa umsebenzi wakhe wokuphila.
UDaniel Ellsberg wazalwa ngo-1931 eChicago, e-Illinois. Ufunde e-Harvard University, lapho athola khona iziqu ze-summa cum laude futhi kamuva wathola i-PhD kwezomnotho. Ngemva kokushiya i-Harvard, wasebenzela i-RAND Corporation, ithangi lokucabanga elalibambe iqhaza kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezempi. Kwakungesikhathi sakhe ese-RAND lapho u-Ellsberg ahileleka khona eMpini yaseVietnam.
Ekuqaleni, u-Ellsberg wayisekela impi. Kodwa njengoba eqala ukuyihlolisisa kabanzi le mpi, futhi ngemva kokukhuluma nabamelene nempi, wadumala nakakhulu. Wathola ukuthi uhulumeni wayeqamba amanga kubantu baseMelika mayelana nokuqhubeka kwempi, futhi waqiniseka ukuthi impi yayingenakunqotshwa.
Ngo-1969, u-Ellsberg wenza isinqumo sokuputshuza amaphepha e-Pentagon, ucwaningo oluyimfihlo kakhulu lweMpi YaseVietnam olwalujutshwe uMnyango Wezokuvikela. Ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi uhulumeni wayeqambe amanga kubantu baseMelika mayelana nokuqhubeka kwempi, futhi lwaveza ukuthi uhulumeni wayehileleke emisebenzini eyimfihlo eLaos naseCambodia.
Ngemva kwemizamo engaphumeleli yokuthakasela amalungu eCongress embikweni, wanikeza imibhalo ku-New York Times, eyashicilela izingcaphuno ngo-1971. Izambulo emaphepheni zazibalulekile futhi zilimaza uhulumeni wase-US, njengoba zembula ukuthi ukuphatha okulandelanayo kuye kwalandela ngokuhlelekile. waqamba amanga kubantu baseMelika mayelana nenqubekelaphambili nezinjongo zempi.
I-Pentagon Papers ikhombise ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US ukhuphule ngasese ukuzibandakanya kwawo kwezempi eVietnam ngaphandle kwesu elicacile lokunqoba. La maphepha aphinde aveza ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zazidukise ngamabomu umphakathi mayelana nesimo sokungqubuzana, izinga lokubandakanyeka kwezempi yase-US, kanye nethemba lempumelelo.
Ukushicilelwa kwePentagon Papers kwaba inguquko emlandweni waseMelika. Iveze amanga kahulumeni ngempi futhi yanyakazisa ukholo lwabantu baseMelika kubaholi babo. Kuphinde kwaholela esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme esasekela ilungelo lamaphephandaba lokushicilela ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo.
Izenzo zika-Ellsberg zaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Wabekwa icala lokweba nobunhloli, futhi wayebhekene nethuba lokuchitha impilo yakhe yonke ejele. Kodwa ngokumangalisayo, amacala ayebekwe wona ahoxiswa ngesikhathi kuvela ukuthi uhulumeni uke wabamba izintambo ngokungemthetho nangezinye izindlela zokumqapha. Ukwehliswa kwamacala ayebhekene no-Ellsberg kwaba ukunqoba okuphawulekayo kwababikayo kanye nenkululeko yabezindaba, futhi kwagcizelela ukubaluleka kokungafihli kukahulumeni nokuziphendulela.
Isibindi nokuzinikela kuka-Ellsberg eqinisweni kwamenza waba iqhawe lezishoshovu zokuthula nezwi elivelele emphakathini omelene nempi. Sekungamashumi eminyaka eqhubeka nokukhuluma ngezindaba zempi, ukuthula, nezimfihlo zikahulumeni. Ubengumgxeki wezimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, futhi usagxeka inqubomgomo yangaphandle yezempi yase-US ebhebhethekisa futhi esimamisa izingxabano ezifundeni eziningi namuhla.
Ukukhishwa kwamaPhepha e-Pentagon kwasibekela imizamo efanayo ka-Ellsberg yokudalula imiphumela eyingozi yokuhlelwa kwezikhali zenuzi zaseMelika. Ngawo-1970, imizamo yakhe yokukhulula izinto ezihlukanisiwe ezisengozini yempi yenuzi yaphazanyiswa ukulahlekelwa ngephutha kwemibhalo eyimfihlo ehlobene nosongo lwenuzi. Ekugcineni wakwazi ukuhlanganisa lolu lwazi futhi walushicilela ngo-2017 encwadini ethi, “The Doomsday Machine.”
I-“Doomsday Machine,” iwukudalulwa okuningiliziwe kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni wase-US yempi yenuzi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. U-Ellsberg wembula ukuthi i-US yayinenqubomgomo yokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okuhlanganisa ngokumelene namazwe angewona awenuzi, nokuthi le nqubomgomo yahlala isebenza ngisho nangemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Uphinde waveza ukuthi i-US ibilokhu isongela izitha ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. U-Ellsberg udalule isiko eliyingozi lokuzifihla kanye nokuntuleka kokuziphendulela okuzungeze inqubomgomo yenuzi yase-US, Uveze ukuthi i-US isungule izinhlelo "zokuhlasela okokuqala" kwezikhali zenuzi eSoviet Union, noma kungekho ukuhlasela kweSoviet, athi kuyokwenza. ziye zaholela ekufeni kwezigidi zabantu. U-Ellsberg uphinde waveza ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US unikeze igunya lokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi kabanzi kakhulu kunalokho okwakwaziwa umphakathi, okwandisa kakhulu ingozi yempi yenuzi ngengozi. Uveze ukuthi izikhali zenuzi eziphethwe kabi zase-United States zakha “umshini wosuku lwembubhiso” owawumelela usongo olukhona esintwini. Le ncwadi inikeza isexwayiso esiqinile mayelana nezingozi zezikhali zenuzi kanye nesidingo sokubeka izinto obala kanye nokuziphendulela kunqubomgomo yenuzi ukuze kuvinjelwe inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke.
Umsebenzi uDan Ellsberg anikele kuwo ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe awukaqedwa. Kuncane okushintshile kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle enempi yase-United States kusukela ngesikhathi saseVietnam. Ingozi yempi yenuzi inkulu kunangaphambili; Impi yommeleli we-NATO idlangile eYurophu; futhi iWashington imatasatasa okuhloswe ngayo ukuqala impi neChina phezu kweTaiwan. Njengasesikhathini saseVietnam, uhulumeni wethu uqamba amanga ngezenzo zakhe futhi ufihla imisebenzi eyingozi ngemuva kwezindonga zokufihla kanye nenkulumo-ze yemithombo yezindaba.
Namuhla, uhulumeni wase-US usaqhubeka nokushushisa abantu ababizela phansi ngobudlova. Abaningi baboshiwe kanti abanye, njengo-Edward Snowden, babalekile ukuze bagweme ukuqulwa kwamacala angekho emthethweni. UJulian Assange usaqhubeka nokugqigqa ejele elinde ukubuyiselwa ejele kanye nokuboshwa impilo yakhe yonke. Kepha, ngokwamazwi ka-Assange, isibindi siyathelelana, futhi ukuvuza kuzoqhubeka njengoba izenzo ezingalungile zikahulumeni zivezwa ngabantu abanezimiso. Ulwazi oluningi olukopishwe yi-Ellsberg ngamahora amaningi lungakopishwa namuhla ngemizuzu futhi lusatshalaliswe emhlabeni wonke ngokushesha nge-inthanethi. Sesivele sikubonile ukuvuza okunjalo ngendlela yolwazi lwase-US oluhlukanisiwe mayelana nempi yase-Ukraine ephikisana nezimangalo zomphakathi zase-US ezinethemba. Izenzo eziyisibonelo zika-Dan Ellsberg zizogqugquzela izenzo ezingenakubalwa zesibindi ezizayo emzamweni wokuthula.
Ngithanda ukuphetha ngokufunda ingxenye yencwadi lapho uDan amemezela khona ukugula kwakhe nokuxilongwa kwakhe.
Bangane abathandekayo nabasekeli,
Nginezindaba ezinzima engingazidlulisela. Ngo-February 17, ngaphandle kwesixwayiso esikhulu, kwatholakala ukuthi nginomdlavuza we-pancreatic ongasebenzi ngesisekelo se-CT scan kanye ne-MRI. (Njengenjwayelo ngomdlavuza we-pancreatic-ongenazo izimpawu zakuqala-utholwe ngesikhathi kubhekwa enye into, encane kakhulu). Ngiyaxolisa ukunibikela ukuthi odokotela bami banginike izinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha ukuthi ngiphile. Yebo, bagcizelela ukuthi indaba yawo wonke umuntu ingumuntu ngamunye; kungaba ngaphezulu, noma ngaphansi.
Ngizizwa nginenhlanhla futhi ngibonga ukuthi ngibe nempilo enhle kakhulu ngale kwesaga seminyaka engamashumi amathathu neshumi. ( Ngizoba neminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nambili ngo-April 7.) Ngizizwa ngendlela efanayo ngokuba nezinyanga ezimbalwa ezengeziwe ukuze ngijabulele ukuphila nomkami nomndeni, futhi ngiqhubeke ngiphishekela umgomo ophuthumayo wokusebenza nabanye ukuze ngigweme. Impi yenuzi e-Ukraine noma eTaiwan (noma kwenye indawo).
Lapho ngikopisha i-Pentagon Papers ngo-1969, ngaba nazo zonke izizathu zokucabanga ukuthi ngizochitha impilo yami yonke ejele. Kwakuyisiphetho engangingakwamukela ngenjabulo uma kwakusho ukusheshisa ukuphela kweMpi YaseVietnam, kungenzeki njengoba lokho kwakubonakala (futhi kwakunjalo). Nokho ekugcineni, leso senzo—ngezindlela ebengingeke ngizibone kusengaphambili, ngenxa yezimpendulo ezingekho emthethweni zikaNixon—sabe nomthelela ekufinyezeni impi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobugebengu bukaNixon, angizange ngiboshwe ejele engangililindele, futhi ngakwazi ukuchitha iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule noPatricia nomndeni wami, kanye nani, bangane bami.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngakwazi ukunikela ngaleyo minyaka ekwenzeni konke engangingase ngikucabange ukuze ngixwayise umhlaba ngezingozi zempi yenuzi kanye nokungenelela okungalungile: ukunxenxa, ukufundisa, ukubhala nokuhlanganyela nabanye ezenzweni zokubhikisha kanye nokumelana nobudlova.
Ngiyajabula ukwazi ukuthi izigidi zabantu—kuhlanganise nabo bonke labo bangane namaqabane engidlulisela kubo lo mlayezo!—zinobuhlakani, ukuzinikela kanye nesibindi sokuziphatha sokuqhubeka nalezi zimbangela, nokusebenza ngokungaphezi ukuze kusinde. iplanethi yethu nezidalwa zayo.
Ngibonga kakhulu ngokuba nelungelo lokwazi nokusebenzisana nabantu abanjalo, esikhathini esidlule nesamanje. Lokho kuphakathi kwezici ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yami enenhlanhla nenhlanhla. Ngithanda ukubonga kini nonke ngothando nokungeseka eninginike kona ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuzinikela kwenu, isibindi, kanye nokuzimisela kwenu ukwenza okuthile kukhuthaze futhi kwaqinisa imizamo yami.
Isifiso sami kuwe ukuthi ekupheleni kwezinsuku zakho uzwe injabulo nokubonga okukhulu njengoba ngenza manje.
Isayinwe, uDaniel Ellsberg
Ngaphambi kwenye yezimpi zeMpi Yombango, isikhulu seNyunyana sabuza amasosha aso, “Uma le ndoda ingase iwe, ubani ozophakamisa ifulegi aqhubeke na?” UDaniel Ellsberg waphatha ifulege lokuthula ngesibindi. Ngicela nonke nihlanganyele nami ekuphakamiseni lelo fulegi futhi niqhubeke.
