Impi Yesikhumbuzo Sokuqeda Zonke Izikhumbuzo Zempi

NguDavid Swanson

“Ngubani olawula okwedlule, olawula ikusasa. Ubani olawula okwamanje olawula okwedlule. ” -Hamba kahle

Uhulumeni wase-US usufike ngaphansi komgqomo. Njengoba bephethe yonke inch square e-National Mall ngezikhumbuzo kuzo zonke izimpi abafuna ukuzivuma, kuhlanganise nezimpi zaseVietnam naseKorea, futhi kuhlanganise nezimpi zomhlaba ezimbili, abaholi bethu abathandekayo banqume ukuthi omunye Isikhumbuzo seMpi Yezwe I. kuyadingeka, nokuthi kuzokwakhiwa ku-Pershing Park (ebizwa nge-1981 ye-World War I jikelele ngaleso sikhathi ngaleso sikhathi evele ikhohliwe ngokwanele).

Kungenzeka ukuthi akuyona i-vet ye-WWI ephinde yazalwa ebhentshini elingenhla, kepha yisosha elincane elikhazimulisa inkazimulo yabahlaseli ababekhulu abadlule.

Lokhukukhazimuliswa okusha kokubulawa kwabantu ngokuyinhloko kudingeke kuqedwe yi-Armistice Day 2018, noma lokho esiyazi manje njengokuphambene nosuku lwe-Armistice, olubizwa ngokuthi yi-Veterans Day. Ukufanekisa kubalulekile. Ekhulwini leminyaka yesiphetho sempi ukuqeda zonke izimpi, iholidi lokuthula elaguqulwa libe liholide lempi ngenkathi impi yaseKorea izogubha umbuso ngenhloso yokukhazimulisa yonke impi eyedlule ukuze ihlale intsha.

Isikhumbuzo se-WWI yiyona reductio isikhangiso isikhangiso wempikiswano yokukhazimulisa zonke izimpi. Lapho uVictor Berger esho ukuthi yonke i-WWI yanikeza i-United States ingumkhuhlane kanye nokuvinjelwa, kwakusheshe kakhulu ukufaka i-WWII kanye nezindwangu zezimboni zezimboni kanye nokucindezelwa kweMpumalanga Ephakathi okungazwakali kuze kube yilolu suku kulolu hlu. Kodwa umphakathi wase-US wavuma ngokuvumelana naye. Ukuzinyelwa komphakathi kwakha isikhathi esiphezulu kunazo zonke emlandweni we-US kulandela ukuvikelwa kwe-armistice. Uhulumeni wase-US uphoqelelwe isenzo esidumile sokuhola ekuvimbeleni ngokomthetho yonke impi nge- I-Kellogg-Briand Pact, esesezincwadini. Izidingo zomphakathi futhi zacishe zakha isidingo senhlolovo yomphakathi ngaphambi kokuba i-United States (ngokungemthetho) iqalise impi - isinyathelo okungenzeka ukuthi sashintsha kakhulu eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule.

Sikuphi isikhumbuzo salabo abaya ejele ngokukhuluma ngokungahambisani nobuhlanya be- “Great War”? Lutholakala kuphi imininingwane eyisisekelo yokuthi impi ithengiswe kanjani, nokuthi yaqondakala kanjani uma isiphelile? Akukho lutho lwalolu hlobo oluzotholakala ku- iwebhusayithi wabenzi besikhumbuzo. Amanga kaWoodrow Wilson mayelana ne I-Lusitania nokuhlukunyezwa kweJalimane eBelgium kwakha insimu yanamuhla yempi yezinkolelo futhi kwaholela ekungabazeni okubanzi, okwakwenzeke njengokungathi kwenzeke, kwezingxoxo zamuva zokuhlukunyezwa kwamaNazi. Kodwa abantu bahlose ukukhumbula ngezimpi lapho izimpi sezikhulile ngokwanele ukuba zingasho lutho lutho ngalunye. Empeleni, bamane nje Ukucaphuna Imalarkey kaWilson ngaphandle kokuphawula, sengathi inobuhlobo obuthile nalokho okwenzekile empeleni. Lokhu kungafana nokuqopha Inkulumo ye-UN kaColin Powell kwisikhumbuzo seMpi yase-Iraq ngo-2103, enginesiqiniseko sokuthi sekuhleliwe. UQuoth Wilson:

“Umhlaba kumele uvikeleke ngentando yeningi. Ukuthula kwawo kufanele kutshalwe ezisekelweni ezivivinyiwe zenkululeko yezepolitiki. Asinayo injongo yobugovu yokukhonza. Asifuni ukunqotshwa, akukho ukubuswa. Asizifuneli izibopho, asikho isinxephezelo sezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuzidela esizokwenza ngokukhululekile. Singomunye wabashisekeli bamalungelo esintu. Siyokwaneliseka uma lawo malungelo enziwe avikeleka njengoba inkolo nenkululeko yezizwe ingenza wona…. Kuyinto esabekayo ukuhola laba bantu abakhulu abanokuthula bangene empini, baye ezimpini ezesabekayo nezinenhlekelele kunazo zonke izimpi, impucuko uqobo lwayo ibonakala isezingeni. Kepha ilungelo liyigugu ngaphezu kokuthula, futhi sizolwela izinto ebesilokhu siziphethe eduze nezinhliziyo zethu - ngentando yeningi, ngelungelo lalabo abazithoba egunyeni lokuba nezwi kohulumeni babo, ngamalungelo kanye inkululeko yezizwe ezincane, ukuze kubuse ilungelo emhlabeni wonke ngekhonsathi enjalo yabantu abakhululekile njengoba kuzoletha ukuthula nokuphepha ezizweni zonke futhi kukhulule izwe ekugcineni. ”

Lokhu kwakungemva nje kokuba uWilson athole ukhetho ngamanga ngokuthembisa ukuthula, futhi ngemva nje kokuba ummeli wase-United States e-Great Britain, uWalter Hines Page, uthumele ikhebula kuWilson ngoMashi 5, 1917, efunda ingxenye:

"Ukucindezeleka kwalesi simo esibucayi, ngiyaqiniseka, uye ngaphesheya kwamandla e-Morgan ejensi yezimali zezokuBrithani neFrance. Izidingo zezezimali ze-Allies zikhulu kakhulu futhi ziphuthumayo kunoma iyiphi i-ejensi yangasese yokuphatha, ngoba wonke ama-ejenti afanele ahlangabezane nemibhikisho yebhizinisi kanye nokuphikisana kwesigaba. Akuyona into engafaneleki ukuthi indlela kuphela yokugcina isikhundla sethu esiphezulu sokuhweba nokuvimbela ukwesaba ngokumemezela impi eJalimane. "

Ngesikhathi ukuthula kuyenziwe neJalimane ephela iMpi Yezwe I, uMongameli Wilson kanye nabalingani bakhe bajezisa bonke abantu baseJalimane, behola ababukeli abaningi abahlakaniphile ukuba babikezele ngokunembile iMpi Yezwe II. Jane Addams, ED Morel, John Maynard Keynes, nabanye babikezela ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa okunzima kwesivumelwano kungabangela impi entsha. Kubonakala sengathi bekunjalo. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izici, kufaka phakathi izintandokazi zaseNtshonalanga zeNazism phezu kobuKhomanisi, kanye nomncintiswano okhulayo wezikhali, ukufutheka okunzima eJalimane kwaholela empini entsha. UFerdinand Foch bathi lesi sivumelwano sasinamandla kakhulu eJalimane futhi ngaleyo ndlela singadala impi entsha, okuyiqiniso futhi uma umuntu ecabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubhujiswe ngokuphelele eJalimane noma into eseduze nalokhu. UWoldrow Wilson wabikezela ukuthi ukuhluleka kwe-United States ukujoyina i-League of Nations kuzoholela empini entsha, kodwa akucaci ukuthi ukujoyina i-League bekuyovimbela impi.

Ngokunakwa, nokuhlonipha uWilson njengo-Obama wosuku lwakhe, abenzi besikhumbuzo bavele bacaphune lokho okwashiwo nguWilson kunokukwenza: “Kumele kube nokuthula ngaphandle kokunqoba… Ukunqoba kungasho ukuthula okuphoqelelwa kowehlulwayo, imigomo yomnqobi enikezwe wanqotshwa. Kwakungamukelwa ngokuthotshiswa, ngokucindezelwa, ngomhlatshelo ongabekezeleleki, futhi wawuzoshiya udosi, intukuthelo, inkumbulo ebabayo lapho imibandela yokuthula izokuhlala khona, hhayi unomphela, kepha njengasehlangeni elisheshayo. Ukuthula phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo kuphela okungahlala njalo. ” Njengoba abazinikele kumongameli wethu wamanje bangasho: okungenani wayazi ukuthi bekufanele enze ini, futhi yilokho okubalulekile.

Lapho kufika ukuthula, uWilson wagcina amasosha ase-US eRussia ukuba alwe namaSoviet, yize ayekade ethi amasosha ase-US ayeseRussia ukuze anqobe iJalimane futhi avimbe nempahla ebheke eJalimane. USenator Hiram Johnson (P-CA) ubekade edume ngokusungulwa kwempi: "Ukulimala kokuqala lapho kufika impi, kuliqiniso." Manje wayesenokuthile azokusho ngokuhluleka ukuqeda impi ngesikhathi kusayinwe isivumelwano sokuthula. UJohnson usola impi eqhubekayo eRussia futhi wacaphuna encwadini ethi Chicago Tribune lapho ithi inhloso kwakuwukusiza iYurophu iqoqe isikweletu saseRussia.

Iwebhusayithi yesikhumbuzo ibonisa ukukhetha okunambitheka kwamaphosta eWWI. Akunasibonisi esithi "mad brute" samaJalimane njengezinkawu. Akekho uJesu ohlela phansi isibhamu sakhe asenzele uNkulunkulu. Futhi iqhaza le-WWI ekwenziweni kwenkulumo-ze engunaphakade yokujwayeleka kwempi yokushisekela izwe ayinangqondo i-hyped: I- “Star Spangled Banner” yaba yingoma kazwelonke eyayizodlalwa emicimbini yezemidlalo phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, ngaleyo ndlela yavuselelwa, eminyakeni eyikhulu emva kwempi ka-1812, enye impi engenamqondo eyathola i-United States ngaphandle kokufa, izifo, nokushiswa inhlokodolobha.

Ngidinga ukubonga uSam Husseini ngokungazisa ukuthi abantu besikhumbuzo seWWI babambe isithangami nabezindaba, abehambele kuso, eNational Press Club ngoLwesithathu. Nakhu alalelwayo ngalokho abamtshele kona ngenkathi ephakamisa ukukhathazeka. Esikhundleni sokuxoxa ngokuthi izwe lalingaba yini iphuzu lempi, kubukeka sengathi abenzi besikhumbuzo bakhuluma ngokwanele ngobuzalwane bamabutho. Kepha lapho uSam ebuza ukuthi lobo buzalwane budlulela yini ezizweni zonke, njengoba kwenzeka ngesikhathi seKhisimusi, baphendula ngokukhuluma ngobukhulu be-United States. Nayi ingcaphuno:

“Futhi sibheka izithombe ezivela eVietnam futhi kunezindikimba ozibonayo… ezivela eWWI zendlela abantu abasekelana ngayo nendlela udlame oluguqula wonke umuntu. Kepha leli thuba elijabulisa ngempela ngoba yilelo phuzu lokuqala le-United States. . . .

"Ingabe lowo muzwa wobuzalwane udlula ubuzwe?"

“Yebo, ngiqonde ukuthi ungibuze ukuthi yini inkinga lapha. Akukona ukudunyiswa kwempi esibhekene nayo lapha, ekugcineni kungukukhazimuliswa kwesintu nokuhlangana kwazo zonke lezi zinhlanga ezahlukahlukene ze-United States. Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni asikho isibalo esisodwa esihlukanisiwe, sonke isibalo esisodwa sixhumene nabanye. Lokhu kuthinta ezinye izibalo noma babheke bobabili. Awukho umqondo wokuzihlukanisa noma wedwa. Lokho kungaphezulu komqondo wanamuhla. Ngakho-ke ubuyela emcabangweni wokuthi kunomqondo wobunye endaweni yonke, lo mqondo wokuhleleka. Futhi yilokho impumuzo ebimayelana…. ”

"Umbuzo wami bekungukuthi lobu buzalwane bucindezelwe ubuzwe futhi kubonakala sengathi nithi kunjalo."

“Cha, angisho lokho.”

Ngakho-ke, ngokusobala enguqulweni entsha yeMpi Yezwe I amasosha nesizwe base behlanganisiwe, futhi ukunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi bekungeke kudingeke, futhi akekho owayebulawa? Empeleni ngeke ngiphikisane nesikhumbuzo esinembile ngokomlando ekuzwaneni ngokobuhlanga nokwehlukahlukana. Uma ngabe yilaba bantu bacabanga ukuthi bayakha, ngithi: yakha! Mane ushiye iMpi Yezwe I, KULUNGILE?

Umklamo wesikhumbuzo owinile ngokusobala wawubizwa ngokuthi “Isisindo Somhlatshelo.” Yithempeli lokunikela ngomuntu. Icebo lokwenza ukuthi abantu ngekhulu lama-21 bakholelwe ukuthi umhlatshelo womuntu wawenzelwe injongo ethile - nokuthi ungaphinda futhi. Ungalokothi ubukele phansi amandla enkulumo-ze.