Kwenzekani lapho idlanzana labameli elihlose ukwehlukanisa amasosha nezakhamuzi lithola, ngokuxoxisana namakhulu ezakhamuzi, ukuthi ngeke kwenziwe?
Sekusemthethweni yini ukubulala wonke umuntu noma kungabulawa muntu?
The Isikhungo Sabantu Abangaphansi Kwengxabano (CIVIC) ishicilele umbiko othi Imibono Yabantu: Ukubandakanyeka Kwezempi Ezingqubuzaneni Zempi. Abacwaningi, okuhlanganisa nabaseHarvard Law School, baxoxisane nabantu abangu-62 eBosnia, 61 eLibya, 54 eGaza, kanye nababaleki baseSomalia abangama-77 eKenya. Umbhali oholayo walo mbiko ungumfundi waseHarvard Law School uNicolette Boehland.
Omunye angase abuze ukuthi kungani i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan zishiywe ngaphandle, nanoma yiliphi inani lamanye amazwe, kodwa umbiko uthi abacwaningi baye lapho bekwazi khona. Futhi umphumela uwumnikelo obalulekile engizimisele ukubheja bengingeke ngithole imiphumela ehluke kakhulu ngokubheka kwenye indawo.
"Imithetho yempi iyakwenqabela ukuqondiswa ngamabomu kwezakhamuzi," kuqala umbiko.
Kodwa-ke, kanjalo nemithetho enqabela impi, okuhlanganisa i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, i-UN Charter, nemithetho eqondene nezwe elithile njengoMthethosisekelo wase-US kanye ne-War Powers Resolution - imithetho oprofesa “bemithetho yempi” abayishaya indiva ngokuphelele. , njengoba kwenza lo mbiko.
Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi abantu abaningi ababehlala lapho kuliwa khona izimpi baye baba nengxenye kulezo zimpi ngandlela thize, futhi abanakho ukuqonda okucacile (hhayi lokho omunye umuntu akwenzayo) ukuthi bebeyizakhamuzi nini futhi nini. Omunye okwaxoxwa naye, owaqokonyiswa njengokujwayelekile: “Engikucabangayo ukuthi awukho nhlobo umugqa. . . . Izakhamuzi zingaphenduka izilwi noma nini. Noma ubani angashintsha asuke ekubeni yisilwi abe yisakhamuzi, konke ngosuku olulodwa, ngomzuzu owodwa.”
Abaxoxisana nabo bakubeka kwacaca ukuthi abaningi baphoqeleka ukuba bahlanganyele empini, abanye banokukhetha okuncane kakhulu, kanti abanye bajoyina ngenxa yezizathu ezingahlukile kakhulu kulezo ezivezwe yiPentagon: ngokuyinhloko ukuzivikela, kodwa futhi nokushisekela izwe, udumo, ukusinda, umsebenzi womphakathi. , ukuma emphakathini, ukucasulwa ukuqondiswa kwababhikishi abanokuthula, kanye nokuzuza ngokwezimali. Kuyaxaka ukuthi akekho noyedwa okwaxoxwa naye owathi bajoyina impi ukuze bavimbele abantu baseMelika ukuthi bahambe bayothenga ngemva kwesonto noma baqhubeke nendlela yabo yokuphila noma inkululeko.
Lo mbiko ugcizelela umphumela ongokomthetho wokuthola ukuthi ezinye izakhamuzi ziphoqeleka ukuba zibe yizimpi kanye nabasizi bamasosha, ngoba "izakhamuzi ezibamba iqhaza ngokuqondile empini zilahlekelwa ukuvikeleka kwazo okusemthethweni ekuhlaselweni okuqondile ngisho noma ukuhlanganyela kwazo kungenakuzithandela," - ngaphandle kweqiniso. ukuthi sonke sinokuvikeleka empini ngoba - nakuba abameli abaningi benganaki leli qiniso - impi iyicala.
"Ukulawula ukuziphatha kahle, umthetho kufanele ucace futhi ubikezeleke," i-CIVIC isitshela. Kodwa yonke le mithetho okuthiwa yezempi ayinakucaciswa noma ikwazi ukubikezelwa. Kuyini “okulinganayo” noma “okulungisiswayo” ngaphansi kwalokhu okubizwa ngohlaka lomthetho? Izimpendulo zonke zisemehlweni obukele. Eqinisweni, maduze nje umbiko uvuma lokhu: “Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ezingxabanweni zezikhali bekuyinkinga futhi kusazoqhubeka kuyimpikiswano.” Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umbiko uhlonze inkinga yaphakade, hhayi isixazululo, futhi hhayi inkinga ekwazi ukuxazululeka.
Ukwehlukanisa izakhamuzi kumasosha akusoze kwayeka ukuba yimpikiswano, kodwa abameli benza sengathi kuyinkinga okufanele “kusetshenzwe ngayo,” njengoba nje osolwazi befilosofi “besebenzela” izinkinga ze-epistemology njengokungathi ngelinye ilanga zingase zixazululwe. Ngenxa yokuqokomisa inkinga ehlala njalo kunokuba uyixazulule, kamuva nje, lo mbiko usho ngokucacile ukuthi “awufuni ukuba kubuyekezwe umthetho . . . Futhi ayihlosile ukusunduza inkulumo-mpikiswano nganoma iyiphi indlela. ” Hhayi-ke, ngiyakuzonda ukuba luhlaza, kodwa liyini iphuzu? Okungcono kakhulu, mhlawumbe iphuzu liwukunyonyobela ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi ngaphansi kwekhala lamakholwa “emithetho yempi,” mhlawumbe ababhali balo mbiko bengazi.
“Izakhamuzi” ezicashunwe embikweni zathi, “Ngazibona nginjengendoda ephethe isibhamu ukuze ivikele abantu abangenacala. Bengicabanga ukuthi okungenani nginesibindi sokwenza lokho.” Wabona namathuba akhe okusinda emakhulu uma engenela. Kodwa amasosha anjalo “ayizakhamuzi” ahluke kanjani esenzweni noma ekugqugquzeleni empini “engamasosha”?
Omunye wachaza ukuthi, “awukaze ubhaliswe njengevukela-mbuso. Ningangena nilwe, niphume nigoduke, niyogeza, nidle isidlo sasekuseni, nidlale i-PlayStation, bese nibuyela ngaphambili. Ungashintsha usuka kwesinye uye kwesinye umzuzwana, impela. ” Njengomshayeli we-drone. Kepha akufani nabaningi bamasosha aseMelika abahamba kude nasekhaya beyobulala eduze kwemizi yabanye abantu. Ukuqonda lezo zimo zabanye abantu kusula umehluko ongasekho phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezempi, okuletha ithiyori yezomthetho ihambisane neqiniso. Kodwa ukukhetha ke ukuvumela ukubulawa kwabo bonke noma ukuvumela ukubulawa komuntu. Shono umbiko ungenazo izincomo! Umbiko obhalwe ngaphakathi emkhakheni wezifundo zempi, inkambu lapho umuntu angayingabazi impi ngokwayo.
Labo abazibiza ngezakhamuzi batshele abacwaningi ukuthi balwe, bahlinzeka ngoxhaso lwezinto, izimoto ezishayelwa, bahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezokwelapha, bahlinzeka ngokudla, futhi bahlinzeka ngemithombo yezindaba okuhlanganisa nokusakazwa kwezokuxhumana. (Uma usubonile ukusakazwa kwabezindaba njengeqhaza lempi, ukunqanda kanjani ukwanda kwalowo mkhakha? Futhi i-Fox ne-CNN kanye ne-MSNBC bakugwema kanjani ukushushiswa?) Ulwandle lapho izinhlanzi ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-Warriors zibhukuda (ukubeka izakhamuzi zasemphakathini?) kanye nabalweli ngokwemibandela kaMao) nabo bangabulawa umqondo wempi, into amabutho amaningi ahlezi ayiqaphelayo futhi ayenze. Ukukhetha okungafanele kudalulwe kungaba wukuvumela ulwandle futhi izinhlanzi ukuze baphile.
Abantu okwaxoxwa nabo babengenayo incazelo ehambisanayo, engaguquguquki yethi “izakhamuzi” noma “umlwi” — njengabantu abaxoxa nabo. Phela, abaxoxisana nabo babengabamele "umphakathi wezomthetho" othethelela ukubulawa kwabantu nge-drone emhlabeni wonke. Umqondo wabantu abashintshashintshayo bebuyela emuva naphambili phakathi kwezindima njengezakhamuzi nezimpi uphikisana nokucabanga kwe-US lapho abenzi bobubi, njengabanukubezi bezingane noma u-Lord Voldemort noma amalungu olunye uhlanga, babi unomphela futhi ngendlela engenakulungiseka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi benza noma bengenzi izinto ezimbi. I-Nuance nempi ingabalingani abaxakile. Le ndiza iqhumisa umndeni lapho uDaddy efika ekhaya kunokuba ahlose ukuqhumisa ubaba ngokwenza into engathandeki. Kodwa uma iconsi elilodwa legazi lokulwa likwenza ube umlwi kuze kube phakade, sekuyisikhathi esivulekile kubantu abaningi bezindawo ezihlaselwayo - into okungadingeki ukuthi ichazelwe abantu baseGazan noma abanye abaye baphila eqinisweni lakho.
"Isisebenzi seNkantolo yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina sikholelwa ukuthi lezi zigaba azisebenzi kalula enkingeni ekhona ezingxabanweni zaseBosnia," kubhala i-CIVIC. "Uma ubheka i-Geneva Conventions, yonke into ibonakala iyinhle, kodwa uma uqala ukuyisebenzisa, yonke into iyawa." Ababexoxisana nabo bathe umehluko ogcina ubalulekile wubuhlanga nenkolo, hhayi owomdabu noma owokulwa.
Yebo lokho kuzwakala kubameli "bemithetho yempi" njengecala elibi lempi yakudala edinga impucuko. Kodwa yimpi ewubuqaba, hhayi izinga layo lokucwengwa kwezomthetho. Cabanga ngombono wokuthi ukunikeza umuntu olwayo ukudla noma imithi noma olunye usizo kukwenza ube impi ekufanele ubulawe. Akufanele yini unikeze abanye abantu ukudla noma ezinye izinkonzo? Ukunikeza izinkonzo ezinjalo kuyinto ababevame ukuyenza abenqaba ngenxa kanembeza phakathi nezimpi esikhundleni sokuya ejele. Uma usunedemoni uphatha iqembu labantu njengabantu, awusabhekani nomthetho nhlobo, ngempi nje - emsulwa futhi elula.
Sesifikile isikhathi sokuthi abameli bezempi bajoyine uRosa Brooks ekukhipheni isikhathi sokuthula kanye nanoma yibaphi ababambiqhaza ngokuthula, noma nabamelene nobuqaba ekukhipheni isikhathi sempi kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuhlanganyela empini noma ekulungiseleleni impi.
