Ngu-Tad Daley, Julayi 16, 2020
Kusukela Ijenali Yezinqubomgomo Yomhlaba
Ngalolu suku eminyakeni engu-75 eyedlule inkathi ye-athomu yazalwa, ngokuqhunyiswa kokuqala kwe-nuclear eduze kwase-Alamogordo, eNew Mexico ngoJulayi 16th, 1945. Ezinsukwini ezingu-20 kuphela ngaphambili, ngo-June 26, iZizwe Ezihlangene zazisungulwe ngokusayinwa kwe-UN Charter. eSan Francisco. Ingabe leli bhomu lenza ukuba iZizwe Ezihlangene zingasasebenzi ngemva kwamasonto amathathu izelwe?
Umuntu oyedwa obaluleke kakhulu kulezi zenzakalo, uMongameli wase-United States uHarry S. Truman, ngokuqinisekile wabonakala ecabanga kanjalo. Cabangela isikhundla esiyingqayizivele somuntu kanye nomzuzu. Yize u-Alamogordo wayesasele amasonto amathathu, abeluleki bakaTruman base bemqinisekisile ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi “impumelelo” yayiqinisekile. Futhi wayazi ukuthi wayengumuntu oyedwa okwakuzowela kuye ijoka lesinqumo ngokushesha - mayelana nokuthi uzosetshenziswa kanjani futhi kanjani ithuluzi elisha elisabekayo ngokumelene ne-Imperial Japan, kodwa ukuthi yini okufanele ayenze ngemva kwalokho mayelana nesimo esibucayi esizokwehlela bonke. ubuntu.
Pho wathini ekusayinweni kwedokhumenti eSan Francisco?
Lesi isinyathelo sokuqala kuphela esiyisa ekuthuleni okuhlala njalo … Njengoba iso lethu lihlezi libheke emgomweni wokugcina masiqhubekele phambili … Lo Mqulu, njengowethu uMthethosisekelo, uzonwetshwa futhi uthuthukiswe njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka. Akekho othi manje isiyithuluzi lokugcina noma eliphelele. Ukushintsha kwezimo zomhlaba kuzodinga ukulungiswa kabusha ... ukuthola indlela yokuqeda izimpi.
Bekufisa ukwazi, ukusho okuncane, ukugcizelela ngokungananazi amaphutha edokhumenti engaphansi kwehora elilodwa ubudala.
Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, ngemva kokuhamba esuka eSan Francisco ngesitimela ukuze athole iziqu zokuhlonishwa e-Kansas City University edolobheni lakubo, Imicabango kaMongameli Truman yaphendukela kukho kokubili imithwalo yakhe kanye naleyo nhloso yokugcina. “Nginomsebenzi omkhulu, engingeke ngilokothe ngiwubhekisise kakhulu.” Akekho noyedwa umuntu kulezo zithameli, cishe impela, owayazi ukuthi ukhuluma ngani. Kodwa singaqagela kahle ukuthi kwakuhlobene “nezimo zezwe ezishintshayo” ayazi ukuthi zazizofika maduze:
Siphila, kuleli zwe okungenani, esikhathini somthetho. Manje kufanele sikwenze lokho emazweni omhlaba. Kuyoba lula nje ngezizwe ukuzwana eriphabhulikhi yomhlaba njengoba kunjalo ngathi ukuzwana eriphabhulikhi yase-United States. Manje, uma iKansas neColorado benengxabano endaweni enamanzi ababizi iNational Guard esifundeni ngasinye futhi baye empini ngakho. Bafaka icala eNkantolo Ephakeme futhi bavumelana nesinqumo sayo. Asikho isizathu emhlabeni sokuthi kungani singakwazi ukwenza lokho emhlabeni jikelele.
Lo mehluko - phakathi komthetho okhona phakathi komphakathi wezakhamizi kanye nokungabikho kwawo phakathi komphakathi wezizwe - wawungewona owangempela ku-Harry S. Truman. Kwase kushiwo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningi ngeGreat Minds njengoDante, uRousseau, uKant, uBaha'u'llah, uCharlotte Bronte, uVictor Hugo, noHG Wells. Ngempela, lapho uTruman evusa eyethu iNkantolo Ephakeme njengesifaniso naye washo owamandulele, uMongameli Ulysses S. Grant, owathi e 1869: “Ngikholelwa ukuthi ngolunye usuku oluzayo amazwe oMhlaba azovumelana ngohlobo oluthile lwengqungquthela … izinqumo zayo eziyoba yisibopho njengoba izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziphezu kwethu.”
Futhi kwakungekhona okokuqala ukuthi kwenzeke kuHarry S. Truman. Owayengumongameli weBrookings Institution kanye nePhini likaNobhala Wezwe laseMelika uStrobe Talbott, encwadini yakhe engajwayelekile ka-2008 ethi The Great Experiment (ingxenye yesikhumbuzo kanye nengxenye yomlando wombono weriphabhuliki yomhlaba), isitshela ukuthi umongameli waseMelika wama-33 waphatha esikhwameni sakhe amavesi ka-Alfred Lord Tennyson ka-1835: “Kwaze kwaba yilapho isigubhu sempi singasaqhubi, namafulege empi. zakhishwa, ePhalamende lomuntu, iNhlangano Yomhlaba. UTalbott uthi njengoba ikhophi yakhe yesikhwama ibhidlika, uTruman wakopisha la mazwi ngesandla mhlawumbe izikhathi ezingu-40 ezihlukene phakathi nokuphila kwakhe komuntu omdala.
Kunzima ukungaphethi ngokuthi ngalesi sikhathi esibucayi seqiniso, ngokungafani nanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi emlandweni wesintu, uMongameli uHarry S. Truman wesaba i-athomu, waphetha ngokuthi okuwukuphela kwekhambi kwakuwukuqeda impi, futhi waqonda ukuthi iZizwe Ezihlangene ezintsha. yayingenakukwazi, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo wayo wamemezela, “ukusindisa izizukulwane ezilandelayo osizini lwempi.”
Flash uye phambili izinyanga ezimbalwa. U-Hiroshima no-Nagasaki base befikile, i-WWII esabekayo yase ifike esiphethweni sayo, kodwa ukwesaba okungapheli kwe-WWIII eyinhlekelele engapheli yayisanda kuqala. Futhi impela amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokuba i-UN Charter iqale ukusebenza ngo-Okthoba 24, 1945, incwadi engavamile yavela ku-New York Times. “I-San Francisco Charter iyinkohliso edabukisayo,” kubhala iSigele Sase-United States u-J. William Fulbright, iJaji LeNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-United States u-Owen J. Roberts no-Albert Einstein. “Ngokugcina ubukhosi obuphelele bezizwe eziyizimbangi, (kuvimbela) ukusungulwa komthetho ophakeme ebudlelwaneni bomhlaba ... Kufanele sihlose uMthethosisekelo Womhlaba Wonke, uhlelo lwezomthetho olusebenzayo emhlabeni wonke, uma sithemba ukuvimbela impi ye-athomu. .”
Kamuva ababhali bayinweba le ncwadi, bengeza abanye abasayini abavelele abangaphezu kweshumi nambili, futhi bayinamathisela ebhantshini lencwadi lango-1945 elithi The Anatomy of Peace ka-Emery Reves. Lo mbono weriphabhuliki yomhlaba uhunyushelwe ezilimini ezingama-25, futhi kungenzeka udayise amakhophi angaphezu kwesigidi. (UReves uphinde wasebenza njenge-ejenti yemibhalo kaWinston Churchill, futhi waba nesandla kulokhu Ukumela kukaChurchill "I-United States of Europe" kanye "nenhlangano yomhlaba wonke yamandla angenakuvinjwa kanye negunya elingenakuvinjelwa.") USenator wesikhathi esizayo wase-US kanye nesisebenzi se-JFK White House uHarris Wofford, owasungula i-"Student Federalists" ngo-1942, wangitshela ukuthi iqembu lakhe lentsha eshisekela i-One World lithathe incwadi kaReves njengebhayibheli lenhlangano yabo.
Phakamisa phambili futhi ku-1953, kanye noMhlonishwa u-John Foster Dulles, uNobhala Wezwe kaMongameli u-Eisenhower. Omunye woklebe abakhulu benkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Okuphambene kakhulu nomuntu ophuphayo. Uke waba yingxenye yethimba laseMelika eSan Francisco njengomeluleki kaSenator waseRiphabhlikhi u-Arthur Vandenberg, futhi usize ekwenzeni isethulo esishukumisayo sika-Charter. Konke lokhu kwenza isinqumo sakhe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili samangaza kakhulu:
Lapho siseSan Francisco entwasahlobo ka-1945, akekho kithi owayazi ngebhomu leathomu elalizowela e-Hiroshima ngo-August 6, 1945. Ngakho-ke i-Charter ingumqulu weminyaka yangaphambi kwe-athomu. Ngalo mqondo yayingasasebenzi ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukusebenza. Ngingasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi, ukube izithunywa ezazilapho zazazi ukuthi amandla e-athomu angaqondakali futhi angenakulinganiswa azotholakala njengendlela yokucekela phansi abantu abaningi, izinhlinzeko zomqulu ophathelene nokuhoxiswa kwezikhali kanye nokulawulwa kwezikhali bekuyoba ngaphezulu kakhulu. egcizelela futhi engokoqobo.
Ngempela, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ngemva kokushona kwe-FDR ngo-Ephreli 12, 1945, uNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson wayecebise umongameli omusha ukuthi ahlehlise leyo ngqungquthela yaseSan Francisco - kuze kube yilapho sekucatshangelwa futhi kufakwe imiphumela egcwele yebhomu le-athomu.
IZizwe Ezihlangene zenze okuhle okukhulu eminyakeni yayo engama-75. Ihlinzeke ngosizo lokudla kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-90, yasabalalisa usizo kubabaleki abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-34, yenza imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula engama-71, yaqondisa amakhulu okhetho lukazwelonke, yasiza amakhulu ezigidi zabesifazane abanempilo kamama, yagoma u-58% wezingane emhlabeni, nokunye okuningi.
Kodwa - ukuthatha okushisayo lapha - akukayiqedi impi. Futhi ayizange iqede imincintiswano yezikhali yaphakade phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu, i i-bellum omnium contra omnes echazwe nguThomas Hobbes encwadini yakhe ethi Leviathan ka-1651. Izikhali ze-laser, izikhali zasemkhathini, izikhali ze-cyber, izikhali ze-nano, izikhali ze-drone, izikhali zamagciwane, izikhali zamarobhothi ezihlakaniphile. Ngokushesha uye phambili ku-2045, i-UN ku-100, futhi umuntu akakwazi ngisho nokucabangela izichasiso ezintsha phambi kwebizo lasendulo. Akekho ongangabaza ukuthi isintu siyohlala sibhekene nezimo ezintsha nezesabeka nakakhulu zokubhujiswa.
Uxolo yini leyo? Yebo, wena olayini ongemuva, khuluma! Sekuyiminyaka engu-75 manje singenayo “i-republic of the world” noma impi yenuzi? Ngakho-ke uTruman kufanele ukuthi wayengalungile? Isintu singahlala ngokuphepha ezweni lezimbangi zezwe, nithi, sihlome ngezikhali zenuzi futhi unkulunkulu wazi ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izikhali, futhi akwazi ukubalekela phakade ukuza kwe-apocalypse?
Okuwukuphela kwempendulo engaba khona kulokho kufana naleyo okuthiwa yanikezwa uNdunankulu waseChina uZhou Enlai ngo-1971, lapho ebuzwa uHenry Kissinger ukuthi wayecabangani ngemiphumela yeNguquko YaseFrance. UMnu. Zhou, indaba iyahamba, wacabangela umbuzo isikhashana, wabe esephendula: “Ngicabanga ukuthi sekuseduze kakhulu ukusho.”
Tad Daley, umbhali wencwadi I-Apocalypse Never: Ukufaka Indlela Ezwe Lamahhala Yezikhali ZaseNyukliya ovela eRutgers University Press, unguMqondisi Wokuhlaziya Inqubomgomo kwa Izakhamuzi ze-Global Solutions.
