Isihloko sikaRosa Brooks ku Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle ibizwa ngokuthi “Ayikho into ebizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokuthula.” UBrooks unguprofesa wezomthetho ofakaze ngaphambi kweCongress ukuthi uma impi ye-drone ibizwa ngokuthi impi efanele bese ukuhlukanisa izingane ngemicibisholo kusemthethweni, kodwa ukuthi uma kungeyona impi ngokufanele isenzo esifanayo ukubulala.
U-Rosa Brooks ngokusobala useye wabona inkinga ngalowo mehluko. Ingenziwa kanjani imemo eyimfihlo kamongameli ekhabetheni ndawana thize, yena nozakwabo abanikeze amandla okunquma ukuthi isenzo asiyona ingxenye yempi, empeleni sinqume ngokusemthethweni ukuthumela imicibisholo yesihogo somlilo ezindlini nasezindaweni zokudlela, ukuziphatha kwezigelekeqe zekusasa. nge-steroids?
Kodwa isixazululo sikaBrooks akukona ukubiza ukubulala nokuzama ukukuqeda. Kunalokho uhlongoza ukuqeda umehluko phakathi kwemithetho yesikhathi sempi kanye nemithetho yesikhathi sokuthula ngokuyihlanganisa, ukuze okunye okungekho emthethweni ngesikhathi sokuthula kuhlale kungekho emthethweni, kanti okunye okutholayo ngesikhathi sempi kuvele kudlule (empeleni ukhuluma nje ekugcineni kunoma iyiphi imininingwane). Ngicabanga ukuthi noma yisiphi isiphakamiso sommeli sihle, njengoba siqeda umsebenzi womsebenzi wezomthetho. Kodwa lesi akusona isiphakamiso sokuhlonipha umthetho noma ukunika abantu amandla okuzibusa okusemthethweni. Lesi isiphakamiso sokuyeka, ukuphonsa ithawula ngempucuko, ukwamukela impi njengento evamile, kanye nokuphatha ukubulala njengenqubomgomo edinga ukuqapha njalo kanye nokulungisa izinguquko emaphethelweni.
"Eshumini leminyaka nesigamu ngemuva kwe-9/11," kubhala u-Brooks, "impi yobushokobezi iyaqhubeka nokuvula imingcele emisha ukusuka eSyria kuya eLibya kuya eNigeria. Futhi kunzima ukubona lokhu kushintsha ngaphansi kokuphatha kukaHillary Clinton noma uJeb Bush. Impi engapheli cishe ayinakuphela esikhathini sethu sokuphila. " Uma lokho kukuwise phansi, sicela uvuke futhi ucabange ukuthi yini embi kakhulu ngakho. Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wase-US ulwa impi engapheli, akufanele sizame ukuyimisa. Ngenxa yokuthi ihlongoza ihhovisi layo lephrofayili ephezulu kakhulu iminyaka emibili kusukela manje ama-hacks ahlukahlukene azoqhubeka ne-permawar, akufanele sizame ukuyimisa iminyaka emibili noma emine elandelayo noma iphinde futhi.
"Ngomlando omningi wesintu," kusho uBrooks, "impi ibilokhu ijwayelekile futhi ukuthula bekuyinto ehlukile, nakuba abantu baseMelika bebelokhu bengaboni leli qiniso. Ukuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe emhlabathini wase-US bekumbalwa futhi okuphakathi, futhi emlandweni omningi wase-US, izimpi zezwe bezilokhu zilwelwa amasosha amancane futhi aqeqeshelwe kakhulu, okwenza ukuthi zingabonakali kubantu abaningi baseMelika. . . . [A] isazi-mlando sezomthetho uMary Dudziak amanothi encwadini yakhe enhle Isikhathi Sempi, ‘Kungokukhohlwa izimpi ezincane kuphela lapho umlando omningi kangaka waseMelika ukhunjulwa njengesikhathi sokuthula.’”
Yebo kodwa kungenxa yokungaboni ngaso linye kuphela lapho ababhali baseMelika bengasinaki amanye amaphesenti angama-95 obuntu amelwe ohulumeni abangayilwi impi noma kuphi eduze nezinga elenziwa yiWashington - kanye nokunganaki i-95% yobukhona bomuntu obabukhona ngaphambili. -umlando nangaphambi kwempi. Impi ibilokhu ingavamile ekuphileni kwabantu kusukela ekudalweni kwayo, ingekho kakhulu kunamanje. Izizwe ezazizi ngempi ziyilahlile. I-Japan okwamanje izama ukugcina isikhathi sayo sesibili sokuthula. Impi ayiyona into evamile emazweni amaningi. Ukwanda kwama-drones, nokho, kungasiza ukuthi kube njalo. Leyo mpi isiyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba iwumbono okhuthazwa ngisho nayimibiko yeZizwe Ezihlangene mayelana nezindiza ezingenayo. Inqubomgomo yokubulawa kwabantu ngama-drone e-United States ivunyelwe ukususa impi ekubhekeni umphakathi, umthetho, ukwahlulela, noma ukwengamela umhlaba wonke. Isinqumo esiphambi kwethu ukuthi siyakwamukela lokho futhi sizame umsebenzi oxakile ngempela wokunciphisa umonakalo, noma ukuthi siwunqabe njengokungamukeleki nhlobo.
UBrooks uwuveza kahle umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso zempi nokuthula: “Ngokwesibonelo, amaphoyisa awakwazi ukumane anqume ukuqhumisa ngamabhomu isakhiwo okulele kuso abasolwa ngokuba yizigebengu, futhi awakwazi ukusula ukufa kwabantu abangenacala ngokuthi ' umonakalo wokubambisa.' Ngesikhathi sokuthula, ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla yomuntu ngamabomu kanye nemingcele eqinile yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nakho akuvumelekile. Isikhathi sempi uphendulela le mithetho kubheke phansi. Izenzo ezibhekwa njengokuziphatha okubi nezingekho emthethweni ngesikhathi sokuthula zivumelekile—ngisho nokutusekayo—ngesikhathi sempi.”
Kodwa akulungile yini ukucabangela ukubulala njengokuziphatha okubi nokungekho emthethweni? Lapho ukubulawa kwe-drone kuphucwa ukuvikelwa kwamafulegi nomculo “wesikhathi sempi,” akubonakali yini ukuthi akwenzi lutho ngokwemibandela yawo futhi kulimaza izisulu zabo, inkululeko yethu yomphakathi, ekulawuleni umthetho? Hhayi ku-Brooks ofuna “ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezingcono zokuvikela ukuzenzela umathanda, iphutha, nokuhlukumeza ekubulaleni okuhlosiwe.” Lalela lolo limi. Zama ukuhlukanisa umuntu ohlukumezayo nongahlosile ukubulala, ngiyakucela. Angicabangi ukuthi kungenziwa ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-6 yesikole somthetho, futhi nalapho kungase kubangele inkinga yokulala ebusuku.
Ingabe kufanele siwuqede umehluko phakathi kwemithetho yempi nokuthula? Yebo kufanele. Kodwa lokho kusho ukuthi abantu baseGuantanamo kufanele babe namalungelo, hhayi ukuthi ulahlekelwe awakho. Lokho kusho ukuthi abantu abahlala kude kufanele babe namalungelo, hhayi ukuthi amaphoyisa endawo kufanele akubulale ngezikhali zawo zempi. Lokho kusho ukuphela kwamajele okuhlushwa ngasese phesheya, hhayi ukuvulwa kwamajele eChicago. Kufanele kube nesethi yemithetho eyodwa futhi kufanele ifake nemithetho yezizwe emelene nokubulala. Kufanele ifake i-Kellogg-Briand Pact. Kufanele ifake i-UN Charter kuze kube isikhungo esingcono sithatha isikhundla se-UN Kufanele ifake ukusekelwa kwendawo yonke kweNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe kanye NeNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yamacala Obugebengu eshushisa ubugebengu bempi, hhayi nje "ubugebengu bempi."
Ama-drones azungeza izitshalo zenuzi zaseFrance abonakala ehlupha u-Brooks kunami. Mhlawumbe ingozi ekhulayo yenuzi etholakala ekwandeni kwamandla enuzi nezikhali ingaveza iphuzu. Iqiniso alikho ukuthi ayikho into ebizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokuthula, kodwa kunalokho ayikho into ebizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sempi. Uma i-permawar ivunyelwa ukuthi iqhubeke, uhlobo lwabantu olulahla ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2 kulo mbhubhisi omkhulu wemvelo minyaka yonke, esikhundleni sokuvikeleka okuwusizo ezingozini zangempela, ngeke lusaba khona.
Izimpendulo ze-2
Uma amazwe amancane, angewona ombuso womhlaba, ngenani elikhulu, angahlangana futhi akhe amandla angathathi hlangothi emhlabeni wonke azongenela ezingxabanweni ukuze ahlukanise izinhlangothi ngaphambi kokuba izindaba zihambe kakhulu (njengaseSyria eminyakeni emi-3 edlule) ube yisiqalo esihle. Bebengeke basebenze njengeqembu, kodwa njengonompempe ongenele kodwa ongathathi hlangothi. I-US kumele iphume kukho, kanye nabalingani bayo abakhulu.
Ngiyabonga Jon - muhle kakhulu. Okuningi ngale migqa lapha: http://worldbeyondwar.org/forecasting-managing-conflicts-early-conflict-management/ (Izibikezelo, Amathimba Okulamula Asebenzayo, Qondanisa Ekuqaleni Nezinyathelo Zomdabu Ezingenalo Udlame, Ukugcinwa Kokuthula, Ibutho Lokusabela Okusheshayo Lokwengeza Omakalabha Abaluhlaza, Ukuxhumanisa Nezinhlaka Zokungenela Ezingenalo Udlame Ezisekelwe Emphakathini . . . . )