Umculo kaMadison: Ekufundeni Isichibiyelo sokuqala, incwadi entsha kaBurt Neuborne, ekuqaleni ibonakala ingumsebenzi ongenakwenzeka ukuthi ufeze injongo enkulu namuhla. Ubani ofuna ukugubha umbono womnikazi wezigqila u-James Madison wenkululeko njengoba uqukethwe kuMthethosisekelo omude ophelelwe yisikhathi ngesidingo esikhulu sokubuyekezwa noma ukubhalwa kabusha? Futhi ubani ofuna ukukuzwa kulowo owayengumqondisi wezomthetho we-ACLU osanda kusayina isicelo esisekela ukuqashwa kukaHarold Koh, umvikeli wokubulawa kwe-drone kanye nezimpi zobudlova zikamongameli, ukufundisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu eNew York University, isicelo isixuku sosolwazi abakhohlakele abaphikisana nokuma kokuziphatha okwenziwa abafundi?
Kodwa i-thesis eyinhloko kaNeuborne ayikona ukukhulekelwa kukaJames Madison, futhi ubhekene nobunzima obufanayo bokulwa impi njengomphakathi wakhe wonke, ekholelwa, njengoba ebhala, ukuthi umhlaba "uncike ku-anchor yamandla aseMelika" (noma ngabe umhlaba uyakufuna noma cha). Nakuba ukwenza kube semthethweni ukubulala kungase kungabi inkinga embonweni kaNeuborne ngoMthethosisekelo, ukugunyaza ukufumbathisa kusemthethweni. Futhi yilapho Umculo kaMadison iba usizo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US ikhipha isinqumo esivuna umbuso weningi ikhipha isinqumo ngokumelene nezandulela, ingqondo evamile, isithunzi esiyisisekelo, kanye nokufundwa okuhambisanayo nokuzwakalayo koMthethosivivinywa Wamalungelo ofunda izichibiyelo ezihlukahlukene njengoba kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa intando yeningi.
Iphinde ikhiphe isinqumo esimelene noMthethosisekelo ongazange uyinikeze ndawo, iNkantolo Ephakeme, noma yiliphi ilungelo lokunquma kunoma yiziphi izinto ezinjalo. Nakuba, ngokudabukisayo, ingekho indlela yokufunda iNkantolo Ephakeme kuMthethosisekelo, ingaqondwa kalula njengokungaphansi kwemithetho yeCongress kunokuba ngokuphambene nalokho. Akukhona ukuthi uKhongolose wanamuhla usisondeza entandweni yeningi ukwedlula iNkantolo Ephakeme yanamuhla, kodwa lapho isiko lethu selilungele ukuguqulwa, izindlela ezikhona zizoba ziningi futhi isikhungo ngasinye singaphansi kwezinguquko noma ukuqedwa.
Isichibiyelo sokuqala sifundeka kanje: “ICongress ngeke yenze umthetho ophathelene nokusungulwa kwenkolo, noma owenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokukhululekile; noma ukunqamula inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yabezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.”
U-Neuborne, ngesikweletu sakhe, akakhethi ukufunda lokhu njengoba kwenza i-ACLU, okuhlanganisa ukuvikela ukufumbathisa kanye nezindleko zokhetho ezizimele.
Uhlaka lokuqala lukaMadison, olwahlelwa kanzima yiSenethi - esinye salezo zikhungo ezifanele ukuqedwa, futhi esinye uMadison ngokwakhe ayenecala ngaso - saqala ngokuvikela unembeza wenkolo nowezwe. Uhlaka lokugcina luqala ngokwenqabela uhulumeni ukuthi abeke inkolo, bese uyakwenqabela ukwenqabela inkolo yanoma ubani. Iphuzu liwukusungula, ngendlela yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, inkululeko yokucabanga. Ukusuka emcabangweni, umuntu udlulela enkulumweni, futhi kusukela enkulumweni evamile umuntu aqhubekele emaphephandabeni. Ngayinye yalezi iyinkululeko eqinisekisiwe. Ngale kwenkulumo nokushicilela, umkhondo wombono wentando yeningi udlulela esenzweni sobuningi: ilungelo lokuhlangana; futhi ngale kwalokho kusasele ilungelo lokufaka isicelo kuhulumeni.
Njengoba uNeuborne ebonisa, isichibiyelo sokuqala sibonisa intando yeningi esebenzayo; ayimane nje ibale amalungelo angahlobene. Futhi inkululeko yokukhuluma ayilona ukuphela kwelungelo langempela elibalayo, kanti amanye amalungelo ayizimo ezithile nje zawo. Kunalokho, inkululeko yokucabanga nokucindezela nokuhlangana kanye nezikhalazo kungamalungelo ayingqayizivele anezinjongo zawo. Kodwa akekho kubo iziphetho ngokwabo. Inhloso yalo lonke uhlu lwamalungelo ukubumba uhulumeni nomphakathi lapho umcabango odumile (ngesikhathi esithile sabesilisa abacebile abamhlophe, owandiswa kamuva) unomthelela okungenani obalulekile kunqubomgomo yomphakathi. Okwamanje, kunjalo, akunjalo, futhi uNeuborne ubeka icala elikhulu ngalokho ekukhethweni kweNkantolo Ephakeme phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, okusho kahle nokunye, endleleni yokufunda isichibiyelo sokuqala.
Njengoba uNeuborne ephakamisa, ilungelo lokufaka isicelo kuhulumeni alinakiwe. Akukho okuzovotwa eNdlini yalabo okuthiwa ngabamele ngaphandle uma kugunyazwe umholi weqembu eliningi. Izigele ezingamashumi amane nanye ezimele idlanzana labantu zingamisa cishe noma yimuphi umthethosivivinywa eSigele. Ukuqonda ngentando yeningi ilungelo lezikhalazo kungase kuvumele umphakathi ukuthi uphoqelele amavoti kuKhongolose ezindabeni ezithakaselwa umphakathi. Eqinisweni, ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuqonda bekungeke kube okusha. I-Jefferson's Manual, eyingxenye yemithetho yeNdlu, ivumela ukuba kube nezikhalazo nezikhumbuzo, ezivame ukuhanjiswa kuCongress ngohulumeni basekhaya kanye nezifundazwe kanye namaqembu. Futhi okungenani endabeni yokuqulwa kwecala, ibala uhlu lwezikhalazo kanye nesikhumbuzo (isitatimende esibhaliwe samaqiniso esihambisana nesikhalazo) njengenye yezindlela zokuqalisa ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngiyazi ngoba izinkulungwane zethu zaqoqa izigidi zamasiginesha ezicelweni zokuqalisa ukuthweswa icala kukaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush, okufiselekayo nakho okufinyelele iningi okhethweni lwemibono yomphakathi naphezu kokungenzi lutho noma ingxoxo eWashington. Umphakathi awukwazanga ngisho nokuphoqa ukuthi kuvotwe. Izikhalo zethu azilungiswanga.
Ilungelo lokuhlangana livalelwe emakhejini okukhuluma ngokukhululeka, ilungelo lokushicilela mahhala liye lenziwa inkampani eyodwa, futhi ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululeka lincishiwe ezindaweni ezifanele futhi lanwetshwa ezindaweni ezingafanele.
Angiqinisekiswa yilabo abaphikisana nayo yonke imingcele yenkulumo. Inkulumo, ngokufanelekile, ayibhekwa njengekhululekile uma kukhulunywa ngezinsongo, ukungethembeki, ukuphanga, izitatimende ezingamanga ezilimazayo, amanyala, “amagama alwayo,” inkulumo yokuthengisa ekhuthaza isenzo esingekho emthethweni, noma inkulumo yokuhweba engamanga nedukisayo. Ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Omphakathi Nawezombangazwe, i-United States eyingxenye yaso, "noma iyiphi inkulumo-ze yempi" kufanele inqatshelwe, izinga okuthi, uma liphoqelelwa, lisuse ingxenye enkulu yokubuka ithelevishini yase-US.
Ngakho-ke, kufanele sikhethe ukuthi singayivumela kuphi inkulumo nokuthi singavumeli kuphi, futhi njengamadokhumenti e-Neuborne, lokhu okwamanje kwenziwa ngaphandle kwenhlonipho nge-logic. Ukuchitha imali ukuze ukhethe ikhandidethi elinobungani ne-plutocratic kuthathwa “njengenkulumo emsulwa,” efanelwe ukuvikelwa okuphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukunikela ngemali emkhankasweni walelo khandidethi “kuyinkulumo engaqondile,” efanelwe ukuvikelwa kancane futhi ngenxa yalokho ingaphansi kwemikhawulo. Khonamanjalo ukushisa ikhadi elingakapheli “kuyindlela yokuxhumana” futhi uma umvoti ebhala egameni njengevoti lombhikisho elingakutholi nhlobo ukuvikeleka futhi elingavinjelwa. I-Supremes ayiwavumeli amajaji ukuba alalele amacala lapho ummangalelwa oyedwa engumsizi omkhulu wejaji, kodwa avumele izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilawule abantu ababathengela izihlalo zabo. Izinkampani zithola amalungelo okuchitshiyelwa okokuqala naphezu kokuntula isithunzi somuntu ukuze zifanelekele ilungelo lesichibiyelo sesihlanu lokungasho lutho; kufanele senze sengathi izinkampani zingabantu noma cha? INkantolo yavumelana nemfuneko ye-ID yomvoti wase-Indiana naphezu kokuqonda ukuthi izolimaza ngokulinganayo abampofu naphezu kokuthi akukho nelilodwa icala lokukhwabanisa labavoti elitholakala noma yikuphi e-Indiana. Uma ilungelo lokusebenzisa imali ngaphezu kwanoma ubani omunye futhi uthenge ngempumelelo ukhetho ukhetho luyindlela ephakeme kakhulu yenkulumo evikelekile, kungani ilungelo lokuvota liphansi kakhulu? Kungani kuvunyelwe imigqa emide yokuvota ezindaweni ezimpofu? Kungani izifunda zingalungiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhethwa kwekhandidethi noma iqembu? Kungani ukugwetshwa kwecala kungaphuca ilungelo lokuvota? Kungani ukhetho lungaklanywa ukuthi luzuzise izinhlangothi ezimbili kunokuba kuzuze abavoti?
UNeuborne ubhala ukuthi, “isiko eliqinile leqembu lesithathu lekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lalisekelwe ekufinyeleleni kalula ekuvoteni kanye nekhono lokuphikisa. INkantolo Ephakeme ikuchithile kokubili, kwashiya inqola ye-Republicrat evimbela imibono emisha engase isongele isimo esikhona.”
I-Neuborne iphakamisa izixazululo eziningi ezijwayelekile, nezinhle kakhulu: ukudala imidiya yamahhala kumaza ethu omoya, ukuhlinzeka ngezikweletu zentela ukuze kunikezwe wonke umuntu imali azoyisebenzisa okhethweni, ukufanisa iminikelo emincane njengoba kwenza iDolobha laseNew York, ukudala ukubhaliswa okuzenzakalelayo njenge-Oregon nje. wenza, edala iholidi losuku lokhetho. I-Neuborne iphakamisa umsebenzi wokuvota, evumela ukuphuma - ngingamane ngengeze inketho yokuvotela "akukho kulokhu okungenhla." Kodwa ikhambi langempela inhlangano ethandwayo ephoqa igatsha elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kahulumeni wethu ukuthi abheke inhloso yawo njengokweseka intando yeningi, hhayi nje ukuqhumisa amanye amazwe ngamabhomu egameni lawo.
Okusiletha entweni yokuqala eyenziwa nguhulumeni wethu, okuvunywa ngisho nabagxeki bakhe phakathi kosolwazi bezomthetho, okuyimpi. Okumncomayo, uNeuborne uvuna ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza, kanye nelungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile lamaqembu noma abantu ngabanye lokufundisa amasu angenalo ubudlova emaqenjini abizwa ngokuthi “amaphekula.” Nokho uyakweseka ukuqashwa njengothisha womthetho okuthiwa wamalungelo abantu owesilisa owasebenzisa isizinda sakhe somthetho ukutshela iCongress ukuthi ayinawo amandla empi, ukuze kugunyazwe ukuhlasela okungekho emthethweni kweLibya okunonya nokungagwegwesi okushiye ngemuva inhlekelele okungenzeka ukuthi yahlala njalo. abantu abangenakuzisiza babaleka ngesikebhe, nokugunyaza umkhuba wokubulala amadoda, abesifazane nezingane ngobuningi bezikhali ezijikijelwayo ezivela kundizamtshina.
Ngingathanda ukubona incazelo evela kuSolwazi Neuborne yokuthi kungaba kanjani ilungelo likahulumeni ukumbulala (kanye nanoma ubani oseduze kwakhe) ngomcibisholo wesihogo somlilo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyilungelo lakhe ukuvikeleka kumuntu wakhe ekusesheni okungenangqondo nokuthathwa. , ilungelo lakhe lokungaboshelwa ukuziphendulela ngecala elikhulu noma elinye icala elibi ngaphandle uma ethule noma ethweswa icala eNkantolo Enkulu Yokwahlulela, ilungelo lakhe lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelomphakathi, ilungelo lakhe lokwaziswa ngalokho abekwe icala futhi abhekane nalo. ofakazi, ilungelo lakhe lokubizela ofakazi, ilungelo lakhe lokuqulwa kwecala ngamajaji, kanye nelungelo lakhe lokungatholi isijeziso esinonya noma esingajwayelekile.
