Usuku lwePearl Harbour namhlanje lufana neColumbus Day 50 eminyakeni edlule. Okusho ukuthi: iningi labantu lisakholelwa yi-hype. Izinganekwane zisalokhu zigcinwa embusweni wazo ongajabuli. "Amapulazi aseNew Pearl" ayelindelwe ngabenzi bempi, athiwa futhi axhashazwa. Noma kunjalo i-Pearl Harbor yasekuqaleni isalokhu isithandwa kakhulu se-US ezintweni zonke ezempi, kuhlanganise nokuvuselelwa kwesikhathi eside kweJapane - ukungasho ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwe-WWII kwamaJapane aseMelika njengendlela yokukhomba amanye amaqembu namuhla. Amakholwa asePearl Harbour acabanga ngomcimbi wabo wenganekwane, ngokungafani namhlanjesi, unecala elikhulu lase-US, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuhlukana okuphezulu kokuhle nokubi, kanye nesidingo esikhulu sokwenza impi ngokuzivikela.
Amaqiniso awasekeli amanga. Uhulumeni wase-United States akadingeki ukwenza IJapane umlingani omncane e-imperialism, kwakungadingeki ukuthi uphefumule uhlanga lwezingalo, akudingeki ukweseka I-Nazism ne-fascism (njengoba ezinye zezinkampani ezinkulu zase-US zenza kahle empini), kwakungekho isidingo sokuvusa iJapane, kwakungekho isidingo sokujoyina impi e-Asia noma eYurophu, futhi akumangazi ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor. Ukuze uthole ukusekelwa kwesinye salezi zitatimende, qhubeka ufunda.
Kuleli sonto ngifakaza ku-an Isigungu sase-Iraq mayelana nemizuzu ye-Downing Street. E-US becabanga ukuthi isikhathi se-2003-2008 sempi eyadonsa amashumi eminyaka e-Iraq sibi ngandlela thile kuneMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngamanga, izinqumo ezimbi, namazinga okufa nokubhujiswa, akukho ukuqhathanisa: iMpi Yezwe II ayiphikiswa njengenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu esintwini jikelele kanye nohulumeni wase-US ikakhulukazi (kanye nabanye ohulumeni abaningi) kwenziwe. Kukhona ngisho nokufana nemizuzu ye-Downing Street.
Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uNdunankulu uWinston Churchill wahlangana nekhabhinethi yakhe e-10 Downing Street. Umhlangano waba nokufana okufanayo noJulayi 23, 2002, umhlangano ekhelini elifanayo, imizuzu eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Downing Street Minutes. Bobabili imihlangano yembula izimfihlo ze-US zokuya empini. Emhlanganweni we-1941, u-Churchill utshele iKhabhinethi yakhe, ngokusho kwemizuzu: "UMongameli uthe uzobe elwa empini kodwa angakusho." Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Konke kwakuzokwenziwa ukuphoqa isenzakalo."
Ngempela, konke kwenziwa ukuphoqa isenzakalo, futhi lesi sigameko kwakuyiPearl Harbor.
Izinkumbulo zakamuva
NgoMeyi 2005 abanye abangane nami saqala AfterDowningStreet.org (manje kubizwa I-WarIsI-ICrime.org) ukukhuthaza ukuqwashisa Amaminithi we-Downing Street noma i-Downing Street Memo namadokhumenti ahlobene.
Lo bekungumbhalo owusizo kakhulu okhishwe ngesikhathi lapho kungaba nomthelela obalulekile.
Njengazo zonke izimpi ezake zaqalwa yinoma ngubani ngaphambi noma kusukela (okungenani kuze kube yiminyaka yokuqhuma obala "ukweba uwoyela wabo" futhi "babulale imindeni yabo"), isigaba sango-2003 empini yase-Iraq sase sisunguliwe ngesisekelo samanga futhi bekuqhubeka futhi kusaqhubeka ngesisekelo samanye amanga.
Akufanele ngabe besidinga ubufakazi. Akukho emthethweni ukuhlasela elinye izwe ngaphansi kwe-UN Charter nangaphansi kweKellogg Briand Pact (futhi kuphikiswana phansi kweHague Convention ye1899). Futhi kuleli cala, njengase-Afghanistan eminyakeni emibili edlule, i-UN yayinqabe ngokuqondile impi. Ukuqala impi akukho emthethweni futhi kuyaziphatha kabi noma ngabe yiziphi izikhali ezingahlaselwa esizweni futhi kungakhathalekile ukuthi lelo sizwe lenzani. Ukwethulwa ngokuphelele kokuhlaselwa kwezakhamizi okuthiwa kubethuse futhi kubamangaze akukho semthethweni ngisho nasekuqondeni kwabameli abangakunaki ukungabi semthethweni kwezimpi. Ngokuziphatha kungenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu ezake zenziwa. Empeleni akukaze kusebenze.
Ngisho noma samukela ukuthi izikhali e-Iraq noma ebugebengwini base-Iraq zingavumela impi, ubufakazi bucacile ukuthi lawa ngamanga. Uhulumeni wase-Iraq wayephikisana neqembu okwakuthiwa usebenzisana nalo. Ngo-1995 umkhwenyana kaSaddam Hussein wayetshele i-US kanye neBrithani ukuthi zonke izikhali zebhayoloji, zamakhemikhali, nezenuzi zacekelwa phansi kwakhe. Ngemuva kokuthi abahloli be-UN beshiye i-Iraq e-1998, umhloli oholayo wathi nabo bazofika esiphethweni esifanayo. Ngo-1999 engxoxweni enkulu eNew Hampshire, uBush wathi "uzokhipha" uSaddam Hussein. “Kuyangimangaza ukuthi usekhona,” kusho yena. Ngo-2001, uCondoleezza Rice, uColin Powell, nabanye abaseBush Administration babetshela abezindaba ukuthi uSaddam Hussein wayengenazo izikhali. Bashintshe ngokusobala imibono yabo ngomyalo.
Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi i-Downing Street Minutes iphuma ngoMeyi 1, 2005, sayigxumela kuyo, hhayi njengolwazi olusha kepha njengobufakazi esingabusebenzisa, kokubili ukunxenxa abanye nokwenza icala enkantolo noma kuCongress. Lawa kwakuyimizuzu yomhlangano ehhovisi likaNdunankulu uTony Blair ngoJulayi 23, 2002, lapho inhloko yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi ubuhlakani, isanda kubuya eWashington, yabika (njengoba kufingqiwe emaminithini):
"Izenzo zamasosha manje sezithathwa njengezingenakugwemeka. UBush wayefuna ukususa uSaddam, ngezenzo zamasosha, waqinisekiswa ngokuhlangana kobushokobezi neWMD. Kodwa ubuhlakani namaqiniso bekugxilwe kule nqubomgomo. ”
Futhi babenjalo, njengoba kubhalwe ngokuningiliziwe. Abasiki bempi baseWhite House kanye nalabo ababesebenzisana nabo babumba imibhalo, bacela izimangalo ezifiselekayo ezenqatshwe ngochwepheshe babo, bathembela kofakazi abangathembekile, baphakela ubufakazi obungelona iqiniso bokuqinisa ababizwa ngezintatheli, futhi bahlukumeza nezitatimende ezazifunwa yizisulu ababezithumile. UBush uqoke amacebo okunxenxa ukuthi aqale impi athi esidlangalaleni uzama ukuyigwema. Bona, isibonelo, i- I-White House Memo.
Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi abaseBrithani babetshelwe ukuthi impi yayingenakugwenywa ngoJulayi 23, 2002, bekufanele kube yindaba enkulu ngoMeyi 2005. Sisebenze kanzima ukuyenza ibe njalo, sicindezela abezindaba bezinkampani abamelene nabo abathi kungenzeka ngingaqinisekisi imemo eyayicace bha futhi ingenakuphikiswa, noma iphikisa ngokuthi lokho eyayikudalula “kwakuyizindaba ezindala,” noma yayintsha sha kunoma ngubani owaziswe yilezo zindaba.
Sikwenze kwaba yizindaba ezinhle ngemibhikisho yomphakathi, ukwenziwa kabusha kwezindawo zokugcina izitolo zemithombo yezindaba, izikhukhula zezincwadi eziya kubahleli kanye nezenzo ezahlukahlukene zokudala. Kepha sathola ithuba. AmaDemokhrasi kuCongress abesekuncane futhi iningi lawo belithi lizothatha izinyathelo zokuyiqeda impi uma inikezwe iningi. Amalungu eCongress Key abeseka imizamo yethu. Ngikholwa ukuthi saphenduka izimangalo zabo eziningi ezikhuthazayo zaba ngamanga ngokuncipha esikhundleni sokukhulisa nokuqinisa ukunyakaza kwethu ngoJanuwari 2007.
Ngenkathi uDiane Sawyer ebuza uBush ukuthi kungani enze izimangalo anazo ngezikhali okuthiwa zenziwa yi-Iraq zokubulala abantu abaningi, waphendula wathi: “Uyini umehluko?”
Mhlawumbe kuncane kakhulu manje, njengoba sesineminyaka eyisishiyagalombili nomongameli oqala izimpi ngaphandle kokuzihlupha ngokuqamba amanga kwiCongress. Noma mhlawumbe kakhulu manje, njengoba sikhombise amandla ethu okumelana namanga ngeSyria e2013 njengeminyaka eyishumi yobushoshovu bokulwa nempi e-Iraq ixhasa iCongress ekusekeleni impi entsha.
Impendulo kufanele siyenze ibaluleke. Kufanele siyikhulume kahle le ndaba, njengoba uhhafu we-United States namanje ungayazi. Amanga amakhulu manje, akholwa ngabantu abaningi baseMelika, ukuthi i-Iraq yazuza futhi i-US yahlupheka (leyo ngxenye yesibili iyiqiniso) empini eyabhubhisa i-Iraq.
Ngasekulungiseni leyo nkolelo yamanga ngifaka ubufakazi ubufakazi iphepha engilibhalile eminyakeni emithathu edlule ngilibiza Impi yase-Iraq Phakathi Kwemicimbi Emibi Kunayo Yonke Emhlabeni.
Ukwesaba kwami okukhulu ukuthi izimpi ze-drone nezimpi zabameli kanye nezimpi eziyimfihlo zizoqhubeka nokwethulwa ngaphandle kokwandulelwa yimikhankaso yomphakathi yokuqamba amanga. Noma okubi kakhulu: izimpi zizokwethulwa ngezimemezelo ezithembekile zokuthi uwoyela womuntu othile udinga ukwebiwa noma abanye abantu badinga ukuhlatshwa - futhi ngeke simelane noma siphumelele ekumiseni lobu bugebengu. Elinye lamathuluzi amahle kakhulu esinalo kulo mzabalazo ukuqwashisa ngawo wonke amanga asetshenziselwe ukusekela yonke impi edlule. Kufanele sikhuphule lokho kwazi ngawo wonke amathuba.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, kufanele sidilize inganekwane yePearl Harbour.
Akumangazi
Abantu abaningi baseJapan bakwazi kangcono ukubona ubugebengu bukahulumeni wabo, ubugebengu ngaphambi nangemva kwePearl Harbor, kanye nobugebengu basePearl Harbor. Izwe laseMelika cishe aliyiboni ngokuphelele indima yalo. Ngasohlangothini lwe-US, iPearl Harbour yayinezimpande eJalimane.
IJalimane lamaNazi, empeleni sivame ukungazinaki kwesinye isikhathi, besingeke sibe khona noma silwe impi ngaphandle kokusekelwa emashumini eminyaka adlule futhi kuqhubeka ngempi yezinkampani zase-US ezinjengeGM, iFord, IBM, ne-ITT. Izintshisekelo zezinkampani zase-US zathanda iJalimane lamaNazi kuneSoviet yamaKhomanisi, zajabula ukubona lezo zizwe ezimbili zibulalana, futhi zathanda i-United States ukuthi ingene eMpini Yezwe II eyayibaluleke kakhulu ohlangothini lweNgilandi kuphela. lapho uhulumeni wase-US esekwenzile lokho kwaba nenzuzo enkulu. I-US ibambezele i-D-Day iminyaka ngenkathi iJalimane yopha iRussia yomile, kwathi kungakapheli amahora amaningi ukunqotshwa kweJalimane, uChurchill waphakamisa impi entsha neRussia esebenzisa amasosha aseJalimane.
Ithemba eliqinile likaChurchill iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-US ingene empini ukuthi iJapan izohlasela i-United States. Lokhu kuzovumela i-United States (hhayi ngokusemthethweni, kepha kwezepolitiki) ukuthi ingene ngokuphelele eMpini Yezwe II eYurophu, njengoba umongameli wayo ayefuna ukukwenza, ngokungafani nokunikeza nje izikhali nokusiza ekubhekisweni kwemikhumbi-ngwenya njengoba kade yenza.
NgoDisemba 7, 1941, uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wakhipha isimemezelo sempi eJapan naseJalimane, kepha wanquma ukuthi ngeke kusebenze wahamba neJapane yedwa. IJalimane yamemezela ngokushesha impi ne-United States, mhlawumbe ngethemba lokuthi iJapane izomemezela impi neSoviet Union.
Ukungena empini kwakungewona umbono omusha eRoosevelt White House. U-FDR uzame ukuqamba amanga kubantu base-US mayelana nemikhumbi yase-US kuhlanganise ne- Greerfuthi Kerny, obukade usiza izindiza zaseBrithani ukulandelela amasosha angaphansi komhlaba aseJalimane, kodwa okwenziwe sengathi uRoosevelt uhlaselwe ngokungenacala. URoosevelt waphinde waqamba amanga ukuthi wayenemephu eyimfihlo yamaNazi ehlela ukunqotshwa kweNingizimu Melika, kanye nohlelo oluyimfihlo lwamaNazi lokubuyisela zonke izinkolo ubuNazi. Imephu leyo ibingekhwalithi “yobufakazi” bukaKarl Rove yokuthi i-Iraq ithenge i-uranium eNiger.
Futhi-ke, abantu base-United States abayithenganga imbono yokuthi bangene kwenye impi kuze kube yilapho iPearl Harbour, ngalesosikhathi uRoosevelt wayesesungule lo mbhalo, wasebenza i-National Guard, wenza i-Navy enkulu ezilwandle ezimbili, abathengisi abebedala bengabadaluli uye eNgilandi ukuze anikeze isivumelwano sokuqashiswa kwezisekelo zayo eCaribbean naseBermuda, kanye nezinsuku nje ezingama-11 ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa “obekulindelekile”, nezinsuku ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuba i-FDR ikulindele - wayeyalele ngasese ukuthi kudalwe (nguHenry Field) uhlu wabo bonke abantu baseJapan naseJapan-American eMelika.
Ngo-Ephreli 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala izinkomba zemfihlo kwikhabhinethi yakhe yempi:
"Kungathathwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ukungena eJapane empini kuzolandelwa ukungena ngokushesha kwe-United States ngakithi."
NgoMeyi 11, 1941, uRobert Menzies, ungqongqoshe we-Australia, bahlangana noRoosevelt bamthola "umhawu omncane" endaweni kaChurchill phakathi nendawo yempi. Ngenkathi iKhabhinethi kaRoosevelt yonke ifuna i-United States ingene empini, uMenzies wathola ukuthi uRoosevelt,
”. . . oqeqeshwe ngaphansi kukaWoodrow Wilson empini edlule, ulindele isigameko, esizongenza i-USA empini bese kukhipha uR. ezivumelwaneni zakhe zobuwula zokhetho zokuthi 'Ngizokuvikela empini.' ”
Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wabamba lowo mhlangano nekhabethe lakhe ku-10 Downing Street.
Isigameko saphoqelelwa.
Ngokuqinisekile iJapane yayinqabile ukuhlasela abanye futhi yayilokhu imatasa ekwakheni umbuso wase-Asia. Futhi i-United States neJapane ngokuqinisekile ayengahlali ebuhlotsheni obuvumelanayo. Kodwa yini engabangela amaJapane ukuba ahlasele?
Ngenkathi uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt evakashela ePearl Harbour ngoJulayi 28, 1934, eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweJapan, amasosha aseJapan azwakalisa ukwesaba. UGeneral Kunishiga Tanaka ubhale ku I-Japan Umkhangisi, ephikisana nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseMelika nokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ezingeziwe e-Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands:
"Ukuziphatha okunjalo okuhlambalaza kusenza sisola kakhulu. Kusenza sicabange ukuthi ukuphazanyiswa okukhulu kukhuthazwa ngenhloso ePacific. Lokhu kuzisola kakhulu. "
Ukuthi ngabe kuzisola yini noma cha kuwumbuzo ohlukile wokuthi ngabe lokhu bekuyimpendulo ejwayelekile futhi ebikezelayo ekwandisweni kwamasosha, noma ngabe kwenziwa egameni lika “ukuzivikela.” Intatheli enkulu (engambiza namhlanje) intatheli uGeorge Seldes okusolisayo futhi. Ngo-Okthoba 1934 wabhala Iphephabhuku likaHarper"Kuyadida ukuthi amazwe angazihlanganisi ngempi kodwa eyempi." USeldes ubuze isikhulu seNavy League:
"Uyamukela i-axiom yempi oyilungisa ukulwa ne-navy ethile?"
Le ndoda yaphendula yathi "Yebo."
"Ucabanga ukulwa nebutho lase-British?"
"Ngokuqinisekile, cha."
"Ucabanga ngempi neJapane?"
"Yebo."
Kwi-1935 iMelika yaseMelika eyayihlotshiswe kakhulu emlandweni ngaleso sikhathi, uBrigadier General Smedley D. Butler, eyashicilela impumelelo enkulu incwadi emfushane ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Marine Impi iyinqola. Wabona kahle kamhlophe lokho okuzayo futhi waxwayisa isizwe:
“Esigabeni ngasinye seCongress kuphakama umbuzo wokwabiwa okwengeziwe kwemikhumbi. Abagibeli besihlalo se-swivel abamemezi ukuthi 'Sidinga izimpi eziningi zokulwa kuleli lizwe noma kuleso sizwe.' O, cha. Okokuqala, bakwenza kwaziwa ukuthi iMelika iqondiswa amandla amakhulu asolwandle. Cishe noma yiluphi usuku, laba bahambisi bazokutshela, imikhumbi enkulu yalesi sitha okuthiwa izoshaya ngokuzumayo futhi iqothule abantu bethu be-125,000,000. Kanjalo nje. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukukhala ngemikhumbi emikhulu. Kwani? Ukulwa nesitha? Hawu, cha. O, cha. Ngezinhloso zokuvikela kuphela. Bese kuthi, ngeshwa, bamemezele ubuhlakani ePacific. Ukuzivikela. Eish, huh.
"I-Pacific iyilwandle elikhulu kakhulu. Sinomfula omkhulu kakhulu ePacific. Ingabe ukuhamba kuyoba kude nogu, amamayela amabili noma amathathu? O, cha. Ukuhamba kuyoba yizinkulungwane ezimbili, yebo, mhlawumbe ngisho namamayela angamatshumi amathathu nanhlanu, ukusuka ogwini.
"Abantu baseJapane, abaziqhenyayo, bayojabula kakhulu ngaphandle kokubheka ukubona izimoto zase-United States ziseduze kakhulu nolwandle lwaseNippon. Ngisho njengoba bekungaba kuhle njengoba abahlali baseCalifornia bekufanele baqaphele ukuqonda, ngomoya wekusasa ekuseni, izimoto zaseJapane zidlala emidlalweni yempi zisuka eLos Angeles. "
Ngo-Mashi 1935, uRoosevelt wanikeza iWake Island emkhunjini wase-US futhi wanikeza iPan Am Airways imvume yokwakha imigwaqo eWake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abaphathi bezempi baseJapane bamemezela ukuthi baphazamiseke futhi babheka lezi zigijimi njengengozi. Ngako-ke abashisekeli bezokuthula base-United States. Ngenyanga eyalandela, uRoosevelt wayelungiselele imidlalo yempi nokuhamba eduze nase-Aleutian Islands naseMidway Island. Ngenyanga elandelayo, izishoshovu zokuthula zazihamba eNew York zikhuthaza ubuhlobo neJapane. UNorman Thomas wabhala ku-1935:
"Indoda yaseMarsha eyabona indlela amadoda ahlupheka ngayo empini yokugcina nokuthi ikulungele kangakanani ukulungiselela impi elandelayo, eyazi ukuthi izoba yimbi kakhulu, izofika esiphethweni sokuthi ubheka abantu abahlala enkambeni yokukhosela."
UMbutho Wezempi WaseMelika uchithe iminyaka embalwa elandelayo uhlela izinhlelo zokulwa neJapan, inguqulo kaMashi 8, 1939, echaza “ngempi ehlaselayo yesikhathi eside” ezobhubhisa ezempi futhi iphazamise impilo yezomnotho yaseJapan. NgoJanawari 1941, izinyanga eziyishumi nanye ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, I-Japan Umkhangisi uzwakalise ukuthukuthela ngePearl Harbour ngesihloko, futhi inxusa laseMelika eJapan labhala kudayari yakhe:
"Kunezinkulumo eziningi ezungeze idolobhana kuze kube yilapho amaJapane, uma kwenzeka ikhefu ne-United States, ehlela ukuphuma konke ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha ePearl Harbor. Yiqiniso ngazisa uhulumeni wami. "
NgoFebhuwari 5, 1941, Admiral owedlule uRichmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMpi uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuhlaselwa okumangalisayo ePearl Harbour.
Ngesikhathi nje i-1932 i-United States isilokhu ikhuluma neChina ngokunikeza izindiza, abashayeli bezindiza, nokuqeqesha impi yayo neJapane. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt ukhokhelwe u-China izigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi ukulwa neJapane, futhi ngemuva kokubonisana noNgqongqoshe wezeMali waseBrithani uHenry Morgenthau wenza izinhlelo zokuthumela amabhomu aseShayina nabasebenzi base-US ukuba basebenzise ngokuqhuma amabhomu eTokyo nakwamanye amadolobha aseJapane. NgoDisemba 21, 1940, amaviki amabili anamahloni ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweJapane ePearl Harbor, uNgqongqoshe wezeziMali weChina u-TV uSongong noColonel Claire Chennault, umfelandawonye waseMelika ohlala emhlalaphansi owasebenzisela amaShayina futhi wayebagqugquzela ukusebenzisa iMelika abashayeli bezindiza bashaya iTokyo kusukela okungenani i-1937, bahlangana egumbini lokudlela e-Henry Morgenthau ukuhlela ukuqhuma umlilo eJapane. UMorgenthau uthe angathola amadoda akhululwe emsebenzini e-US Army Air Corps uma amaShayina angabakhokhela u-$ 1,000 ngenyanga. U-Soong wavuma.
Ngo-May 24, i-1941, i- New York Times kubikwe ngokuqeqeshwa kwase-US kwezempi yempi yaseChina, kanye nokuhlinzekelwa “kwezindiza eziningi zokulwa namabhomu” eziya eChina yiMelika. Kulindeleke ukuthi “Amabhomu Amadolobha WaseJapan” afunda isihlokwana. NgoJulayi, iJoint Army-Navy Board yayisivume uhlelo olubizwa ngeJB 355 lokucekela phansi umlilo eJapan. Inhlangano yangaphambili ibizothenga izindiza zaseMelika ezizothuthwa yizisebenzi zokuzithandela zaseMelika eziqeqeshwa ngabakwaChennault futhi zikhokhelwe elinye iqembu elingaphambili. URoosevelt wagunyaza, futhi uchwepheshe wakhe wase-China uLauchlin Currie, ngamazwi kaNicholson Baker, "bashayele ihlombe uMadame Chaing Kai-Shek noClaire Chennault incwadi ecela ukuthi kungene izinhloli zaseJapan." Ukuthi lelo kwakuyiphuzu noma cha, lelo. incwadi:
"Ngiyajabula kakhulu ukuthi ngiyakwazi ukubika namhlanje uMengameli uqondise ukuthi amabhomu angamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha atholakale eChina kulo nyaka eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane ezokhululwa ngokushesha. Uphinde wamukela uhlelo lokuqeqesha umshayeli waseShayina lapha. Imininingwane ngeziteshi ezivamile. Ozithobayo."
Inxusa laseMelika lalithe “uma sekwenzeka ikhefu ne-United States” amaJapan azokhomba ngePearl Harbour. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ngabe lokhu kufanelekile yini!
I-1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-China Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tiger, iqhubekele phambili ngokuqashwa nokuqeqeshwa ngokushesha, yanikezwa iChina ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour, futhi yaqala ukubona ukulwa ngoDisemba 20, 1941, izinsuku eziyishumi nambili (isikhathi sendawo) ngemuva kokuhlasela kweJapan ePearl Harbour.
Ngo-May 31, i-1941, ku-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikeza isixwayiso esibi: "Ukuncintisana kwezomnotho ngokuphelele eJapane, ukukhishwa kwezimpahla zamafutha njengesibonelo, kwakuzokwenza iJapan ibe yizikhali ze-Axis. Impi yezomnotho ingaba isandulela sempi yezempi kanye nempi. "Okubi kunazo zonke mayelana nabagqugquzeli bokuthula ukuthi ziphindwe kaningi kangakanani ukuthi zilungile.
NgoJulayi 24, i-1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, "Uma singanquma uwoyela, [amaJapan] mhlawumbe ngabe ehle waya kwiDutch East Indies ngonyaka owedlule, futhi ngabe niyilwa. Bekubaluleke kakhulu kusuka embonweni wethu wobugovu wokuzivikela ukuvikela impi ukuthi iqale eSouth Pacific. Ngakho-ke inqubomgomo yethu yakwamanye amazwe ibizama ukuvimba impi ukuthi iqubuke lapho. ”
Abathathi bamaphephandaba baphawula ukuthi uRoodvelt uthe "wayekhona" kunokuba "ukhona." Ngolunye olulandelayo, uRovelvelt wakhipha umyalelo omkhulu wokuqothula impahla yaseJapan. I-United States neBrithani inqume amafutha nezinsimbi zensimbi eJapane. U-Radhabinod Pal, ummeli wamaNdiya owakhonza enkundleni yezobugebengu empi ngemva kwempi, okuthiwa ama-embargoes "usongo olucacile futhi olunamandla eJapane," futhi waphetha ngokuthi i-United States yayishukumise uJapane.
Ngo-Agasti 7th, izinyanga ezine ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, i I-Japan Times Umkhangisi wabhala: “Okokuqala kwaba nokudalwa kwe-superbase eSingapore, kuqiniswa kakhulu ngamasosha waseBrithani nawaseMbusweni. Ukusuka kule ndawo kwakhiwa isondo elikhulu futhi laxhunyaniswa nezisekelo zaseMelika ukwakha indandatho enhle egcwele endaweni enkulu eningizimu nasentshonalanga ukusuka ePhilippines kudlula eMalaya naseBurma, ngesixhumanisi esiphihliwe kuphela enhlonhlweni yaseThailand. Manje sekuhlongozwa ukuthi kufakwe izingcingo ezivalekile, ezifika eRangoon. "
Umuntu angeke asize ukukhunjuzwa lapha ngoHillary Clinton imibono Kumabhange aseGoldman Sachs. UClinton wathi utshele amaShayina ukuthi iMelika ingabamba ubunikazi bayo yonke iPacific ngoba "beyikhululile." Uqhubeke wathi ubatshele ukuthi "Sithole iJapan ngenxa yezulu." Sinobufakazi bokuthi sesithenge [iHawaii]. ”
NgoSepthemba 1941 imishini yabezindaba yaseJapan yathukuthela ukuthi i-United States isiqalile ukuhambisa uwoyela idlula eJapan lapho ifika eRussia. Iphephandaba laseJapan, lathi iJapan ibulawa ukufa kancane ngenxa “yezomnotho.”
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-United States ibilokhu ithemba ukuzuza ngokuthumela amafutha owedlule isizwe ngesidingo esikhulu?
Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, u-US uhlola u-Edgar Mower owayesebenza uColonel William Donovan owahlola uRoosevelt. Ugwayi ukhulume nomuntu waseManila ogama lakhe lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKhomishani yaseMaritime, esho ukuthi ulindele ukuthi "IJaps izoyithatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ngiphume." Lapho uMowerower eveza ukumangala, uJohnson waphendula wathi: "Awaziwa yini uJap izimoto ziye zathuthela empumalanga, kungenzeka ukuba zihlasele izimoto zethu ePearl Harbor? "
NgoNovemba 3, 1941, inxusa laseMelika laphinde lazama ukuthola okuthile ngogebhezi lukazwelonke oluqinile, lathumela ucingo olude eMnyangweni Wezwe lixwayisa ngokuthi unswinyo lwezomnotho lungaphoqa iJapan ukuthi yenze “i-hara-kiri kazwelonke.” Yabhala: “ Izingxabano ezihlangene ne-United States zingase zivele ngokuzumayo okuyingozi futhi okukhulu. ”
Kungani ngihlala ngikhumbula izihloko zememo enikezwe uMongameli George W. Bush ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kukaSeptemba 11, 2001? “UBin Laden Uzimisele Ukushaya E-US” Ngokusobala akekho noyedwa eWashington owayefuna ukukuzwa ku1941.
NgoNovemba 15th, oyi-Chief Chief of Staff uGeorge Marshall wabika kwabezindaba ngento esingayikhumbuli ngokuthi “uhlelo lweMarshall.” Empeleni asikukhumbuli. "Silungiselela impi ehlaselayo neJapan," kusho uMashall, ecela izintatheli ukuthi ziyigcine iyimfihlo leyo, ngokwazi kwami ukuthi yenze kahle.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi uNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuthi uhlangane ehhovisi le-Oval noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, Unobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark kanye noNobhala Wezwe uCordell Hull. URoosevelt ubatshele ukuthi amaJapan kungenzeka ahlasele kungekudala, mhlawumbe ngoMsombuluko olandelayo. Kubhalwe kahle ukuthi iMelika iphule amakhodi amaJapan nokuthi uRoosevelt wawathola. Kwakungenxa yomyalezo obizwa nge-Purple code wokuthi uRoosevelt athole amacebo eJalimane okuhlasela iRussia. KwakunguHull owavimba i-Japan engasebenzi emaphephandabeni, okwaholela kuNovemba 30, 1941, isihloko esithi "May May Strike Over Weekend."
Lowo msombuluko olandelayo bekuzoba nguDisemba 1st, izinsuku eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba kufike ukuhlasela. “Umbuzo,” kubhala uStimson, “bekunganjani ukuthi sibanikeze ithuba lokudubula ihlandla lokuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kakhulu kithi. Kwakuyisiphakamiso esinzima. ”Kwakunjalo? Impendulo eyodwa esobala ukuthi izikebhe zisePearl Harbour futhi zigcina amatilosi amiswe lapho ebumnyameni ngenkathi ebangisana ngawo emahhovisi anethezekile eWashington, DC Eqinisweni, leyo kwaba yisixazululo amaqhawe ethu ahambisana nawo.
Ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, iCongress yavotela impi. UCongressikazi uJeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Ongowesifazane wokuqala owakhethwa kuCongress, futhi owavota ngokulwa neMpi Yezwe I, wama yedwa ephikisana neMpi Yezwe II (njengoba uCongressikazi uBarbara Lee [D., uCalif.] Wayezoma. yedwa ngokuhlasela i-Afghanistan 60 eminyakeni eyalandela).
Ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuvota, ngoDisemba 8, 1942, Rankin wafaka amazwi amaningi ku-DRM Record echaza ukuphikisana kwakhe. Ubalule umsebenzi womsasazi waseBrithani owayekade ephikisana ku-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukungena neMelika empini. Ubalule ireferensi kaHenry Luce Ukuphila Iphephabhuku elalingoJulayi 20, 1942, “eChina amaSulumane ayethulele kuwo i-Pearl Harbor.” Wethule ubufakazi bokuthi engqungqutheleni ye-Atlantic ngo-Agasti 12, 1941, uRoosevelt wayeqinisekisile Churchill ukuthi i-United States izoletha ingcindezi yezomnotho ukuthi ibekezelele eJapan. "Ngishilo," kusho u-Rankin ngemuva kwalokho wabhala, "kusho uMnyango Wezindaba ZikaZibandlela kaDisemba 20, i-1941, oveze ukuthi ngoSepthemba 3 ukuxhumana kwakuthunyelwe eJapan befuna ukuthi yamukele umgomo wokunganaki kwesimo esikhona ePacific, "obekungaba yisiqinisekiso sokufunwa kobumbuso bemibuso emhlophe eMpumalanga."
I-Rankin ithole ukuthi iBhodi YezokuVikela yezezeMnotho isithole izigwegwe zezomnotho ngaphansi kwesonto ngemuva kweNgqungquthela yase-Atlantic. NgoDisemba 2, 1941, the New York Times empeleni bekubikwe ukuthi iJapan "inqanyulwe cishe ngamaphesenti we-75 wokuhweba kwakhe okujwayelekile yi-Allies blockade." UCartin uphinde waveza isitatimende sikaLieutenant uClarence E. Dickinson, e-USN, esitatimendeni. NgoMgqibelo Evening Post ka-Okthoba 10, 1942, ukuthi ngoNovemba 28, 1941, ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, iPhini lika-Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Jr., (ngesiqubulo esithi "Kill Japs! Kill Japs!") simnikeze imiyalo abanye “ukudubula noma yini esiyibone esibhakabhakeni nokuqhumisa noma yini esiyibonayo olwandle.”
UGeneral George Marshall uvumile kakhulu kwiCongress e1945: ukuthi amakhodi ephukile, ukuthi i-United States isungule izivumelwano zase-Anglo-Dutch-American zokuthatha isenzo sobumbano ngokumelene neJapan nokuzisebenzisa ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour, nokuthi iMelika yayine ihlinzeke izikhulu zamasosha ayo ukuya eChina emsebenzini wokulwa ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi kuthatha amandla amabili empi ukwenza impi (ngokungafani lapho amandla empi eyodwa ehlasela izwe elingahlomile) noma ukuthi leli cala lalihlukile kulo mthetho.
Isikhumbuzo sika-Okthoba 1940 senziwa yi-Lieutenant Commander u-Arthur H. McCollum senziwa nguMongameli Roosevelt kanye nabaphathi bakhe abakhulu. Ibize ukuthi kwenziwe izinto eziyisishiyagalombili uMcCollum abikezela ukuthi kuzoholela ekutheni amaJapan ahlasele, okubandakanya ukuhlelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezisekelo zaseBrithani eSingapore kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezisekelo zamaDashi kulokho manje okuyi-Indonesia, kusiza uhulumeni waseChina, ukuthumela isigaba sezindawo ezinde izikebhe ezinamandla eziya ePhilippines noma eSingapore, zithumela izigaba ezimbili zemikhumbi eya “emazweni aseMpumalanga,” zigcina amandla amakhulu omkhumbi eHawaii, zgcizelela ukuthi amaDashi enqaba uwoyela waseJapan, futhi athutha konke ukuhweba neJapan ngokubambisana noMbuso WaseBrithani .
Ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kokuqothuka kukaMcCollum, uMnyango Wezwe watshela abaseMelika ukuba baphume emazweni akude asempumalanga, futhi uRoosevelt wayala ukuba izimoto zigcinwe eHawaii ngenxa yokuphikisana kuka-Admiral James O. Richardson ocaphune uMongameli ethi "kungekudala amaJapan azokwenza into. Uma umuntu ehluleka ukulwa noMelika futhi izwe lingavuma ukungena empini. ”Umyalezo owathunyelwa ngu-Admiral Harold Stark ku-Admiral Husband Kimmel ngoNovemba 28, e-1941, ufundile," UMA AMAHORA ASEKWAZI UKULUNGA UNGAKWAZI UKUZE UPHAZELE IZITOLO ZEZOBUNYEZO UJAPAN WENZA UMthetho WOKUQALA WOKUQALA. "UJoseph Rochefort, umphathi wesikhungo sezokuxhumana seNavy, obesizakala ngokwehluleka ukuxhumana nePearl Harbour ngalokho okuzayo, uzophawula athi:" Bekuyinto ebiza kakhulu ukukhokhela ukuhlanganisa izwe . ”
Ngobusuku obulandela ukuhlaselwa, uMongameli Roosevelt wacela u-Edward R. Murrow we-CBS News kanye noMxhumanisi Wezokwazisa kaRoosevelt ukuthi badle isidlo e-White House, futhi konke uMongameli ayefuna ukwazi ukuthi ngabe abantu baseMelika sebezoyamukela yini impi. UDonovan noMurrow bamqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bazoyamukela impi manje. Kamuva uDonovan watshela umsizi wakhe ukuthi ukumangala kukaRoosevelt kwakungekhona okwabanye ababemzungezile, nokuthi yena, uRoosevelt, wakwamukela ukuhlaselwa. UMurrow akazange akwazi ukulala ngalobo busuku futhi wahlushwa impilo yakhe yonke yilokho akubiza ngokuthi "yindaba enkulu kakhulu yempilo yami" angakaze ayisho, kepha angayidingi. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uMongameli wakhuluma ngosuku lokuhlambalaza, i-United States Congress yamemezela impi yokugcina yoMthethosisekelo emlandweni we-republic, kwathi uMongameli we-Federal Council of Churches, uDkt George A. Buttrick, waba yilungu iFellowship of Reconciliation izibophezela ukumelana nempi.
Kungani kubalulekile? Ngoba inganekwane yasePearl Harbour, esetshenziswe kabusha kwi-9-11, ayinasibopho sezinqubomgomo ezonakalisayo zempi yama-1920s nama-1930s aletha iMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kodwa inomthwalo wemfanelo yempi yaphakade ye-75 edlule iminyaka, nokuthi iMpi Yezwe Yesibili yanda kanjani, yaqhubeka isikhathi eside futhi yaqedwa kanjani.
“Waphazamiseka ngo-1942,” kubhala uLawrence S. Wittner, “ngamahemuhemu ngamasu okuqothula amaNazi, uJessie Wallace Hughan wakhathazeka ngokuthi leyo nqubomgomo, eyayibonakala 'ingokwemvelo, ngokombono wabo wokugula,' ingenziwa uma iMpi Yezwe II kwaqhubeka. Wabhala, 'Kubonakala sengathi ukuphela kwendlela yokusindisa izinkulungwane futhi mhlawumbe izigidi zamaJuda aseYurophu ekubhujisweni, kungaba ngukuthi uhulumeni wethu asakaze isethembiso' se '' armistice 'ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi abambalwa baseYurophu bangahlukunyezwa. . . . Kungaba kubi impela uma izinyanga eziyisithupha kusukela manje singathola ukuthi lolu songo lwenzekile ngaphandle kokwenza ngisho isenzo sokukuvimbela. ' Lapho izibikezelo zakhe zigcwaliseka kahle kakhulu ngo-1943, wabhalela uMnyango Wezwe kanye ne- New York Times, lisola iqiniso lokuthi '[amaJuda] ayizigidi ezimbili asevele afa' nokuthi 'abayizigidi ezimbili bayobulawa empini.' Waphinda futhi wanxusa ukuthi kuphele ubutha, wathi ukunqotshwa kwamasosha aseJalimane kuzobuyisela ukuziphindiselela kwimbuzi yamaJuda. 'Ukunqoba ngeke kubasindise,' egcizelela, 'ngoba abantu abafile ngeke bakhululwe.' ”
UHitler wabulala izigidi zamaJalimane, kodwa ababambisene nabo babulala abaningi noma abaningi, amaJalimane ayala ukuba kulwe uHitler noma amaJalimane endaweni engafanele lapho amabhomu alayo ewa. Futhi, njengoba uHughan abonisa ngaleso sikhathi, impi yaqhubeka nokuqothulwa kohlanga, njengoba nje impindiselo yempi yangaphambilini yekhulu leminyaka eyedlule yabhebhethekisa ubutha, ukujabhisa nokwenyuka kweHitlerism.
Ngaphandle kokumelana nempi okwenqatshelwa abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza wase-US, ekugcineni, kuzothuthukiswa ukuzabalaza kokubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga emajele aseMelika okuthe kamuva kwasakazekela esizweni esingaphandle kwamajele njengoba izishoshovu zifuna ukuphinda ukunqoba kwazo ngezinga elikhulu. Kepha futhi kuleyo nto embi kunazo zonke izilwane zethu ezake yazenza yona, iMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kuzoza nomkhakha wezimboni wezomnotho unomphela. Besizokwengeza amandla okuvota kubantu abaningi baseMelika ngenkathi, ekuhlaseleni okukhulu kwamahlaya, siguqule ukuvota kube yibhizinisi elingena nhloso. Sizobe sipenda ingubo emisha yokuqagela ngentando yeningi yethu ngenkathi siyikhipha ngaphakathi, siyisuse ngomshini wempi okuthandwayo iplanethi engakaze ibone futhi ongakwazi ukusinda ngayo.
Ukusabalalisa Inganekwane
I-United States ngokungangabazeki iyimpi enobudlova evame kakhulu futhi ebanzi emhlabeni, ihlala kakhulu emazweni angaphandle, futhi ithengisa kakhulu izikhali emhlabeni. Kepha lapho iMelika iphuma ngaphansi kwezingubo lapho ilele khona iqhaqhazela ngokwesaba, izibona isisulu esingenacala. Akunalo iholide lokugcina noma iyiphi impi yokunqoba ezingqondweni zawo wonke umuntu. Ineholide lokukhumbula ukuhlaselwa kwaseJapan ePearl Harbour - futhi manje futhi eyodwa, mhlawumbe ingcwele kakhulu, ukukhumbula, hhayi ukubhujiswa nokwethuka kweBaghdad, kodwa ubugebengu bangoSepthemba 11, 2001, iPearl Harbor entsha . ”
Okufanayo no-Israyeli, kepha ngokuhlukahluka, i-United States ikhathazeke kakhulu ngeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, enamekwe ngaphezulu kokuzithoba okuningana neMpi Yezwe YaseMelika. Uthando lwaseningizimu Melika ngeMpi Yombango uthando lwempi elahlekile, kepha futhi nokuhlukunyezwa nokulunga kwempindiselo yalimala emhlabeni unyaka nonyaka ngamasosha ase-US.
Uthando lwaseMelika lweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba nalo, ngokuyisisekelo, luthando lwempi elahlekile. Lokho kungabonakala kungaqondakali ukusho, ngoba ngasikhathi sinye uthando olukhulu lwempi enqotshiwe. Impi Yesibili Yomhlaba ihlala iyisibonelo sase-US sosuku oluthile lokuwina impi futhi, njengoba ibilahlekelwa yibo emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni engama-71 kusukela ngeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Kepha ukubuka kwe-US nge-WWII nakho kuyafana ngokumangazayo nombono waseRussia.
I-Russia yahlaselwa ngesihluku ngamaNazi, kepha yabekezela futhi yanqoba impi. Izwe laseMelika likholelwa ekubeni lihlaselwe amaNazi "ngokungazelelwe". Lokho, ngemuva kwakho konke, kwakuyinkulumo-ze eyathatha i-United States yaya empini. Kwakungekho nezwi elilodwa ngokusindisa amaJuda noma yini enye ingxenye enhle kangako. Esikhundleni salokho, uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wathi unebalazwe lezinhlelo zamaNazi zokudweba iMelika.
IHollywood yenze ambalwa ama-movie nezinhlelo zethelevishini mayelana nazo zonke ezinye izimpi zihlanganisiwe, ngokuqhathaniswa nemidlalo mayelana neMpi Yezwe II, okungase kube yisihloko sayo esithandwa kakhulu. Asicwilile kumabhayisikobho aqhakambisa ukwebiwa kwenyakatho yeMexico noma ukuqashwa kwePhilippines. Impi yaseKorea ayidlali kangako. Ngisho neMpi yaseVietnam nazo zonke izimpi zakamuva zehluleka ukukhuthaza ababalisi bezindaba baseMelika njengeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, kanti ezinye ezingama-90% zalezo zindaba zihlobene nempi eyenzeka eYurophu, hhayi e-Asia.
Indaba yaseYurophu incanyelwa kakhulu ngenxa yobubi obuthile besitha saseJalimane. Ukuthi i-US ivimbele ukuthula ngaphandle komnqobi eMpini Yezwe I ngokuchoboza iJalimane, yabe isiyijezisa ngonya, yabe isiza amaNazi - konke lokho sekukhohlakala kalula kunamabhomu enuzi i-United States eyawa ngawo eJapan. Kepha ukuhlasela kwaseJapan ngoDisemba 7, 1941, kanye nokuhlasela kwamaNazi okucatshangwayo, okwenza umphakathi wase-US ukuthi ukulwa eYurophu kwakuzivikela. Ngakho-ke umlando wase-United States uqeqesha iJapan emibusweni yama-impiriyali bese iphikisana futhi ucasula iJapan nayo kufanele ikhohlwe.
I-Amazon.com, inkampani enenkontileka enkulu ye-CIA, futhi umnikazi wayo ungumnikazi wayo Washington Post, wethule uchungechunge lwethelevishini olubizwa theIndoda e-Castle High. Indaba isethwe kuma-1960 namaNazi ahlala amakhamu amathathu e-United States kanye namanye amaJapan. Kule ndawo ehlukile, ukuhlengwa kokugcina kutholakala eJalimane okuyisizwe ukuthi sehlise amabhomu enuzi.
Abanqobi be-Axis, kanye nabaholi babo asebekhulile, bakhe futhi bagcina umbuso wakudala - ongafani nezisekelo zase-US emazweni e-proxy, kepha umsebenzi ogcwele, njenge-United States e-Iraq. Akunandaba ukuthi lokhu kuzwakala kungenakuphikiswa kanjani. Isimo esinengqondo kunazo zonke esingaba nenganekwane yase-US yomunye umuntu enza kuso lokho akwenzayo kwabanye. Ngakho-ke ubugebengu base-US lapha eminyakeni engama-2000 bube “ukuzivikela,” njengoba kwenza kwabanye ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukukwenza.
Ukuphikiswa okungekho emthethweni akutholakali esiqeshini sokuqala sesiqephu sokuqala salolu daba lokuhlushwa kwesisulu, futhi ngokusobala alunayo iminyaka ngaleso sikhathi kule ndaba. Kodwa kungenzeka kanjani? Amandla amiswa ngokungabi nodlame - noma okucatshangwayo - awakwazi ukuthethelela udlame lwamasosha angempela aseMelika. Abahlali baseJalimane nabaseJapan kumele babhekane nodlame kuphela, ngisho nangokwe-elekthronikhi esikhathini lapho kwakwaziwa izindlela ezingekho emthethweni, lapho inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yayiphikisana kakhulu ne-fascism yase-US.
“Ngaphambi kwempi… wonke umuntu ubekhululekile,” kusho omunye wabantu abasha abamhlophe abakha wonke amaqhawe kanye nabanye babantu ababi kulo mdlalo. Esikhundleni seziyaluyalu zomjaho, iMcCarthyism, iVietnam, kanye nokuvimbela inzalo nokuzama abangenamandla okwenzekile empeleni, le United States ehlukile ifaka phakathi ukushiswa kwamaJuda, abakhubazekile, nabagulela ukufa. Ukungafani nesikhathi esidlule esacatshangwa ngaphambi kwamaNazi lapho “wonke umuntu [kodwa hhayi owesifazane?] Wayekhululekile” kucace bha. Umuntu ucishe afise ukwenza iMelika ibe yinhle futhi.
I-Amazon futhi isibonisa thina maNazi siziphatha ngendlela efana ne-United States yangempela: ukuhlukumeza nokubulala izitha. IRikers Island iyijele elinesihluku kulo mbukiso we-TV futhi empeleni. Kule fantasy, izimpawu zokushisekela izwe lase-US nobuNazi zihlanganiswe ngaphandle komthungo. Empeleni, umbutho wezempi wase-US wafaka ukucabanga okuningi kwamaNazi kanye namaNazi amaningi owawathola nge-Operation Paperclip - enye indlela lapho i-US yalahlekelwa yi-WWII uma sicabanga ukunqoba njengentando yeningi yehlula uhlobo lomphakathi lapho umuntu onjengoDonald Trump angachuma khona.
Izwe laseMelika namuhla liyakwazi ukubheka ababaleki abavela ezimpini ezilwa nabo emazweni akude njengezitha eziyingozi, njengamaNazi amasha, njengoba nje osopolitiki abahamba phambili baseMelika bebiza abaholi bamanye amazwe njengamaHitler amasha. Njengoba izakhamizi zase-US zidubula izindawo zomphakathi cishe nsuku zonke, lapho kusolwa ukuthi lokhu kubulala kwenziwa ngumSulumane, ikakhulukazi umSulumane onozwela ngabalwa nabangaphandle, lokho akusikho nje ukudubula. Lokho kusho ukuthi i-United States isihlaselwe. Futhi lokho kusho ukuthi noma yini eyenzayo "iyazivikela."
Ngabe iVenezuela ikhetha abaholi i-US engayamukeli? Lokho kusongela “ukuphepha kwezwe” - usongo oluthile lokuhlasela nokuhlala i-United States bese luyiphoqa ukuthi ihlukumeze futhi ibulale ifake ifulegi elehlukile. Le paranoia ayiveli ndawo. Kuvela ezinhlelweni ezifana Indoda yaseKuphakameni.
Izinganekwane zasePearl Harbor akuyona nje inkambu yokuzijabulisa. Nayi ifayili le- isihloko sephephandaba:
“IPearl Harbor neMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba kusilethe ndawonye njengesizwe. Sikholwe ukuthi ngeke sishaywe. Futhi sanqoba. Kepha kungani iCongress manje ihlose kangaka ukucekela phansi imizwa yethu yokushisekela izwe nokuqeda ukuvikela kwethu izwe? Amalungu amaningi eCongress afuna ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali yezokuvikela kuzwelonke ngomzamo wokunxephezela ukungakwazi kwabo ukusebenza, ngokungafezekisi izibopho zabo njengabamele bethu nokunakekela amanye amaqembu nosopolitiki ngenxa yamaphrojekthi abo ezifuywayo (inyama yengulube) kanye nokhetho olulandelayo. Bayakhohlwa (noma abazi) ukuthi into yabo yokuqala engu-1 ukuvikela izwe lethu, futhi okuhlobene nalokho, ukuvikelwa kwezinzuzo zethu zomakadebona. . . .
“Kungenzeka yini ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi iMelika ikhohliwe ngokwenzeke ePearl Harbor futhi yehlise ukuqapha kwayo kusizile ukuvumela ukuhlaselwa kuka-9/11 kwenzeke? Futhi lokhu ukukhohlwa nokungazi kuzokhipha izifiso zamaphekula zokwandisa ukuhlasela kwazo? Ngenxa yokuthi iCongress 'supercommittee' yehlulekile ukuhlangabezana nomnqamulajuqu wayo ngenyanga edlule ukukhomba u- $ 1.2 trillion ekongeni, izimbangela zokunciphisa imali manje sezizosebenza ngo-2013, kufaka phakathi ama- $ 600 billion ukuzivikela. Uma iCongress ivunyelwe ukusika isabelomali sezempi, okunye ukuhlaselwa kuyenzeka kakhulu.
“Kumele sibize umongameli, abaholi bethu bengqungquthela, izinduna zethu zombuso kanye nabamele iNdlu ukuba babatshele ukuthi bayeke ubuwula babo, bavuselele isabelomali samasosha kanye namaVeterans Affairs, futhi sibanyuse ukuze sikwazi ukuqinisa izinhlelo zethu sobabili. ucwaningo nentuthuko ukuze sihlale siyibutho lezempi elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi elihlome konke emhlabeni futhi sihloniphe futhi sihloniphe amaqhawe ethu angomakadebona.
"Uma sibavumela ukuthi benze ukusika kwezokuvikela egameni lokuthi baphume e-Iraq, futhi ekugcineni ne-Afghanistan (okungenzeka kube yiphutha, kodwa leyo ngxoxo izoba ngolunye usuku), ngeke zisaba khona izimali zocwaningo ezizohlala zingu-No. 1, akukho ukulungiswa, akukho mathangi amasha, izindiza, imikhumbi kanye nama-drones, akukho ngaphezulu noma ngaphezulu kwezikhali zomzimba nezimoto. ”
Akunandaba ukuthi uyayikholelwa yini inganekwane yePearl Harbor, kunzima kakhulu ukuphika ukuthi leli ngumhlaba ohlukile. I-United States ayinayo nje kuphela impi ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni, kepha ilingana nosayizi womhlaba wonke. I-United States inezisekelo noma amasosha emazweni amaningi omhlaba. I-United States ibusa izilwandle kanye nendawo engaphandle. Izwe laseMelika lisike iplanethi yaba yizindawo zomyalo. ICongress ilahla ngaphezulu kwengxenye yemali ebekelwe ukuzikhethela kwezempi. Ngenkathi bekuphindaphinde kabili lokhu kusetshenziswa, kumadola wangempela futhi njengephesenti lesabelomali sikahulumeni kusukela ngo-9-11, iqiniso ukuthi i-arsenal yenuzi kanye nombuso wezisekelo nakho konke ukusetshenziswa kwemali okungapheli akuhlangene ne-9- 11 ngaphandle kokukhonza ukuyicasula. Iphephandaba lakho likucela ukuthi uphile ezweni lamaphupho, futhi ulibhubhise leli elisaqhubeka.
Awekho amathangi amasha? Azikho izindiza ezintsha? Ama- $ 600 billion azwakala emakhulu, kepha ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi kungama- $ 10 billion kwisabelomali “sokuphepha” saminyaka yonke se-trillion - okusho u-60%. Konke okudingekayo ukuguqula lokho kube kukhuphuka esikhundleni sokunqunywa ukusikhipha kwisabelomali “esivelisiwe” esikhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-6%. Uma kwenzeka noma ikuphi ukusika okungokoqobo, ungaqiniseka ukuthi abamele kabi bazokwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukukhipha imali ezindaweni ezingezona ezempi, noma okungenani ukusika izinzuzo zamabutho kunamathangi nezindiza ezingcwele nezinenzuzo njll, cishe akukho okuhlobene nokuvikela.
Ukubalwa Kwamanga
Njengoba sifunda Ulysses ngeBloomsday njalo ngoJuni 16 (noma kufanele uma singakwenzi) ngicabanga ukuthi njalo ngoDisemba 7 akufanele kugcine nje ngokukhumbula uMthetho Omkhulu wango-1682 owavimbela impi ePennsylvania kodwa futhi kuphawule nePearl Harbor, hhayi ngokugubha isimo se-permawar ikhona iminyaka engama-75, kepha ngokufunda I-Golden Age ngo-Gore Vidal nokubeka uphawu oluthile lwe-Joyceka iminyaka yobudala ye-anti-isolationist emperial mass-killer ehlanganise ukuphila kwazo zonke izakhamuzi zase-US ngaphansi kweminyaka ye-75.
IGolden Age Day kufanele ifake ukufundwa komphakathi kwinoveli kaVidal nokuvunywa kwayo okukhanyayo ngu I-Washington Post, i-New York Times Book Review, nawo wonke amanye amaphepha ezinkampani ngonyaka we-2000, owaziwa nangokuthi unyaka we-1 BWT (ngaphambi kwempi ye-terra). Akukho nelilodwa kulawo maphephandaba, olwazini lwami, elake laphrinta ukuhlaziywa okuqondile okucacile kokuthi uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wahambisa kanjani iMelika eMpini Yesibili Yomhlaba. Noma kunjalo inoveli kaVidal - evezwe njengenganekwane, kepha ixhomeke ngokuphelele kumaqiniso abhaliwe - ilandisa le ndaba ngokuthembeka okuphelele, futhi ngandlela thile uhlobo olusetshenzisiwe noma uhlu lozalo lomlobi noma ikhono lakhe lokubhala noma ubude bencwadi (amakhasi amaningi kakhulu abahleli abaphezulu ukuba babe okhathazekile) imnikeza ilayisense yokukhuluma iqiniso.
Yebo, abanye abantu baye bafunda I-Golden Age futhi bephikisana nokungafaneleki kwayo, kodwa lihlala lihloniphekile. Ngingahle ngilimaze imbangela ngokubhala ngokukhululekile mayelana nokuqukethwe kwayo. Ubuqili, engikhuthaza kakhulu kubo bonke, ukunikeza noma ukutusa le ncwadi kwabanye ngaphandle ebatshela okukuyo.
Yize umenzi wamafilimu engumlingiswa oqavile encwadini, ayenzelwanga ifilimu, ngokwazi kwami - kepha ukwenzeka okubanzi kokufundwa komphakathi kungenza lokho kwenzeke.
In I-Golden Age, silandela ngaphakathi kuyo yonke iminyango evaliwe, njengoba iBrithani ifuna ukubandakanyeka kwe-US eMpini Yezwe II, njengoba uMongameli Roosevelt enza ukuzibophezela kuNdunankulu uWinston Churchill, njengoba abafudumele beqhuba umhlangano waseRepublican ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi kokubili amaqembu akhethe ukukhethwa ku-1940 alungele ukukhankasa ngokuthula ngenkathi ehlela impi, njengoba i-FDR ifuna ukugijima isikhathi esingakapheli sesithathu njengomongameli wezempi kodwa kumele izitholele ngokuqala umkhankaso nokukhankasa njengomengameli we-drafttime ngesikhathi sokuthi ingozi yomphakathi, futhi njengoba i-FDR isebenza ukuvusa iJapan ukuba ihlasele isimiso sakhe esifisa.
Ama-echoes ayesabeka. Imikhankaso kaRoosevelt yokuthula ("ngaphandle uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa"), njengoWilson, njengoJohnson, njengoNixon, njengo-Obama. URoosevelt, okhethweni lwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ubeka uHenry Stimson njengoNobhala Wezempi olangazelela impi hhayi ngokungafani nabaphakanyisiwe bakaDonald Trump.
Impi Yezwe Yesibili Akuyona Impi Yobulungisa
IMpi Yezwe Yesibili ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "impi enhle," futhi ibilokhu isuka empini yaseMelika neVietnam lapho yahlukaniswa khona ngaleso sikhathi. IMpi Yezwe II ibusa kakhulu iMelika ngakho-ke ukuzijabulisa nemfundo yaseNtshonalanga, ukuthi “okuhle” kuvame ukusho okuthile okungaphezulu kokuthi “nje.”
Owine i-2016 "Miss Italy" ikhasianobuhle wazithola esenkingeni ngokuveza ukuthi wayezothanda ukuthi aphile ngeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Ngenkathi ehlekwa usulu, ngokusobala wayengeyedwa. Abaningi bangathanda ukuba yingxenye yento ekhonjiswa kabanzi njengobuhle, ubuqhawe, futhi ethokozisayo. Uma kwenzeka bethola umshini wesikhathi, ngincoma ukuthi bafunde izitatimende zabashayeli bangempela beWWII kanye nabasindile ngaphambi kokuthi babuye ukujoyina ubumnandi.
Akunandaba ukuthi umuntu ubhala iminyaka emingaki, enza izingxoxo, ashicilele amakholamu, futhi ekhuluma emicimbini, kusalokhu kungenzeki ukuthi kuvuleke umnyango we-United States lapho uvumele khona ukuqeda impi ngaphandle kokushaya umuntu umbuzo wokuthi yini-mayelana-nempi. Le nkolelo yokuthi kube nempi enhle i-75 eminyakeni edlule kuyingxenye enkulu yalokho okushukumisela umphakathi wase-US ukuthi ubekezelele ukulahla ama-trillion amadola ngonyaka ukulungiselela uma kwenzeka kuba nempi enhle ngonyaka olandelayo, noma ngabe kubhekene nezimpi eziningi kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka eyedlule ye-71 lapho kunokuvunyelwana jikelele ukuthi bekungalungile. Ngaphandle kwezinganekwane ezicebile, ezimiswe kahle ngeMpi Yezwe II, inkulumo-ze yamanje ngeRussia noma iSyria noma i-Iraq noma i-China ibizwakala ihlanya kubantu abaningi njengoba izwakala kimi. Futhi-ke, imali ekhiqizwa inganekwane Yempi enhle iholela ezimpini ezimbi ezengeziwe, kunokuba ibavimbe. Ngibhale ngalesi sihloko isikhathi eside kakhulu ezincwadini nasezincwadini eziningi, ikakhulukazi Impi Ngamanga. Kepha ngizonikeza lapha amaphuzu ambalwa asemqoka okufanele okungenani afake imbewu embalwa yokungabaza ezingqondweni zabasekeli abaningi base-US be-WWII njengeMpi nje.
Impi Yezwe II ayengenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMpi Yezwe I, ngaphandle kokungazibuwula kokuqala iMpi Yezwe I kanye nendlela yokuqeda ukulwa neMpi Yezwe I eyabangela abantu abaningi abahlakaniphile ukuba babikezele iMpi Yezwe II endaweni, noma ngaphandle kwezimali zikaWall Street yeJalimane yamaNazi amashumi eminyaka (njengenqunyiwe kumakominisi), noma ngaphandle kohlanga lwempi nezinqumo eziningi ezimbi ezingadingeki ziphindwe esikhathini esizayo.
Leyo mpi yayingeyona eyokusiza abantu futhi yayingathengiswa ngisho nangaphandle kokuba iphelile. Kwakungekho poster ekucela ukuthi usize uMalume uSamu asindise amaJuda. Umkhumbi wababaleki abangamaJuda ovela eJalimane waxoshwa eMiami yi-Coast Guard. I-US nezinye izizwe zenqaba ukwamukela ababaleki abangamaJuda, futhi iningi lomphakathi wase-US lasisekela leso sikhundla. Amaqembu okuthula abuza uNdunankulu uWinston Churchill nonobhala wakhe waphesheya mayelana nokuhambisa amaJuda eJalimane ukuwasindisa atshelwa ukuthi, ngenkathi uHitler engavuma kakhulu uhlelo, kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi kudinga nemikhumbi eminingi kakhulu. I-US ayibandakanyekanga emzamweni wokubonisana noma wezempi wokusindisa izisulu emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi. U-Anne Frank wanqatshelwa i-visa yaseMelika.
Yize leli phuzu lingahambisani necala lomlobi elibucayi le-WWII njengeMpi nje, liyisisekelo sezinganekwane zase-US ukuthi ngizofaka lapha indima ebalulekile evela kuNicholson Baker:
"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala waseBrithani wangaphandle, owayesebenziwe yiChurchill ngokuphatha imibuzo mayelana nababaleki, wabhekana nomuntu oyedwa wezithunywa ezibalulekile, wathi noma yikuphi ukuzamazama kokuthola amaJuda avela eHitler kwakungenakwenzeka. Lapho ehamba eya e-United States, i-Edene yabika ngokuqondile uCordell Hull, unobhala wezwe, ukuthi ubunzima obunzima ngokubuza uHitler kumaJuda ukuthi "uHitler angase asithathele noma yimuphi umnikelo onjalo, futhi akukhona nje imikhumbi eyanele kanye nezindlela zokuhamba emhlabeni ukuzobhekana nazo. ' UChurchill wavuma. Ephendula impendulo eyodwa, wathi: 'Ngisho noma singayithola imvume yokuhoxisa wonke amaJuda,' ukuthutha yedwa kuveza inkinga ezoba nzima ukuxazululwa. ' Ukuthunyelwa nokuthutha okwanele? Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, abaseBrithani babebalekele cishe amadoda angama-340,000 emabhishi aseDunkirk ngezinsuku ezingu-9 kuphela. I-US Air Force inezinkulungwane eziningi zezindiza ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngisho ne-armistice emfushane, ama-Allies angabaleka ngendiza futhi athumele ababaleki ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu emkhakheni waseJalimane. "
Uhlangothi "oluhle" lwempi aluzange lunikeze isibongo ngalokho obekuzoba yisisekelo esiyinhloko sobubi ohlangothini “olubi” lwempi.
Impi leyo beyingazivikeli. Icala lingenziwa ukuthi i-US idinga ukungena empini eYurophu ukuvikela ezinye izizwe, ezazingenele ukuvikela ezinye izizwe, kepha icala lingaphinde lenziwe lokuthi i-US ikhuphule ukuqondiswa kwezakhamizi, yandisa impi, futhi kulimaze kakhulu ukwedlula okungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke, ukube i-US ayenzanga lutho, izamile ukukhulumisana nezimali, noma yatshala kwezimali okungahlukumezeki kuyo. Ukusho ukuthi umbuso wamaNazi ubungakhula ube ngolunye usuku kufaka phakathi indawo yokuhlala e-United States uthathwe kabi futhi awuthwalwa yizibonelo zangaphambili noma zakamuva ezivela kwezinye izimpi.
Manje sisazi kabanzi kakhulu futhi ngemininingwane eyengeziwe ukuthi ukumelana nokungapheli komsebenzi nokungabi nabulungisa kungase kube nokuphumelela-futhi leyo mpumelelo kungenzeka ukuthi ihlale-kunokumelana nokuhlukumezeka. Ngalolu lwazi, singabheka emuva emiphakathini emangalisayo yezenzo ezingezona ukuphikisana namaNazi awakungakhethi kahle noma akhiwe ngaphesheya kwempumelelo yawo yokuqala.
Impi Emihle yayingeyinhle emabuthweni. Ukuntuleka kokuqeqeshwa kwesimanje kakhulu kanye nesimo sokusebenza kwengqondo sokulungiselela amasosha ukuthi enze isenzo sokubulala esingeyona eyemvelo, amanye amaphesenti ama-80 amasosha aseMelika namanye Amasosha eMpini Yezwe Yesibili awazishisanga izikhali zawo “esitheni.” Iqiniso lokuthi abashokobezi beWWII baphathwa okungcono ngemuva kwempi kunamanye amasosha ngaphambili noma emuva, kwaba ngomphumela wengcindezi eyenziwe yiBonus Army ngemuva kwempi edlule. Ukuthi ama-veterans anikezwa ikolishi lamahhala, usizo lwezempilo kanye nezimpesheni akubangelwa ubuhle bempi noma ngandlela thile ngomphumela wempi. Ngaphandle kwempi, wonke umuntu wayenganikwa ikolishi lamahhala iminyaka eminingi. Ukube besinikeza ikolishi lamahhala kuwo wonke umuntu namuhla, bekuzodinga okungaphezu kwezindaba zempi yempi yomhlaba wonke yeHollywood ukuze abantu abaningi babe eziteshini zokuqashwa kwezempi.
Izikhathi eziningana inani labantu ababulawa emakamu aseJalimane babulawa ngaphandle kwabo empini. Abaningi balabo bantu babeyizizwe. Isilinganiso sokubulala, ukulimaza, nokubhubhisa senze i-WWII ibe yinto ebaluleke kunazo zonke abantu abaye bazenzele yona ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngicabanga ukuthi labo ababambisana nabo "baphikisana" nokubulawa okuncane kakhulu emakamu. Kodwa lokho akunakulungiselela ukwelashwa okwakungaphezu kwesifo.
Ukuphakamisa impi kufaka phakathi ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwezakhamizi kanye namadolobha, okufika ekuqothulweni ngokuphelele kwamadolobha kukhiphe i-WWII endaweni yamaphrojekthi anenkani kwabaningi ababevikela ukuvulwa kwayo. Ukufuna ukuzinikela okungenamibandela kanye nokufuna ukukhulisa ukufa nokuhlupheka kwalimaza kakhulu futhi kwasala ifa elibi nelilulazayo.
Ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu kuthiwa alivumelani nohlangothi oluhle “empini,” kepha hhayi uhlangothi olubi. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi ezimbili awukaze ube njengoba unjalo. I-United States yayinomlando omude njengombuso wobandlululo. Amasiko ase-US okucindezela ama-Afrika aseMelika, enza ukuqothuka ngokumelene namaMelika Omdabu, futhi manje asebenzisa amaMelika aseJapan nawo anikeze inqubekela ezinhlelweni eziphefumulelwe amaNazi aseJalimane-lokhu kufaka amakamu amaNative America, nezinhlelo ze-eugenics kanye nokuhlolwa kwabantu okwakukhona ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, kanye emva kwempi.
Enye yalezi zinhlelo ibandakanya ukunikeza i-syphilis kubantu baseGuatemala ngasikhathi sinye izivivinyo zaseNuremberg zenzeka. Amasosha ase-US aqashe amakhulu amaNazi aphezulu ekugcineni kwempi; ziqonde ngqo ngaphakathi. I-US yayihlose umbuso obanzi womhlaba wonke, ngaphambi kwempi, phakathi kwawo, futhi kusukela lapho. AmaNazi amaJalimane namuhla, anqatshelwe ukushisa ifulege lamaNazi, kwesinye isikhathi aguqa ifulege leMazwe aseMelika aseConfederate.
Uhlangothi "oluhle" "lwempi enhle," iqembu elenza ukubulala okukhulu futhi lifela uhlangothi olunqobile, kwakuyiSoviet Union yamakhomanisi. Lokho akwenzi impi inqobe ubukhomanisi, kepha kungcolisa izindaba zaseWashington nezaseHollywood zokunqoba “kwentando yeningi.”
IMpi Yezwe Yesibili ayikapheli. Abantu abavamile e-United States babengenayo imali yabo yentela kuze kube ngeMpi Yezwe II futhi lokho akukaze kumiswe. Kwakufanele kube okwesikhashana. Izisekelo ze-WWII-era ezakhiwe emhlabeni wonke azikaze zivaliwe. Amasosha ase-US akakaze ashiye iJalimane noma iJapan. Kunamabhomu angaphezu kwe-100,000 US nawaseBrithani asesemhlabathini eJalimane, asabulala.
Ukubuyela emuva eminyakeni engu-75 ezweni elingenakho-amandla enuzi, amakoloni ezinhlaka ezahluke ngokuphelele, imithetho, kanye nemikhuba yokuthethelela lokho obekuyizindleko ezinkulu kakhulu e-United States kuleso naleso sikhathi sonyaka okuyisenzo esiyisimanga sokuzikhohlisa okungukuthi. ngazama ukuthethelela noma yiliphi ibhizinisi elincane. Cabanga ukuthi ngithole konke okunye okungalungile ngokuphelele, futhi kusamele uchaze ukuthi umcimbi ovela kuma-1940s okuqala uvumela kanjani ukulahla ama-trillion 2017 amadola kwizimali zempi ezazingasetshenziselwa ukondla, ukugqoka, ukwelapha, nokuphephisa izigidi zezigidi abantu, nokuvikela imvelo emhlabeni.
