Iminyaka eyi-100 Yempi - Iminyaka eyi-100 yokuthula kanye ne-Peace Movement, 1914 - 2014

Ibhalwe nguPeter van den Dungen

Ukusebenzisana yikhono lokusebenza ndawonye ukuze kube nombono ofanayo. … Uphethiloli ovumela abantu abavamile ukuthi bathole imiphumela engajwayelekile. -Andrew Carnegie

Njengoba lena kuyingqungquthela yamasu enhlangano yokuthula nokulwa nempi, futhi njengoba ibanjelwe emuva kwekhulunyaka leMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ngizobeka imibono yami ikakhulukazi ezindabeni okufanele kugxilwe kuzo ikhulunyaka leminyaka kanye nendlela. lapho inhlangano yokuthula ingaba negalelo emicimbini yesikhumbuzo esizosabalala eminyakeni emine ezayo. Imicimbi eminingi eyisikhumbuzo hhayi eYurophu kuphela kodwa emhlabeni wonke inikeza ithuba enhlanganweni emelene nempi nokuthula ukuze imemezele futhi ithuthukise i-ajenda yayo.

Kubukeka sengathi kuze kube manje lolu hlelo alukho kakhulu ohlelweni lwesikhumbuzo olusemthethweni, okungenani eBrithani lapho uhlaka lwalolu hlelo lwethulwa okokuqala ngo-11.^th Ngo-Okthoba 2012 nguNdunankulu uDavid Cameron enkulumweni e-Imperial War Museum eLondon[1]. Umemezele lapho ukuqokwa komeluleki okhethekile, nebhodi labaluleki, nokuthi uhulumeni wenza kutholakale isikhwama esikhethekile sama-£ 50 million. Iyonke injongo yokukhumbula iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yayihlukene kathathu, wathi: ‘ukuhlonipha ababekhonza; ukukhumbula abafayo; kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izifundo ezifundiwe zihlala nathi kuze kube phakade'. Thina (okungukuthi, inhlangano yokuthula) singase sivume ukuthi 'ukuhlonipha, ukukhumbula, nokufunda izifundo' kufanelekile ngempela, kodwa singase singavumelani mayelana nemvelo kanye nokuqukethwe okuhlongozwayo ngaphansi kwalezi zihloko ezintathu.

Ngaphambi kokubhekana nalolu daba, kungase kube usizo ukuveza kafushane lokho okwenziwa eBrithani. Ezigidini ezingu-£ 50, u-£ 10 million wabelwe i-Imperial War Museum uCameron ayithanda kakhulu. Ingaphezu kuka-£5 million yabelwe izikole, ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuvakashelwa kwabafundi nothisha ezinkundleni zempi eBelgium naseFrance. Njengohulumeni, i-BBC iphinde yaqoka isilawuli esikhethekile seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala Yekhulu Leminyaka. Uhlelo lwayo lwalokhu, lwamenyezelwa ngomhlaka-16^th October 2013, mkhulu futhi unesifiso sokuvelela kunanoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi owake wawenza.[2] Umsakazi kazwelonke womsakazo kanye nethelevishini ugunyaze izinhlelo ezingaphezu kuka-130, cishe amahora angu-2,500 okusakaza emsakazweni nakumabonakude. Isibonelo, isiteshi somsakazo esihamba phambili se-BBC, i-BBC Radio 4, sisebenzise uchungechunge lwedrama olukhulu kunawo wonke, oluhlanganisa iziqephu ezingu-600, futhi lukhuluma ngomdlalo wasekhaya. I-BBC, kanye ne-Imperial War Museum, yakha 'i-digital cenotaph' equkethe inani elingakaze libonwe lezinto ezigcinwe kungobo yomlando. Imema abasebenzisi ukuthi balayishe izincwadi, idayari, nezithombe zokuhlangenwe nakho kwezihlobo zabo phakathi nempi. Iwebhusayithi efanayo izophinde inikeze ukufinyelela okokuqala kumarekhodi enkonzo yezempi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8 aphethwe uMnyuziyamu. NgoJulayi 2014, iMnyuziyamu izobamba umlando omkhulu kunawo wonke wobuciko beMpi Yezwe I eyake yabonwa (enesihloko esithi Iqiniso Nenkumbulo: Ubuciko BaseBrithani beMpi Yezwe Yokuqala[3] Kuzoba nemibukiso efanayo eTate Modern (London) nase-Imperial War Museum North (Salford, Manchester).

Kusukela ekuqaleni, kwaba nokuphikisana eBrithani mayelana nesimo sesikhumbuzo, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi ngabe lona futhi kwakuwumkhosi - umgubho, okungukuthi, ukuzimisela kwamaNgisi kanye nokunqoba ekugcineni, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikelwe inkululeko nentando yeningi, hhayi ezweni kuphela kodwa. nakwabalingani (kodwa hhayi amakoloni!). Ongqongqoshe bakahulumeni, izazi-mlando eziholayo, izikhulu zezempi nezintatheli bajoyine inkulumo-mpikiswano; nakanjani futhi inxusa laseJalimane lahileleka. Uma, njengoba uNdunankulu ebonisile enkulumweni yakhe, isikhumbuzo kufanele sibe nendikimba yokubuyisana, khona-ke lokhu kungasikisela isidingo sendlela ephusile (kunokuba inqobe i-gung-ho).

Inkulumo-mpikiswano yomphakathi kuze kube manje, e-Great Britain noma ngabe ikuphi, ibonakale ngokugxila kancane, futhi yenziwe ngamapharamitha adwetshwe kancane kakhulu. Okushodayo kuze kube manje yizici ezilandelayo futhi zingase zisebenze nakwezinye izindawo.

1. Kanye noshintsho…?

OKOKUQALA, futhi akumangalisi ukuthi mhlawumbe, inkulumo-mpikiswano igxile ezimbangela zempi kanye nodaba lwesibopho sempi. Lokhu akufanele kufihle iqiniso lokuthi imbewu yempi yahlwanyelwa kahle ngaphambi kokubulawa kwabantu eSarajevo. Indlela efaneleke kakhulu neyakhayo, nengahlukanisi kakhulu, izodinga ukuthi ingagxili emazweni ngamanye kodwa ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe lulonke olubangele impi. Lokhu kuzodonsela ukunaka emandleni obuzwe, i-imperialism, ikoloniyalizim, impi ehlangene eyalungisa inkundla yokubhekana ngezikhali. Impi yayibhekwa kabanzi njengento engenakugwemeka, edingekayo, ekhazimulayo futhi enobuqhawe.

Kufanele sibuze ukuthi lezi zingakanani uhlelo izimbangela zempi - ezaholela eMpini Yomhlaba Yokuqala - zisekhona nathi nanamuhla. Ngokusho kwabahlaziyi abaningana, isimo umhlaba ozithola ukuso namuhla asifani nesaseYurophu ngaphambi kwempi ngo-1914. Muva nje, ukungezwani phakathi kweJapan neChina kwenze abahlaziyi abaningi baqaphela ukuthi uma kunengozi enkulu yempi. impi namuhla, kungenzeka ibe phakathi kwala mazwe - nokuthi kuzoba nzima ukuyigcina ilinganiselwe kuwo kanye nesifunda. Izifaniso nehlobo lika-1914 eYurophu zenziwe. Ngempela, engqungqutheleni yaminyaka yonke Yezomnotho Yomhlaba eyayiseDavos ngoJanuwari 2014, uNdunankulu waseJapan, uShinzo Abe, walalela ngokucophelela lapho eqhathanisa umbango wamanje wamaSino-Japanese nowe-Anglo-German ekuqaleni konyaka wama-20.^th ikhulu leminyaka. [Okufanayo ukuthi namuhla iShayina iyizwe eliphuthumayo, elingenasineke elinesabelomali esikhulayo sezikhali, njengoba kwakunjalo eJalimane ngo-1914. I-US, njengeBrithani ngo-1914, ingamandla amakhulu ngokwehla ngokusobala. IJapane, njengeFrance ngo-1914, incike ekuvikelekeni kwayo kulowo mbuso onciphayo.] Ukushisekela ubuzwe okuyizimbangi, njenganamuhla, kungasusa impi. NgokukaMargaret Macmillan, isazi-mlando esiphambili sase-Oxford seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iMpumalanga Ephakathi namuhla nayo inokufana okukhathazayo namaBalkan ngo-1914.[4] Iqiniso nje lokuthi osopolitiki abaholayo nosomlando bangadweba izifaniso ezinjalo kufanele libe yimbangela yokukhathazeka. Ingabe izwe alifundanga lutho enhlekeleleni yango-1914-1918? Ngendlela eyodwa ebalulekile lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokungenakuphikwa: imibuso iyaqhubeka nokuhloma, nokusebenzisa amandla kanye nosongo lwendluzula ebudlelwaneni bayo bamazwe ngamazwe.

Yebo, manje kunezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, okokuqala futhi ikakhulukazi iZizwe Ezihlangene, ezinjongo yazo eyinhloko iwukugcina umhlaba unokuthula. Kukhona indikimba ethuthuke kakhulu yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezikhungo ezihamba nayo. EYurophu, umsunguli wezimpi zezwe ezimbili, manje sekuneNyunyana.

Nakuba lokhu kuyinqubekelaphambili, lezi zikhungo zibuthaka futhi azinabo abagxekayo. Umbutho wokuthula ungathatha udumo ngalezi ntuthuko, futhi uzibophezele ekuguquleni i-UN nokwenza imigomo ebalulekile yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi yaziwe kangcono futhi ilandelwe kangcono.

2. Ukukhumbula abenzi bokuthula nokuhlonipha ifa labo

OKWEsibili, inkulumo-mpikiswano kuze kube manje ishaye indiva kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi inhlangano emelene nempi nokuthula yayikhona ngaphambi kuka-1914 emazweni amaningi. Leyo nhlangano yayihlanganisa abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano ezazingahambisani nemibono ekhona mayelana nempi nokuthula, ezazilwela ukuletha isimiso lapho impi yayingaseyona indlela eyamukelekayo yokuba amazwe axazulule izingxabano zawo.

Eqinisweni, i-2014 ayiyona nje ikhulunyaka yokuqala kweMpi Enkulu, kodwa futhi iminyaka eyikhulu wenhlangano yokuthula. Ngamanye amazwi, eminyakeni eyikhulu egcwele ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi ngo-1914, leyo nhlangano yayikhankasa futhi ilwela ukufundisa abantu ngezingozi nobubi bempi, kanye nezinzuzo nokuthula okungenzeka. Phakathi nalelo khulu lokuqala leminyaka, kusukela ekupheleni kwezimpi zamaNapoleon kuya ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, impumelelo yenhlangano yokuthula yayimikhulu, ngokuphambene nombono owandile. Ngokusobala, inhlangano yokuthula ayizange iphumelele ukugwema inhlekelele okwakuyiMpi Enkulu, kodwa lokho akwehlisi nakancane ukubaluleka nokufaneleka kwayo. Nokho, lokhu iminyaka eyikhulu akukhulunywa ndawo - njengokungathi leyo nhlangano ayizange ibe khona, noma ayifanele ukukhunjulwa.

Inhlangano yokuthula yavela ngemuva nje kwezimpi zeNapoleon, eBrithani nase-USA. Leyo nhlangano, eyasakazekela kancane kancane ezwenikazi laseYurophu nakwezinye izindawo, yabeka izisekelo zezikhungo eziningi kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe ezazizofezeka kamuva ekhulwini, futhi nangemva kweMpi Enkulu - njengombono wokuxoxisana. njengenye indlela enobulungiswa futhi ephusile kumandla anonya. Eminye imibono eyakhuthazwa yinhlangano yokuthula kwaba ukuchithwa kwezikhali, inyunyana yombuso, inyunyana yaseYurophu, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuchithwa kwekoloni, ukukhululwa kwabesifazane. Eminingi yale mibono iye yavela ngemva kwezimpi zomhlaba zama-20^th ngekhulu leminyaka, futhi ezinye ziye zaqashelwa, noma okungenani ngokwengxenye.

Inhlangano yokuthula yaba nemiphumela emihle kakhulu emashumini amabili eminyaka andulela iMpi Yezwe I lapho i-ajenda yayo ifinyelela emazingeni aphezulu kahulumeni njengoba kwabonakala, ngokwesibonelo, kwiNgqungquthela Yokuthula YaseHague ka-1899 kanye ne-1907. Umphumela oqondile walezi zingqungquthela ezingakaze zenzeke - ezalandela isikhalazo (1898) sikaTsar Nicholas II sokumisa umjaho wezikhali, futhi esikhundleni sempi ngokulamula okunokuthula - kwaba ukwakhiwa kweNdlu Yokuthula eyavula iminyango yayo ngo-1913, futhi eyagubha iminyaka eyikhulu yayo ngo-August 2013. Kusukela ngo-1946, Yebo isihlalo seNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe ye-UN. Umhlaba ukweleta iSigodlo Sokuthula ngenxa yomusa ka-Andrew Carnegie, i-Scottish-American steel tycoon owaba yingqalabutho yezobuntu besimanje futhi owayephikisana nempi ngentshiseko. Ngokungafani nabanye abantu, uye wanikela ngokukhululekile izikhungo ezizinikele ekuphishekeleni ukuthula komhlaba, eziningi zazo ezisekhona nanamuhla.

Nakuba i-Peace Palace, ehlala iNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe, iqapha umsebenzi wayo ophezulu wokubuyisela impi ngobulungiswa, ifa likaCarnegie elinomusa kakhulu lokuthula, iCarnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), iyifulathele ngokusobala inkolelo yomsunguli wayo ukuqedwa kwempi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncisha inhlangano yokuthula izinsiza ezidingeka kakhulu. Lokhu kungase kuchaze ngokwengxenye ukuthi kungani leyo nhlangano ingakhulanga ibe inhlangano yabantu abaningi engafaka ingcindezi ephumelelayo kohulumeni. Ngikholwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi sicabange ngalokhu isikhashana. Ngo-1910 uCarnegie, owayeyisishoshovu sokuthula esidume kakhulu eMelika, futhi eyindoda ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni, unikeze isisekelo sakhe sokuthula ngamadola ayizigidi eziyishumi. Emalini yanamuhla, lokhu kulingana ne-$ 10 Izigidigidi. Cabanga nje ukuthi inhlangano yokuthula - okungukuthi, inhlangano yokuqeda impi - engayenza namuhla uma ikwazi ukufinyelela kulolo hlobo lwemali, noma ingxenye encane yayo. Ngeshwa, ngenkathi uCarnegie ethanda ukukhulumela nobushoshovu, abaphathiswa be-Peace Endowment bathanda ucwaningo. Kusukela ngo-1916, maphakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, omunye wabaphathiswa waze waphakamisa ukuthi igama lesikhungo kufanele liguqulwe libe yiCarnegie Endowment for International. Justice.

Ngenkathi i-Endowment isanda kugubha i-100 yayo^th isikhumbuzo, uMongameli wayo (uJessica T. Mathews), wabiza inhlangano ngokuthi 'izindaba zamazwe ngamazwe ezindala kunazo zonke cabanga nge-tank e-US'[5] Uthi inhloso yayo, ngamazwi omsunguli, 'ukusheshisa ukuqedwa kwempi, indawo embi kunazo zonke empucukweni yethu', kodwa uyanezela, 'leyo nhloso yayihlale ingafinyeleleki'. Eqinisweni, wayephinda lokho umongameli we-Endowment ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960 ayevele eshilo. UJoseph E. Johnson, owayeyisikhulu soMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika, 'wasusa lesi sikhungo ekusekeleni i-UN nezinye izinhlaka zamazwe ngamazwe' ngokomlando wakamuva oshicilelwe yi-Endowment uqobo. Futhi, ' ... ngokokuqala ngqa, umongameli we-Carnegie Endowment [wachaza] umbono ka-Andrew Carnegie wokuthula njenge-artifact yenkathi edlule, kunokuba ugqozi lwamanje. Noma yiliphi ithemba lokuthula okuhlala njalo laliyinkohliso'.[6] IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaphoqa uCarnegie ukuthi acabangele kabusha inkolelo yakhe enethemba lokuthi impi yayizoba '.ngokushesha ilahlwe njengehlazo emadodeni aphucuzekile' kodwa mancane amathuba okuthi ayilahle ngokuphelele inkolelo yakhe. Wawusekela ngentshiseko umqondo ka-Woodrow Wilson wenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe futhi wajabula lapho uMongameli emukela igama eliphakamisiwe likaCarnegie, 'League of Nations'. Enethemba, wafa ngo-1919. Angathini ngalabo abaye basusa iSizilo sakhe Sokuthula ethembeni nasekukholelweni ukuthi impi ingaqedwa futhi kumelwe iqedwe? Futhi ngalokho futhi ivimbe inhlangano yokuthula ezinsizeni ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ukuze iqhubekisele phambili injongo yayo enkulu? U-Ban Ki-moon uqinisile uma ethi, futhi uphinda ethi, 'Umhlaba uhlome kakhulu futhi ukuthula akuxhaswe ngemali'. 'I-Global Day of Action on Military Spending' (GDAMS), eyaphakanyiswa okokuqala yi-International Peace Bureau, ibhekana ngqo nalolu daba (4^th inguqulo 14^th Ephreli 2014) [7]

Elinye ifa lenhlangano yokuthula yamazwe ngamazwe yangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I lihlotshaniswa negama lomunye usomabhizinisi ophumelelayo kanye ne-philanthropist yokuthula, naye owayengusosayensi ovelele: umsunguli waseSweden u-Alfred Nobel. Umklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel, owaklonyeliswa okokuqala ngo-1901, ikakhulukazi uwumphumela wobudlelwane bakhe obuseduze noBertha von Suttner, iqhawe lase-Austria owake waba unobhala wakhe eParis, nakuba isonto elilodwa kuphela. Ube ngumholi ongenambangi wenhlangano kusukela ngesikhathi inoveli yakhe edayisa kakhulu, Lala Phansi Izikhali (Die Waffen nieder!) wavela ngo-1889, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kamuva, zingama-21^st June 1914, isonto elilodwa ngaphambi kokudubula eSarajevo. Ngo-21^st NgoJuni walo nyaka (2014), sikhumbula iminyaka eyikhulu ashona. Singakhohlwa ukuthi nalokhu kuyi-125^th unyaka wokushicilelwa kwenoveli yakhe edumile. Ngithanda ukucaphuna lokho u-Leo Tolstoi, owayazi okuthile noma okubili ngempi nokuthula, ambhalela kona ngo-Okthoba 1891 ngemva kokufunda inoveli yakhe: 'Ngiwubonga kakhulu umsebenzi wakho, futhi umqondo ufika kimi wokuthi ukushicilelwa inoveli yakho iyi-augury ejabulisayo. – Ukuqedwa kobugqila kwandulelwa incwadi edumile yowesifazane, uNksz Beecher Stowe; UNkulunkulu enika ukuthi ukuqedwa kwempi kulandele phezu kwenu.[8] Ngokuqinisekile, akekho owesifazane owenza okwengeziwe ukuze agweme impi njengoBertha von Suttner.[9]

Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi Beka phansi izikhali zakho yincwadi ngemuva kokudalwa kweNobel Peace Prize (umbhali wayo aba ngowesifazane wokuqala owathola ngo-1905). Lowo mklomelo, empeleni, bekuwumklomelo wenhlangano yokuthula njengoba umelwe nguBertha von Suttner, futhi ikakhulukazi, wokuhoxiswa kwezikhali. Ukuthi kufanele kuphinde kube yinto eyodwa kuye kwaphikiswa ngokuqinile eminyakeni yamuva nje ngummeli waseNorway kanye nesishoshovu sokuthula, uFredrik Heffermehl encwadini yakhe ethokozisayo, I-Nobel Peace Prize: Yikuphi I-Nobel Eyifuna Ngempela. [10]

Abanye babalingiswa abaholayo bemikhankaso yokuthula yangaphambi kuka-1914 bashukumisa izulu nomhlaba ukuba kwenze izakhamuzi zakubo zibonise ubungozi bempi enkulu ezayo nangesidingo sokuyivimbela nganoma iyiphi indlela. Emdayiseni wakhe omkhulu, I-Great Illusion: Ucwaningo Lobudlelwane Bamandla Ezempi Ezizweni Nenzuzo Yazo Yezomnotho Nezenhlalakahle., intatheli yesiNgisi uNorman Angell waphikisa ngokuthi ukuthembela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho nezezimali kwezifunda zonxiwankulu kwabangela impi phakathi kwazo engenangqondo futhi engakhiqizi kahle, okubangele ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho nezenhlalo.[11]

Kokubili phakathi nangemva kwempi, imizwa evame ukuhlotshaniswa nempi 'kwakungukudumazeka', iqinisekisa ngokugcwele inkolelo-mbono ka-Angell. Isimo sempi, kanye nemiphumela yayo, kwakuqhelelene nalokho okwakulindelwe ngokuvamile. Okwakulindelekile, ngamafuphi, 'yimpi njengenjwayelo'. Lokhu kwabonakala esiqubulweni esidumile, ngemuva nje kokuqala kwempi, esithi 'abafana bazobe sebephumile emiseleni bagoduke ngoKhisimusi'. Kwakusho ukuthi, yiqiniso, uKhisimusi ka-1914. Uma kwenzeka, labo abasinda ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi babuyela emakhaya eminyakeni emine kamuva.

Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ezichaza ukubala nokungaqondi kahle mayelana nempi kwakuwukuntula umcabango walabo ababehileleke ekuhleleni nasekubulaweni kwayo.[12] Abazange babone kusengaphambili ukuthi intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bezikhali - ikakhulukazi, ukwanda kweziqhumane ngesibhamu somshini - kwenze izimpi zendabuko phakathi kwamasosha angasebenzi. Intuthuko enkundleni yempi yayingeke isakwazi ukuqhubeka, futhi amasosha ayezozimbela imisele, okwakuphumela ekubhidlikeni. Iqiniso lempi, lalokho eyabe yaba khona - okungukuthi. ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngokwezimboni - bekuzovezwa kuphela ngenkathi impi iqhubeka (futhi nalapho abaphathi bebephuza ukufunda, njengoba kubhalwe kahle endabeni yomphathi omkhulu waseBrithani, uGeneral Douglas Haig).

Kodwa-ke, ngo-1898, iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu egcwele ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi, usomabhizinisi wasePoland-Russian kanye nephayona locwaningo lwesimanje lokuthula, uJan Bloch (1836-1902), wayeke waphikisana ocwaningweni oluyisiprofetho lwe-6-volume mayelana nempi yempi. esikhathini esizayo ukuthi lokhu kungaba impi engafani nenye. 'Ngempi enkulu elandelayo umuntu angakhuluma ngeRendez-vous ngokufa' ebhala esanduleleni sohlelo lwesiJalimane lomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu.[13] Waphikisana futhi wabonisa ukuthi impi enjalo 'yayingenakwenzeka' - akunakwenzeka, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwenani lokuzibulala. Yilokho kanye impi, lapho ifika, yaba khona: ukuzibulala kwempucuko yaseYurophu, kuhlanganise nokuqedwa kwemibuso yase-Austrian-Hungarian, Ottoman, Romanov kanye noWilhelmine. Lapho iphela, impi nayo yayisiwuqedile umhlaba njengoba abantu babeyazi. Lokhu kufingqwe kahle esihlokweni sezikhumbuzo ezibuhlungu zalowo owama 'ngaphezu kwempi', umlobi wase-Austrian uStefan Zweig: Umhlaba Wayizolo. [14]

Lawa ma-pacifist (uZweig ayengomunye wabo, nakuba engazange ahlanganyele ngokugcwele emkhankasweni wokuthula), ababefuna ukuvimbela amazwe abo ukuba abhujiswe empini, babengabashisekeli beqiniso, kodwa ngokuvamile babephathwa ngokudelelwa futhi bexoshwa njengabangacabangi, ama-utopians, amagwala ngisho namambuka. Kodwa babengeyona into enjalo. USandi E. Cooper wamnika ilungelo lokufunda ngenhlangano yokuthula ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala: Ukuthanda izwe I-Pacifism: I-Waging War on War in Europe, 1815-1914.[15] Ukube umhlaba wawunake kakhulu umyalezo wabo, inhlekelele yayiyogwenywa. Njengoba uKarl Holl, i-doyen yezazi-mlando zokuthula zaseJalimane, ephawulile esingenisweni sakhe se-vade-mecum enhle kakhulu yenhlangano yokuthula e-Europe ekhuluma isiJalimane: 'ulwazi oluningi mayelana nenhlangano yokuthula yomlando luzobonisa abangabazayo ukuthi kungakanani ukuhlupheka kweYurophu. ziye zasindiswa, izixwayiso zama-pacifist azizange ziwele ezindlebeni eziningi kangaka eziyizithulu, futhi imizamo esebenzayo kanye neziphakamiso ze-pacifism ehleliwe zathola ukuvuleka kwezombusazwe ezisemthethweni kanye nezokuxhumana.

Uma, njengoba uHoll esikisela ngokufanelekile, ukuqaphela ukuba khona kanye nempumelelo yenhlangano yokuthula ehleliwe ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kufanele kukhuthaze abagxeki bayo isilinganiso esithile sokuthobeka, kufanele ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi kunikeze isikhuthazo kulabo abalandela leyo nhlangano namuhla. . Ukucaphuna uHoll futhi: 'Isiqiniseko sokuma emahlombe abandulele labo, naphezu kobutha noma ukunganakwa kwabantu besikhathi sabo, babambelele ngokuqinile emibonweni yabo yokuthula, kuzokwenza inhlangano yokuthula yanamuhla ikwazi ukumelana nezilingo eziningi ngidangale'.[17]

Ukwengeza inhlamba ekulimaleni, lezi 'zandulela zekusasa' (egameni elimnandi lika-Romain Rolland) azikaze zinikezwe okubafanele. Asibakhumbuli; aziyona ingxenye yomlando wethu njengoba ufundiswa ezincwadini zesikole; azikho izithombe zabo futhi azikho izitaladi eziqanjwe ngazo. Yeka umbono wohlangothi olulodwa lomlando esiwudlulisela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo! Ikakhulukazi kungenxa yemizamo yosomlando abafana noKarl Holl nozakwabo abahlangene ku-Working Group Historical Peace Research (I-Arbeitskreis Historische Friedensforschung), ukuthi ukuba khona kweJalimane ehluke kakhulu kuye kwembulwa emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.[18] Kulokhu ngithanda futhi ukukhokha intela endlini yokushicilela eyasungulwa eBremen isazi-mlando sokuthula uHelmut Donat. Ngenxa yakhe, manje sesinomtapo wolwazi okhulayo wemibhalo yokuphila kwabantu kanye nezinye izifundo eziphathelene nomlando wonyaka wokuthula waseJalimane wezikhathi zangaphambi kwe-1914 kanye nezikhathi zempi. Imvelaphi yendlu yakhe yokushicilela iyathakazelisa: Ayikwazanga ukuthola umshicileli we-biography yakhe ka-Hans Paasche - isikhulu esimangalisayo sasolwandle nesasekholoni esaphenduka umgxeki wehlelo lodlame lwaseJalimane futhi owabulawa amasosha esizwe ngo-1920 - uDonat ushicilele incwadi ethi. incwadi ngokwakhe (1981), owokuqala kweziningi ukuvela Donat Verlag.[19] Ngokudabukisayo, njengoba zincane kakhulu lezi zincwadi ezihunyushelwe esiNgisini, azizange ziwuthinte kakhulu umbono, owandile eBrithani, ngezwe kanye nabantu abacwile ebuthweni lezempi lasePrussia, nangaphandle kwenhlangano yokuthula.

Futhi kwenye indawo, ikakhulukazi e-USA, izazi-mlando zokuthula ziye zahlangana ndawonye eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule (ekhuthazwe yiMpi YaseVietnam) ukuze umlando wenhlangano yokuthula ubhalwe kahle - ukuhlinzeka hhayi kuphela i-akhawunti enembe, elinganiselayo, neyiqiniso. mayelana nomlando wempi nokuthula, kodwa futhi inikeza ugqozi lokuthula nezishoshovu ezimelene nempi namuhla. Ingqophamlando kulo mzamo yi Isichazamazwi Sempilo Yabaholi Besimanje Bokuthula, futhi engabonwa njengevolumu ehambisana ne-Donat-Holl Lexikon, enweba ububanzi bayo emhlabeni wonke.

Kuze kube manje ngike ngaphikisa ukuthi emikhumbuzweni yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kufanele sinake, okokuqala, ezicini zesistimu ezadala impi futhi, okwesibili, kufanele futhi sikhumbule futhi sihloniphe labo, emashumini eminyaka ngaphambi kuka-1914, benza imizamo enzima. ukuletha izwe lapho isikhungo sempi sizoxoshwa khona. Ukuqwashisa okukhulu nokufundisa ngomlando wokuthula akufiseleki kuphela, kubalulekile ngempela kubafundi kanye nentsha, kodwa kudlulela emphakathini wonkana. Amathuba okudlulisa umbono olinganiselayo womlando - futhi, ikakhulukazi, wokuhlonipha abamelene nempi - akufanele angabi khona noma ashaywe indiva ekukhumbuleni izisulu zempi ezindaweni ezingenakubalwa zezimpi eYurophu nasemhlabeni wonke.

3. Amaqhawe angabulali

Manje siza ekucatshangelweni KWESITHATHU. Ngokuqondene neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kufanele sibuze ukuthi ukunganakwa nokungazi (kohlangothini lwezizukulwane zakamuva) kwalabo abaxwayisa ngempi, futhi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuyivimbela, kwakuyobonwa kanjani izigidi zamasosha alahlekelwa ukuphila kwawo. kuleyo nhlekelele. Ingabe abaningi babo bebengeke yini balindele ukuthi umphakathi uyohlonipha ngaphezu kwakho konke ukukhunjulwa kwalabo ababefuna ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi? Ingabe ukusindisa akaphilanga kahle futhi anobuqhawe ukwedlula Ukuthatha ukuphila? Singakhohlwa: amasosha, phela, aqeqeshelwe futhi ahlomele ukubulala, futhi lapho ehlaselwa yinhlamvu yomphikisi, lokhu kuwumphumela ongenakugwemeka womsebenzi awujoyinile, noma aphoqeleke ukuba awujoyine. Lapha, kufanele siphinde sikhulume ngo-Andrew Carnegie, owayebuzonda ubulwane bempi, futhi owakhulelwa futhi wasungula 'Isikhwama Seqhawe' ukuze ahloniphe 'amaqhawe empucuko' awaqhathanisa 'namaqhawe obuqaba'. Wabona isimo esiyinkinga sobuqhawe obuhambisana nokuchitheka kwegazi empini, futhi wayefuna ukudonsela ukunaka ekubeni khona kohlobo oluhlanzekile lobuqhawe. Wayefuna ukuhlonipha amaqhawe angekho emthethweni okuthi, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuzifaka engozini enkulu, ahlenge izimpilo zabo - angazibhubhisi ngamabomu. Waqala ukusungulwa edolobheni lakubo i-Pittsburgh, ePennsylvania ngo-1904, eminyakeni eyalandela wasungula i-Hero Funds emazweni ayishumi ase-Europe, iningi lawo elaligubha iminyaka eyikhulu yawo eminyakeni embalwa edlule[20]. EJalimane, eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuvuselela i- UCarnegie Stiftung fuer Lebensretter.

Kulokhu kubalulekile ukusho umsebenzi kaGlenn Paige kanye neCentre for Global Nonkilling (CGNK) ayisungula eNyuvesi yaseHawaii eminyakeni engu-25 edlule.[21] Lomakadebona weMpi YaseKorea, nososayensi oholayo wezepolitiki, uthe ithemba nokholo esintwini nasemandleni omuntu kunamandla okuguqula umphakathi ngezindlela ezinkulu. Ukubeka umuntu enyangeni kwakuyisikhathi eside kubhekwa njengephupho elingenathemba kodwa ngokushesha kwaba ngokoqobo esikhathini sethu lapho umbono, amandla kanye nenhlangano yabantu kuhlangene ukuze kwenzeke. U-Paige uphikisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukuguqulwa komhlaba okungenabudlova kungafinyelelwa ngendlela efanayo, uma nje sikholelwa kukho, futhi sizimisele ukuletha. Ukukhumbula iminyaka emine ukubulawa kwabantu esikalini sezimboni, akwanele futhi akunaqiniso uma kungafaki ukucatshangelwa okujulile kombuzo owenziwa yi-CGNK, okungukuthi, 'Sifike kude kangakanani ebuntwini bethu?' Nakuba intuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe imangalisa, izimpi, ukubulawa kwabantu nokuqothulwa kohlanga kuyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Umbuzo wesidingo kanye nokwenzeka komphakathi wembulunga yonke ongabulali kufanele uthole okuseqhulwini kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi.

4. Ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi

OKWEsine, izikhumbuzo zeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ezilinganiselwe ekukhumbuleni nasekuhlonipheni abafa kuyo (lapho bebulala), kufanele zakhe isici esisodwa kuphela, futhi mhlawumbe esibaluleke kakhulu, sesikhumbuzo. Ukufa kwezigidi, nokuhlupheka kwabanye abaningi (kuhlanganise nalabo abagogekile, ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo, noma kokubili, kuhlanganise nabafelokazi abangenakubalwa nezintandane), bekuyokwamukeleka kakhudlwana ukube impi eyabangela lokhu kulahlekelwa nosizi okukhulu ngempela bekuyimpi yokuqeda yonke impi. Kodwa lokho akuzange kube njalo.

Amasosha alahlekelwa ukuphila kwawo eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala ayezothini uma ayezobuya namuhla, futhi lapho ezothola ukuthi, esikhundleni sokuqeda impi, impi eyaqala ngo-1914 yazala enye enkulu nakakhulu, ngemva nje kweminyaka engamashumi amabili kuphelile. ngeMpi Yezwe I? Ngikhunjuzwa umdlalo onamandla wombhali wemidlalo waseMelika, u-Irwin Shaw, obizwa Gcwabe Abafileyo. Eyokuqala eyenziwa eNew York City ngo-March 1936, kulo mdlalo omfushane, onesenzo esisodwa, amasosha ayisithupha ase-US afile abulawa empini enqaba ukungcwatshwa.[22] Bakhala ngokwenzeka kubo - izimpilo zabo zinqanyuliwe, amakhosikazi abo engabafelokazi, izingane zabo ziyizintandane. Futhi konke lokho - ngamayadi ambalwa odaka, umuntu ukhononda kabuhlungu. Izidumbu, zisukuma emathuneni asuke zimbiwe, ziyala ukucambalala zicwiliswe - noma seziyalelwe ojenene, omunye wabo athi ngokudangala, 'Abazange bakhulume lutho ngalolu hlobo. I-West Point.' UMnyango Wezempi, ubikelwe ngalesi simo esixakile, uyakwenqabela ukuthi le ndaba isakazwe. Ekugcineni, futhi njengomzamo wokugcina, amakhosikazi amasosha afile, noma intombi, noma umama, noma udadewabo, bayabizwa ukuba beze emathuneni ukuze banxenxe amadoda abo ukuba avume ukungcwatshwa. Omunye uyaphendula, 'Mhlawumbe sibaningi kakhulu ngaphansi komhlaba manje. Mhlawumbe umhlaba ngeke usakwazi ukumelana nakho'. Ngisho nomfundisi okholelwa ukuthi la madoda anodeveli futhi okhipha imimoya engcolile akakwazi ukulalisa amasosha. Ekugcineni, izidumbu ziphuma esiteji ukuze zizulazule emhlabeni, amacala aphilayo ngokumelene nobuwula bempi. (Umbhali, ngendlela, kamuva wafakwa ohlwini lwabamnyama ngesikhathi sokwesaba okubomvu kukaMcCarthy futhi wahamba wayohlala ekudingisweni eYurophu iminyaka engama-25).

Ngicabanga ukuthi kulungile ukucabanga ukuthi la masosha ayisithupha azobe engakulungele kangako ukuyeka ukuphakamisa amazwi (nezidumbu) ephikisana nempi uma engafunda ngokusungulwa, ukusetshenziswa, nokwanda kwezikhali zenuzi. Mhlawumbe yiyona hibakusha, abasinda ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu e-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki ngo-August 1945, namuhla abafana kakhulu nalamasosha. I hibakusha (amanani abo ancipha ngokushesha ngenxa yokuguga) basinde ngokulambisa empini. Kwabaningi babo, isihogo ababekuso, kanye nokuhlupheka okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo okuye kwathinta kakhulu izimpilo zabo, kube nokubekezeleleka ngenxa yokuzibophezela kwabo okujulile ekuqedweni kwezikhali zenuzi, kanye nempi. Yilokhu kuphela okuye kwanikeza injongo ekuphileni kwabo okonakele. Nokho, kufanele kube yimbangela yentukuthelo enkulu kanye nosizi kubo ukuthi, ngisho neminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa kamuva, umhlaba ngokuyinhloko uyaqhubeka nokukushaya indiva ukukhala kwabo - 'Ngeke kusaba iHiroshima noma iNagasaki, ngeke kusaba izikhali zenuzi, ngeke kusaba nempi!' Ngaphezu kwalokho, akulona yini ihlazo ukuthi kuso sonke lesi sikhathi iKomidi likaNobel laseNorway alibonanga kufanele ukuthi linikeze ngisho umklomelo owodwa enhlanganweni enkulu hibakusha sizinikele ekuqedweni kwezikhali zenuzi? UNobel vele wayekwazi konke ngeziqhumane, futhi wabona kusengaphambili izikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu futhi esaba ukubuyela ebuqabani uma impi ingaqedwa. I hibakusha ziwubufakazi obuphilayo balobo buqaba.

Kusukela ngo-1975 ikomidi likaNobel e-Oslo kubonakala sengathi laqala isiko lokunikeza umklomelo wokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi njalo eminyakeni eyishumi elandelayo: ngo-1975 umklomelo waya ku-Andrei Sakharov, ngo-1985 ku-IPPNW, ngo-1995 kuJoseph Rotblat noPugwash, ngo-2005 ku-Mohamed. ElBaradei kanye ne-IAEA. Umklomelo onjalo kufanele futhi ngonyaka ozayo (2015) futhi ubonakala ufana ne-token-ism. Lokhu kuyadabukisa nakakhulu, futhi akwamukeleki, uma sivumelana nombono, okukhulunywe ngawo ekuqaleni, wokuthi umklomelo wawuhloselwe ukuba owokwehliswa kwezikhali. Ukube ubephila namuhla, uBertha von Suttner ngabe wayibiza ngokuthi, Lala Phansi Nuclear Izikhali. Ngempela, omunye wemibhalo yakhe ekhuluma ngempi nokuthula inendandatho yesimanjemanje: Ku-'Barbarisation of the Sky' wabikezela ukuthi izinto ezesabekayo zempi nazo zizokwehla esibhakabhakeni uma umjaho wezikhali ohlanyayo ungamiswa.[23] Namuhla, izisulu eziningi ezingenacala zempi ye-drone zijoyina ezaseGernika, Coventry, Cologne, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, nezinye izindawo emhlabeni wonke eziye zabhekana nokwesabeka kwempi yesimanje.

Umhlaba usaqhubeka uphila ngendlela eyingozi kakhulu. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwethula izingozi ezintsha nezinye ezengeziwe. Kodwa ngisho nalabo abaphika ukuthi zenziwe umuntu abanakuphika ukuthi izikhali zenuzi zenziwe umuntu, nokuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwezikhali zenuzi bekungaba ukuzidalela kwakhe. Kungavinjelwa kuphela umzamo ozimisele wokuqeda izikhali zenuzi. Lokhu akukhona kuphela lokho okushiwo ukuhlakanipha nokuziphatha, kodwa futhi ubulungisa nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ubumpinda nobuzenzisi bamandla ezikhali zenuzi, okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu i-USA, UK, kanye ne-France, kusobala futhi kuyihlazo. Abasayine ISivumelwano Sokungabhebhetheki KweNuclear (esasayinwa ngo-1968, esiqala ukusebenza ngo-1970), bayaqhubeka nokushaya indiva isibopho sabo sokuxoxisana ngobuqotho ngokuchithwa kwezikhali zabo zenuzi. Kunalokho, bonke bahileleke ekuziguquleni zibe zesimanje, zimoshe izigidigidi zezinsiza eziyivelakancane. Lokhu kuwukwephula okusobala kwezibopho zabo ezaqinisekiswa kumbono wokweluleka we-International Court of Justice ka-1996 mayelana 'Nomthetho Wosongo noma Ukusetshenziswa Kwezikhali Zenuzi'.[24]

Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi ukunganaki nokungazi kwabantu yikona okuyimbangela yalesi simo. Imikhankaso kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlangano zokuhoxiswa kwezikhali zenuzi zijabulela ukwesekwa okusebenzayo kwengxenye encane kuphela yabantu. Umklomelo, njalonjalo, womklomelo wokuthula we-Nobel wokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi, uzoba nomthelela wokubeka obala lolu daba kanye nokunikeza isikhuthazo nokweseka abakhankasi. Yilokhu, okungaphezu 'kokuhlonishwa', okuhlanganisa ukubaluleka kwangempela komklomelo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthwalo wemfanelo kanye necala lohulumeni kanye nezikhulu zezombangazwe nezempi ziyabonakala. Izizwe ezinhlanu zezikhali zenuzi ezingamalungu unomphela oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ziye zenqaba ngisho nokubamba iqhaza ezingqungqutheleni ezikhuluma ngemiphumela yobuntu yezikhali zenuzi eyabanjwa ngoNdasa wezi-2013 nguhulumeni waseNorway nangoFebhuwari 2014 nguhulumeni waseMexico. Ngokusobala besaba ukuthi le mihlangano izoholela ezidingweni zezingxoxo ezinqabela izikhali zenuzi. Lapho ememezela ingqungquthela ezolandela e-Vienna kamuva ngawo lowo nyaka, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-Austria u-Sebastian Kurz waphawula ngokucacile, 'Umqondo osekelwe ekubhujisweni okuphelele kweplanethi akufanele ube nendawo ku-21.^st ikhulu leminyaka … Le nkulumo idingeka ikakhulukazi eYurophu, lapho ukucabanga ngempi ebandayo kusadlangile ezimfundisweni zokuphepha.[25] Wabuye wathi: 'kufanele sisebenzise isikhumbuzo [seMpi Yezwe I] ukwenza yonke imizamo yokudlulela ngale kwezikhali zenuzi, ifa eliyingozi kakhulu lama-20.^th ikhulunyaka'. Kufanele sikuzwe lokhu nakongqongqoshe bezangaphandle bezikhali zenuzi - hhayi okungenani iBrithani neFrance abantu bayo abahlupheka kakhulu kuleyo mpi. I-Nuclear Security Summits, eyesithathu yayo ebanjwe ngoNdasa wezi-2014 e-The Hague, ihloselwe ukuvimbela ubuphekula benuzi emhlabeni wonke. I-ajenda iyaqaphela ukuthi ayibhekiseli ekusongeleni kwangempela okukhona okumelelwa izikhali zenuzi nezinto ezisetshenziswa amandla ezikhali zenuzi. Kuyaxaka lokhu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi le ngqungquthela ibanjelwe e-The Hague, idolobha elizibophezele ngokusobala ekuqedweni kwezikhali zenuzi emhlabeni wonke (njengoba kugunyazwe inkantolo ephakeme ye-UN ezinze e-The Hague).

5. Ukungabi Nodlame vs I-Military-Industrial Complex

Ake sifinyelele ekucabangeni KWESIHLANU. Sibheka inkathi yeminyaka eyi-100 kusukela ku-1914 kuya ku-2014. Ake sithi ukuma kancane sikhumbule isiqephu esiphakathi nendawo, okungukuthi. 1964, okuyiminyaka engu-50 edlule. Ngalowo nyaka, uMartin Luther King, Jr., wathola uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel. Wakubona njengokuqaphela ukungabi nabudlova 'njengempendulo yombuzo obalulekile wezombangazwe nokuziphatha wesikhathi sethu - isidingo sokuba umuntu anqobe ingcindezelo nodlame ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udlame nengcindezelo'. Uthole umklomelo ngobuholi bakhe benhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu abangenalo udlame, eqala ngokuduba amabhasi eMontgomery (Alabama ) ngoDisemba 1955. Enkulumweni yakhe kaNobel (11)^th Disemba 1964), iNkosi yaveza isimo esibucayi somuntu wanamuhla, okungukuthi. ‘lapho siceba ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, siba mpofu ngokwengeziwe ngokuziphatha nangokomoya’.[26] Uqhubekile nokukhomba izinkinga ezintathu ezinkulu nezixhumene ezakhula 'ekuziphatheni komntwana okuqotho': ukucwasa ngokwebala, ubumpofu, kanye nempi/impi. Eminyakeni embalwa esele eyasala kuye ngaphambi kokuthi ashaywe yinhlamvu yombulali (1968), waya ngokuya ekhuluma ngokumelene nempi kanye nezempi, ikakhulukazi impi yaseVietnam. Phakathi kwezingcaphuno zami eziyintandokazi ezivela kulo mprofethi nesishoshovu esikhulu, kukhona 'Izimpi zingamashizolo ampofu okudweba ikusasa elinokuthula', kanye 'Siqondise imicibisholo namadoda adukile'. Umkhankaso weNkosi wokulwa nempi ufinyelele umvuthwandaba ngenkulumo yakhe enamandla, enesihloko esithi Ngaphandle kweVietnam, yethulwa eRiverside Church eNew York City ngo-4^th April 1967.

Ngokuklonyeliswa komklomelo kaNobel, wathi, 'omunye umthwalo wemfanelo wabekwa phezu kwami': umklomelo 'kwakuwumsebenzi ... ukusebenza kanzima kunalokho engangingake ngakusebenzela ubuzalwane bomuntu'. Enanela ayekushilo e-Oslo, ukhulume 'ngeziqhwaga ezintathu zokucwasa ngokwebala, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo okwedlulele, kanye nempi'. Mayelana naleli phuzu lokugcina, wathi wayengeke esakwazi ukuthula futhi wabiza uhulumeni wakhe 'umsunguli omkhulu wobudlova emhlabeni namuhla'.[27] Ugxeke 'ukuzikhukhumeza kwaseNtshonalanga okubulalayo osekufake ubuthi emkhathini wamazwe ngamazwe isikhathi eside'. Umlayezo wakhe wawuthi 'impi ayiyona impendulo', futhi 'Isizwe esiqhubeka unyaka nonyaka sichitha imali eningi ekuvikelweni kwezempi kunezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umphakathi sisondela ekufeni ngokomoya'. Wacela 'uguquko lweqiniso lwezindinganiso' olwaludinga ukuthi 'zonke izizwe manje kufanele zibe nokwethembeka okwedlulele esintwini sisonke'.[28]

Kukhona abathi akumane nje kwaqondana nokuthi kwashona unyaka kwashona uML King. Ngenkulumo yakhe emelene nempi eNew York, kanye nokugxeka kwakhe uhulumeni waseMelika 'njengomsunguli omkhulu wodlame' emhlabeni, wayeseqalile umkhankaso wakhe wokubhikisha ngaphandle kodlame ngale kwe-ajenda yamalungelo abantu futhi ngaleyo ndlela wasongela izithakazelo ezinamandla. . Lokhu kwakamuva kungafingqwa kangcono enkulumweni ethi 'inxanxathela yezempi-yezimboni' [MIC], eyaqanjwa uMongameli uDwight D. Eisenhower enkulumweni yakhe yokuvalelisa ngoJanuwari 1961.[29] Kulesi sixwayiso esinesibindi nesiyisiprofetho kuphela, u-Eisenhower wathi 'ibutho elikhulu lezempi kanye nemboni enkulu yezikhali' sekuvele amandla amasha nacashile kwezombusazwe zase-US. Wathi, 'Emikhandlwini kahulumeni, kufanele siqaphele ukutholwa komthelela ongagunyaziwe ... yinhlangano yezempi nezimboni. Amandla okukhuphuka okuyinhlekelele kwamandla abekwe endaweni engafanele akhona futhi asazoqhubeka'. Iqiniso lokuthi uMongameli osewathatha umhlalaphansi wayenesizinda sezempi - wayengujenene wezinkanyezi ezinhlanu ebuthweni laseMelika ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, futhi wasebenza njengoMkhuzi Ophakeme Wokuqala Wezempi Yamazwe Ahlangene eYurophu (NATO) - wenza zonke izixwayiso zakhe. okuphawuleka kakhulu. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulumo yakhe ebuhlungu, u-Eisenhower wayala umphakathi waseMelika ukuthi 'ukukhipha izikhali ... kuyisibopho esiqhubekayo'.

Ukuthi izixwayiso zakhe azizange zilalelwe, nokuthi izingozi azibhekise kuzo ziye zabonakala, kusobala kakhulu namuhla. Abahlaziyi abaningi be-MIC bathi i-US ayenzi kangako babe i-MIC njengoba izwe lonke seliyinto eyodwa.[30] I-MIC manje isihlanganisa neCongress, Academia, Media, kanye nemboni Yezokuzijabulisa, futhi lokhu kwandiswa kwamandla nomthelela kuyinkomba ecacile yokukhula kwezempi komphakathi waseMelika. Ubufakazi obunamandla balokhu buboniswa ngamaqiniso anjengalawa alandelayo:

* IPentagon ingumthengi omkhulu wamandla emhlabeni;

* iPentagon ingumnikazi womhlaba omkhulu wezwe, izibiza ngokuthi 'ngomunye “wabanikazi bezindlu”' abakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, enezisekelo zamasosha eziyi-1,000 kanye nokufakwa kwamanye amazwe emazweni angaphezu kwe-150;

* iPentagon ingumnikazi noma iqashisa ama-75% azo zonke izakhiwo zikahulumeni e-US;

*I-Pentagon iyi-3^rd umxhasi omkhulu wombuso wocwaningo lwenyuvesi e-US (emva kwezempilo, nesayensi).[31]

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izindleko zezikhali zase-US zonyaka zidlula ezamazwe ayishumi noma ayishumi nambili alandelayo ehlangene. Lokhu ngempela, ukucaphuna u-Eisenhower, 'inhlekelele', nobuhlanya, nobuhlanya obuyingozi kakhulu kulokho. Isibopho sokuhoxiswa kwezikhali asibalula sesiphendulwe kwaba okuphambene nakho. Lokhu kuphawuleka nakakhulu lapho umuntu ecabangela ukuthi wayekhuluma ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, lapho ubukhomanisi babubhekwa njengosongo olukhulu e-US kanye nawo wonke umhlaba okhululekile. Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nokuqedwa kweSoviet Union nombuso wayo akuzange kuvimbe ukunwetshwa kwe-MIC, okukhona kwayo manje okuhlanganisa umhlaba wonke.

Ukuthi lokhu okubonwa umhlaba wonke kanjani kwenziwa kwacaca emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwaminyaka yonke luka-2013 'lwe-End of Year' olwenziwe yi-Worldwide Independent Network of Market Research (WIN) kanye ne-Gallup International olwabandakanya abantu abangu-68,000 emazweni angu-65.[32] Ekuphenduleni umbuzo othi, 'Iliphi izwe ocabanga ukuthi liyingozi enkulu ekuthuleni emhlabeni namuhla?', i-US ifike kuqala ngamanani abanzi, yathola u-24% wamavoti. Lokhu kulingana namavoti ahlanganisiwe emazweni amane alandelayo: Pakistan (8%), China (6%), Afghanistan (5%) kanye ne-Iran (5%). Kuyacaca ukuthi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nambili kwethulwa lokho okubizwa nge-'Global war on terror', i-US ibonakala ihlasela izinhliziyo zengxenye enkulu yomhlaba. UMartin Luther King, Jr. Ukuveza isibindi nokugxeka uhulumeni wakhe ngokuthi 'umqaphi omkhulu wodlame emhlabeni namuhla' (1967) manje, cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva, kwahlanganyelwa abantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, kube nokwanda okukhulu ekwandeni kwezibhamu eziphethwe izakhamuzi ngazinye zase-US ezisebenzisa ilungelo lazo (eliphikiswayo) lokuthwala izikhali ngaphansi Kwesichibiyelo Sesibili Somthethosisekelo. Njengoba kunezibhamu ezingu-88 kubantu abayikhulu, leli zwe linenani eliphakeme kakhulu lobunikazi bezibhamu emhlabeni. Isiko lodlame libonakala ligxile kakhulu emphakathini waseMelika namuhla, futhi izehlakalo zika-100/9 ziye zabhebhethekisa inkinga. UMartin Luther King, Jr., umfundi nomlandeli ka-Mahatma Gandhi, ubonise amandla okungabi nodlame ebuholini bakhe obuyimpumelelo benhlangano yamalungelo abantu e-US. I-US idinga kakhulu ukuthola kabusha ifa lakhe njengoba ne-India idinga ukuphinde ithole elikaGandhi. Ngiye ngikhunjuzwe impendulo uGandhi ayinikeza intatheli lapho, phakathi nokuvakashela eNgilandi phakathi nawo-11, ebuzwa ukuthi wayecabangani ngempucuko yasentshonalanga. Impendulo kaGandhi ayikalahlekelwa ukuhambisana kwayo, eminyakeni engama-1930 kamuva, kunalokho. UGandhi waphendula, 'Ngicabanga ukuthi kungaba umqondo omuhle'. Noma ubuqiniso bale ndaba kuphikiswa, buyiqiniso - Se non e vero, futhi ben trovato.

INtshonalanga, kanye nomhlaba wonke, ngempela ingaba impucuzeko enkulu uma impi - 'indawo embi kunazo zonke empucukweni yethu' ngamazwi ka-Andrew Carnegie - yayiqedwa. Lapho esho kanjalo, iHiroshima neNagasaki kwakusengamadolobha aseJapane njengawo wonke amanye. Namuhla, umhlaba wonke usongelwa ukuphikelela kwempi kanye namathuluzi amasha okubhubhisa ewakhiqizile futhi asaqhubeka ukuwathuthukisa. Isisho samaRoma esidala nesidelelekile, si vis pacem, para bellum, kumelwe kuthathelwe indawo isisho esishiwo kokubili uGandhi namaQuaker: Ayikho indlela yokuthula, ukuthula kuyindlela. Umhlaba uthandazela ukuthula, kodwa ukhokhela impi. Uma sifuna ukuthula, kufanele sitshale ngokuthula, futhi lokho kusho ngaphezu kwakho konke emfundweni yokuthula. Kusazobonakala ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu eminyuziyamu yezempi nemibukiso, nasezinhlelweni ezingachazeki ngeMpi Enkulu (njengalokhu okwenzeka manje eBrithani kodwa nakwezinye izindawo), kuyimfundo mayelana nokuvuna ukungabi nabudlova, ukungabulali. , ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Umbono onjalo kuphela ongathethelela izinhlelo zesikhumbuzo ezibanzi (kanye nezimba eqolo).

Izikhumbuzo zeminyaka eyikhulu yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala phakathi neminyaka emine ezayo zinikeza inhlangano yokuthula amathuba amaningi okukhuthaza isiko lokuthula nokungabi nabudlova, okuyodwa, okuzokwazi ukuletha izwe elingenayo impi.

Akekho owenza iphutha elikhulu kunalowo ongenzanga lutho ngoba wenza okuncane nje. -U-Edmund Burke

 

UPeter van den Dungen

Ukusebenzisana ngokuthula, 11^th Inkomfa Yesu Lonyaka, 21-22 February 2014, Cologne-Riehl

Amazwi okuvula

(kubukeziwe, 10^th Mashi 2014)

 

[1] Umbhalo ogcwele wenkulumo uku www.gov.uk/government/speeches/speech-at-imperial-war-museum-on-first-world-war-centenary-plans

[2] Imininingwane egcwele kokuthi www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/world-war-one-centenary.html

[3] Imininingwane egcwele kokuthi www.iwm.org.uk/centenary

[4] 'Ingabe i-1914 isiphelile futhi?', The Independent, 5^th Januwari 2014, p. 24.

[5] Cf. Isandulelo sakhe kuDavid Adesnik, Iminyaka eyi-100 Yomthelela - Izindatshana zeCarnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, DC: CEIP, 2011, p. 5.

[6] Ibid., p. 43.

[7] www.demilitarize.org

[8] Izikhumbuzo zikaBertha von Suttner. Boston: Ginn, 1910, vol. 1, p. 343.

[9] Cf. UCaroline E. Playne, Bertha von Suttner kanye nomzabalazo wokugwema iMpi Yezwe. ELondon: UGeorge Allen no-Unwin, 1936, futhi ikakhulukazi imiqulu emibili eyahlelwa ngu-Alfred H. Fried ihlanganisa amakholomu avamile ezombusazwe ka-von Suttner I-Die Friedens-Warte (1892-1900, 1907-1914) : Der Kampf um die Vermeidung des Weltkriegs. I-Zurich: U-Orell Fuessli, ngo-1917.

[10] I-Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger-ABC-CLIO, 2010. Uhlelo olunwetshiwe nolubuyekeziwe ukuhumusha kwesi-Spanish: Ngokuzithandela kuka-Alfred Nobel: Ingabe udlala indima ebalulekile ku-Premio Nobel de la Paz? Barcelona: Icaria, 2013.

[11] London: William Heinemann, 1910. Le ncwadi ithengise amakhophi angaphezu kwesigidi, futhi yahunyushelwa ezilimini ezingama-25. Izinguqulo zesiJalimane zavela ngaphansi kwezihloko Kufa Taeuschung (Leipzig, 1911) kanye Die falsche Rechnung (Berlin, 1913).

[12] Bheka, isibonelo, uPaul Fussell, Impi Enkulu kanye Nenkumbulo Yesimanje. ENew York: Oxford University Press, 1975, amakhasi 12-13.

[13] UJohann von Bloch, Der Krieg. Uebersetzung des russischen Werkes des Autors: Der zukuenftige Krieg in seiner technischen, volkswirthschaftlichen und politischen Bedeutung. Berlin: Puttkammer & Muehlbrecht, 1899, vol. 1, p. XV. NgesiNgisi, kwavela uhlelo olufinyeziwe lwevolumu eyodwa kuphela, olunesihloko esihlukene Is Impi Ayinakwenzeka Manje? (1899), Izikhali Zanamuhla Nempi Yesimanje (1900), kanye Ikusasa Lempi (US eds.).

[14] London: Cassell, 1943. Incwadi yashicilelwa ngesiJalimane eStockholm ngo-1944 njenge Die Welt von Gestern: Erinnerungen eines Europaers.

[15] ENew York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

[16] Helmut Donat & Karl Holl, ed., Die Friedensbewegung. Umhleli we-Pazifismus in Deutschland, Oesterreich und in der Schweiz. Duesseldorf: ECON Taschenbuchverlag, Hermes Handlexikon, 1983, p. 14.

[17] Ibid.

[18] www.akhf.de. Inhlangano yasungulwa ngo-1984.

[19] Ukuze uthole umlando omfushane kaPaasche, bheka okubhalwe nguHelmut Donat kuHarold Josephson, ed., Isichazamazwi Sempilo Yabaholi Besimanje Bokuthula. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985, amakhasi 721-722. Bheka nokungena kwakhe I-Die Friedensbewegung, op. cit., amakhasi 297-298.

[20] www.carnegieherofunds.org

[21] www.nonkilling.org

[22] Umbhalo washicilelwa okokuqala ngo Ithebula Elisha (New York), vol. 3, no. 4, April 1936, amakhasi 15-30, enemifanekiso kaGeorge Grosz, u-Otto Dix, nabanye abadwebi bezithombe abamelene nempi.

[23] I-Die Barbarisierung der Luft. Berlin: Verlag der Friedens-Warte, 1912. Okuwukuphela kokuhumusha ngelesiJapane, okushicilelwe muva nje ngesikhathi se-essay's 100.^th isikhumbuzo: u-Osamu Itoigawa noMitsuo Nakamura, 'Bertha von Suttner: “Die Barbarisierung der Luft”', amakhasi 93-113 The Journal of Aichi Gakuin University - Humanities and Sciences (Nagoya), vol. 60, no. 3, 2013.

[24] Ukuze uthole umbhalo ogcwele bheka iNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe, Incwadi Yonyaka ka-1995-1996. I-Hague: ICJ, 1996, amakhasi 212-223, noVed P. Nanda noDavid Krieger, Izikhali Zenuzi kanye Nenkantolo Yomhlaba. Ardsley, New York: Abashicileli Bezizwe Ngezizwe, 1998, amakhasi 191-225.

[25] Isitatimende esigcwele sabezindaba, esikhishwe nguMnyango Wezangaphandle eVienna ngomhlaka 13^th February 2014, ingatholakala ku www.abolition2000.org/?p=3188

[26] Martin Luther King, 'The Quest for Peace and Justice, pp. 246-259 in Les Prix Nobel ngo-1964. Stockholm: Impr. I-Royale PA Norstedt yeNobel Foundation, ngo-1965, ekhasini. 247. Cf. futhi www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-lecture.html

[27] Clayborne Carson, ed., I-Autobiography kaMartin Luther King, Jr. London: Abacus, 2000. Bona ikakhulukazi ch. 30, 'Ngaphesheya kweVietnam', amakhasi 333-345, p. 338. Mayelana nokubaluleka kwale nkulumo, bheka futhi noCoretta Scott King, Impilo yami noMartin Luther King, Jr. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970, ch. 16, amakhasi 303-316.

[28] Autobiography, P. 341.

[29] www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/Reading_Copy.pdf

[30] Bheka, isibonelo, u-Nick Turse, I-Complex: Indlela Amasosha Ahlasela Ngayo Ukuphila Kwethu Kwansuku Zonke. London: Faber & Faber, 2009.

[31] Ibid., amakhasi 35-51.

[32] www.wingia.com/web/files/services/33/file/33.pdf?1394206482