Inothi lomhleli: Ungasayina incwadi lapha.
NguBrian Terrell
Emasontweni adlule, ngibe yingxenye yenqubo engahlelekile kanye ne-ad hoc yokuqamba i-open Incwadi kuPapa Francis ngaphambi kokuvakasha kwakhe kukaSepthemba, 2015 e-United States ngoSepthemba. Ukunyuswa kwale ncwadi kuthathwe ngu Abangane bakaFranz Jagerstatter, umphakathi wabadali bokuthula owagqugquzelwa umlimi ongumKatolika wase-Austria owabulawelwa ukholo ngenxa yokwenqaba kwakhe ukulwa eButhweni Lezempi LaseJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
Ukuphawula kwakamuva kukaPapa Francis mayelana nempi, imvelo kanye nobulungiswa bezomnotho kukhuthaza incwadi yethu, ecaphuna izingxenye zencwadi yakhe entsha, ULaudato Si. UPapa uFrancis uyabhala: “Impi njalo ilimaza kakhulu imvelo kanye nengcebo yamasiko abantu, izingozi eziba khona lapho umuntu ecabangela izikhali zenuzi nezikhali zebhayoloji.” Ngenxa yaleli qiniso, incwadi yethu isikisela ukuthi uPapa uFrancis asebenzise ithuba eliyinselele lokuvuma ukuthi i-United States “ingumngcolisi ongcolisa kakhulu futhi, hhayi nje kwaqondana, umsunguli wempi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni.”
Ekhuthazwa ukuqamba kwakhe ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi base-Armenia ngamaTurkey ase-Ottoman eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule "Ukuqothulwa kohlanga kokuqala kwabangu-20th ikhulunyaka,” incwadi yethu inxusa uPapa Francis “ukuba akhulume ngokusobala futhi (ukuze) alahle obala ubuphekula nokuqothulwa kohlanga izwe elala kulo, i-United States, elibangela ngisho namanje kubantu abangama-Arabhu abangama-Muslim nama-Christian Arab eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nabantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Afghanistan,” futhi ithi “amashumi eminyaka obudlova okuhlanganisa unswinyo, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, ukuhlasela, ukuhlonyiswa kwamavukela-mbuso, kushiye izigidi zifile, izigidi ezengeziwe zingenamakhaya futhi zingenamakhaya. Izinkulungwane ziye zaboshwa futhi zahlukunyezwa. Amazwe amaningi enziwa incithakalo futhi adliwe ushevu, futhi imiphakathi yasendulo iyacekelwa phansi.”
Ekubhaleni le ncwadi bese kulandela ukufuna abantu nezinhlangano ukuthi basayine kule ncwadi, ezovela esikhangisweni esikhokhelwayo September 11 ukukhishwa kwe INational Catholic Reporter, impikiswano enkulu nesikhubekiso kwabaningi ukusebenzisa kwethu leli gama "Genocide" ukuchaza ukwesaba okubangelwa yi-US emhlabeni ikakhulukazi emazweni ama-Arab kanye namaSulumane. Akumangazi ukuthi leli gama livusa impendulo enamandla.
Njengoba imibono namasignesha kwafunwa kuqala phakathi kweqoqo elincane labangane nozakwethu enhlanganweni yokuthula, abambalwa balaba baphikisa ngokuthi inqubomgomo yase-US ayinabungozi. Abanye baze besabe ukuthi ulimi lwencwadi yethu lubuthaka kakhulu ukuba lungalingana nokwesabeka kweqiniso lamanje. Inkolelo iphinde yazwakaliswa ukuthi, nakuba izenzo zase-US zikhuphukela ezingeni lokuqothulwa kohlanga, ukusebenzisa kukapapa igama ukuchaza izinqubomgomo zaseTurkey ngokumelene nama-Armenia kuwukweqisa okuyishwa. Abanye bayakwamukela ukuthi kwenziwa isibhicongo sase-US, kodwa baxwayise ngokuthi ukukhuluma leli gama elibi kubantu abangakulungele ukulizwa akulimazi, noma kunjalo kuyiqiniso.
Ukuphikisa okunamandla ekusetshenzisweni kwaleli gama kuvela kulabo abaphika ukuthi izinqubomgomo zempi zase-US zibulala abantu. Nakuba izenzo zase-US zingase zibe nodlame futhi zibe emthethweni, “akukona ukuqothulwa kohlanga, njengoba ngikubona,” noma, “hhayi ukubulawa kohlanga ngokombono wami,” abanye bayasitshela. Lesi sikhundla sibonisa umqondo odlangile kwabezindaba wase-US kanye nasenkulumweni kahulumeni nasesidlangalaleni yokuthi igama elithi genocide liyi-subjective, kuphela elichazwe ngendlela engaqondakali futhi elithambile, elingasetshenziswa ngokombono womuntu noma intshisekelo yakhe. Abanye bacaphuna enye incazelo ethandwayo yokuqothulwa kohlanga ehlanganisa kuphela izenzo zamabomu ezihloselwe ukuqothula lonke uhlanga.
Igama elithi genocide, nokho, linencazelo eqondile yomthetho engancike kumbono noma umbono womuntu. Yasungulwa ngo-1948 I-United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ethi ku-Article II, “Kule Ngqungquthela yamanje, ukuqothulwa kohlanga kusho noma yisiphi salezi zenzo ezilandelayo ezenziwe ngenhloso yokucekela phansi, ngokuphelele noma ingxenye, iqembu lesizwe, lobuhlanga, lobuhlanga noma lenkolo, ngale ndlela :(a) Ukubulala amalungu iqembu;(b) Ukubangela ukulimala okubi ngokomzimba noma kwengqondo emalungwini eqembu;(c) Ukulimaza ngamabomu iqembu lezimo zokuphila ezibalwe ukuletha umonakalo walo ngokomzimba liphelele noma ingxenye yalo;(d) Ukubeka izinyathelo ezihloselwe ukuvimbela ukuzalwa ngaphakathi kweqembu; (e) Ukudlulisela ngenkani izingane zeqembu kwelinye iqembu.”
Ezinye izishoshovu zokuthula zisekela ukuphika kwazo ukubulawa kohlanga e-US ekuqondeni kwazo ukusetshenziswa kweNgqungquthela yegama elithi “inhloso”. Inhloso eshiwo ye unswinyo e-Iraq phakathi kuka-1990 no-2003, isibonelo, kwakuwukufaka ingcindezi kuhulumeni wase-Iraqi ukuthi avumele abahloli bezikhali ukuthi bangene e-Iraq. Ngenxa yokuthi inhloso yayingekona ukubulala abantu base-Iraqi ngamanani amakhulu, unswinyo lwalungelona ukuqothula uhlanga, kulo mbono, naphezu kokufa kwezigidi, kuhlanganise nezingane ezingaphezu kuka-500,000 ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-5 kusukela ngo-August, 1990 kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-1995 kuphela. Izijeziso zezomnotho zahlala iminyaka eyisikhombisa ngaphezulu, zinikeza isijeziso esingenasihe kubantu abangenacala. Le thiyori ayibali iqiniso lokuthi unswinyo lwahlala iminyaka ngemuva kokuba abahloli be-UN beqinisekise kaningi ukuthi abatholanga bufakazi bohlelo lokuthuthukisa izikhali ezibhubhisayo e-Iraq. Omunye umlobeli unikeza ukuthi noma isizathu sangempela kodwa esingashiwongo salokhu unswinyo bekuwukukhuthaza abantu base-Iraq ukuthi baketule uSaddam, inhloso bekungeke kube “ukubhubhisa, ngokuphelele noma ingxenye” yabantu base-Iraq. Futhi lokhu akubali ukuthi amasosha aseMelika avumela amasosha kaSaddam ukufinyelela izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ukuze aqede ukuhlubuka kwabantu ngemuva kweGulf War ngo-1991.
Njengoba impi elwayo njengamanje iyimpi emelene nezihlubuki futhi engahloselwe abantu abavamile, isizathu esithile sokuthi inhloso yayo ayinakubizwa ngokuthi ukuqothulwa kohlanga. Lokhu akubaleli iqiniso lokuthi abaningi balabo okuhloswe ukuthi babulawe ekuhlaselweni ngama-drone ababona impi kwasekuqaleni nokuthi lokhu kuhlasela kubulala inani elilinganiselwe lezisulu “ezingahlosiwe”.
Lokhu kuphikisa kubangelwa ukungaqondi kahle kwegama elithi “inhloso.” Njengoba nje igama elithi "genocide" linencazelo ethile engokomthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi igama elithi "inhloso" livelaphi, kanjalo negama elithi "inhloso" linencazelo emthethweni wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe engafani naleyo umuntu angase ayisebenzise olimini lwansuku zonke. Kalula nje, inhloso ayifani nesisusa. Okuphambene nomphumela wamabomu kwenzeka ngengozi. Uma umphumela othile omubi wesenzo ungabonwa kusengaphambili ngokunengqondo, lowo mphumela omubi ungenhloso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isisusa. Okwaziwa umhlaba wonke ukuhlolwa kwenhloso ithi “lapho behlela izenzo zabo, abantu bangase bazi ngemiphumela eminingi engase ibe khona kanye nengase ibe khona,” ngakho isinqumo sokuqhubeka nesenzo esihleliwe “sisho ukuthi yonke imiphumela ebonwa kusengaphambili ngokwezinga elithile ihloselwe, okungukuthi ngaphakathi hhayi ngokumelene nobubanzi bomsebenzi. inhloso yomuntu ngamunye.”
Isibonelo esisodwa esathathwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US ngo-1999, Holloway v. United States, iphathelene necala lokuduna imoto: “Umfakisicelo wafakaza ukuthi icebo labo kwakuwukweba izimoto ngaphandle kokulimaza abashayeli, kodwa wayeyosebenzisa isibhamu sakhe ukube izisulu zazimnikeze ‘isikhathi esinzima.’” Isimangalo sokuthi ummangalelwa wayesebenzisa isibhamu sakhe Inhloso bekuwukweba imoto kuphela hhayi ukulimaza noma ukubulala abantu ababephakathi kwayo ayizange yamukelwe yinkantolo. Abashushisi abadingi “ukufakazela ukuthi ummangalelwa wayenenhloso engenamibandela yokubulala noma ukulimaza kuzo zonke izenzakalo, kodwa kudinga nje ubufakazi benhloso yokubulala noma ukulimaza uma kudingekile ukuze adube imoto.”
Izigidi ziyafa futhi amazwe acekelwa phansi yinqubomgomo yakamuva neyamanje yase-US. Ukwamukela lokhu njengeqiniso futhi kusaphikisana nokuthi lezi zenzo azikona ukubulala isizwe ngoba “inhloso” yazo akukhona ukubulala kodwa nje ukwandisa amandla ezombusazwe kanye nokweba izinsiza zemvelo kuwukuthatha ingxenye yabaduni bezimoto. Yebo, imiphumela edabukisayo yalezi zinqubomgomo ibonwa kusengaphambili ngakho-ke ngamabomu futhi iwubugebengu. Njengoba ziphumela ekubhujisweni “konke noma ingxenye,” “kweqembu lesizwe, uhlanga, uhlanga noma inkolo,” ziwukuqothula uhlanga.
UMadeleine Albright, owayeyinxusa laseMelika eNhlanganweni Yezizwe, wafakaza ukuthi imiphumela ebulalayo yenqubomgomo yase-US ibonwa kusengaphambili futhi yenziwe ngamabomu engxoxweni ngo-1996 ne-CBS's. 60 Amaminithi. Wabuzwa nguLesley Stahl, “Sizwile ukuthi izingane eziyingxenye yesigidi sezishonile. Ngisho ukuthi izingane eziningi kunalezo ezashona eHiroshima. Futhi, uyazi, ingabe inani liyakufanelekela?" Kulokhu UNksz Albright uphendule: "Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyisinqumo esinzima kakhulu, kepha intengo - sicabanga ukuthi intengo ikufanele."
Lapho uPapa uFrancis enza isitatimende sakhe mayelana nokubulawa kwabantu base-Armenia ngo April 12, bekuyi ngokubikezelwa kwahlangana nempikiswano nokucasuka, okuphazamisa ubudlelwano phakathi kweSonto LamaKatolika kanye nombuso waseTurkey ikakhulukazi. Ukusebenzisa kwakhe leli gama ukubhekisela kunqubomgomo yamanje yase-US kungavusa inkanuko kakhulu futhi kucindezele, kodwa kubaluleke nakakhulu kulelo qiniso. “Ukufihla noma ukuphika ububi kufana nokuvumela inxeba ukuthi liqhubeke nokopha ngaphandle kokulibhandisha,” kusho uPapa ekhuluma nalolu daba ngo-April.
“Bebengekho abefundisi bamaKatolika ebuthweni lezempi laseTurkey ngo-1915,” sikhumbuza uPapa Francis, “futhi amabhanela e-ISIS awaboniswa namuhla emasontweni obuKatolika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasosha ase-US angamaKristu ikakhulukazi anengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla amaKatolika, ukuze kwethenjwa ukuthi ukugxeka kwenu ubuphekula nokuqothulwa kohlanga kungase kube nomphumela omuhle kakhulu lapha namanje.”
Ngale kokungabaza mayelana nezincazelo “zokubulawa kohlanga” kanye “nenhloso,” ngikholwa ukuthi kunesizathu esijulile esibangela lokhu kugoqa ukuze kuthiwe izinqubomgomo zezwe lethu ziwukuqothulwa kohlanga. Ngo-1967, uDkt. Martin Luther King, Jr., wakhuluma ngesidingo sokukhuluma “ngokucacile nomsunguli omkhulu wobudlova emhlabeni namuhla—uhulumeni wami siqu.” Lokhu kwakunzima ukukugwinya ngaleso sikhathi, kunzima ngisho namanje. I-Genocide yigama elibi. Kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa esimweni sokumangalelwa, kubonakala sengathi, kunokuvuma izono.
Incwadi yethu incoma uPapa uFrancis ngokuqamba amacala (amaSulumane) ama-Ottoman Turks ngokumelene nokubulawa kwabantu (amaKrestu) base-Armenia. Njengoba siyibhalile, uPapa uFrancis usebenzise leli gama ebhekise ku-(Muslim) unya lwe-ISIS olubhekiswe kumaKristu ezindaweni azilawulayo. Igama elithi genocide lisha, laqanjwa ngo-1944 kuphela kubhekiselwa ekuqothulweni kwamaNazi kwamaJuda. Igama lidinga ukusetshenziswa ngokucabangela nangokwahlulela, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lidinga ukusetshenziswa. Uma kusetshenziswa kuphela ukubiza ubugebengu abanye abantu ababenza kithi nakubantu abafana nathi, futhi singasho ubugebengu thina nabantu abafana nathi esibenza kwabanye, kusho ukuthi igama elithi genocide limane liyisikhali sokuphindisela futhi alinamandla philisa.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi upapa unikeza igama elifanele izinqubomgomo zempi zase-US (njengoba sithemba ngobuqotho ukuthi uzokwenza) kubalulekile futhi ukuthi thina e-United States, amaKristu phakathi kwethu ikakhulukazi, singakunaki ukubiza ukubulawa kohlanga ngegama layo elifanele. Isicelo sethu kuPapa uFrancis siphetha ngokunxusa kuka-Albert Camus ongumFulentshi owayekhona, “Okulindeleke emhlabeni kumaKristu ukuthi amaKrestu akhulume ngokuzwakalayo, ngokuzwakalayo nangokucacile, futhi azwakalise ukugxeka kwawo ngendlela engeke yangabaza. , ukungabaza nakancane, kwakungase kuphakame enhliziyweni yomuntu olula.”
UBrian Terrell uhlala epulazini le-Catholic Worker eMalay, e-Iowa
