NguJoseph Essertier, Matshi 4, 2008, ukusuka Zoom eKorea.
Kwasekuseni ngoLwesihlanu, nge-23 kaFebruwari, iingcali ezimbini zaseJapan, uKatsurada Satoshi (56) kunye noKawamura Yoshinori (46), bagqitha kwikomkhulu loMbutho Jikelele Wabahlali baseKorea eTokyo bayidubula ngemipu. UKatsurada waye waqhuba, kwaye uKawamura wadubula. Ngethamsanqa, iimbumbulu zabetha esangweni, kwaye akukho mntu wenzakalayo.
Ukuba nabani na wenzakele okanye wabulawa, ngebengamalungu oMbutho, uninzi lwabo bangabanini beepasipoti zangaphandle, ubuncinci ephepheni, umntu unokuthi esi yayisisiganeko samanye amazwe. Umbutho ubiziwe Chongryon ngesiKorea. Ifumana inkxaso yezemali kurhulumente wase-North Korea, kwaye njenge-embassy, ikhuthaza umdla kurhulumente kunye nabase-North Korea. Kodwa ikwasebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisana kubemi baseKorea, bobabini abaseMantla nase Mzantsi, ukunxibelelana, ukwakha ubuhlobo, ukuthelekisa amanqaku, ukubandakanyeka ekuncedaneni, kunye nokugcina ilifa labo lenkcubeko. Isiqingatha samalungu kuphela singabanini bamapasi baseNyakatho Korea. Esinye isiqingatha sinamapasi aseMzantsi Korea okanye amaJapan.
Nangona kungekho mntu wenzakeleyo emzimbeni, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo amanye amalungu kunye nabangengawo amalungu amaKorea kulo lonke elaseJapan nakwihlabathi liphela ngokuqinisekileyo baye benzakala kwinqanaba leemvakalelo okanye zengqondo. Cinga ngexesha. Kwenzekile kwiveki enye phambi kuka-Matshi 1, umhla xa, kwiminyaka engama-99 ngaphambili, amaKorea aqala umzabalazo wenkululeko kulawulo lwaseJapan. Umzabalazo onamandla wenkululeko kulawulo lwangaphandle waqala ngalo mhla ngo-1919 kwaye uyaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Umhla wokudubula, nge-23 kaFebruwari, wawukwi-Olimpiki yasePyeongchang kunye ne-Olimpiki yaseTruce kwiPeninsula yaseKorea xa iWashington neSeoul bema kancinci "kwimikhosi yabo yomkhosi" (okt, imidlalo yemfazwe) eyilelwe ukoyikisa urhulumente nabantu Ikhoriya eseMantla. Kwakungexesha apho abantu kwihlabathi liphela bajoyina amaKorea ukuvuyisa iimbaleki ezivela kuMantla nase Mzantsi Korea kunye nelitha elincinane lokukhanya langena kubomi bamaKorea nabanye baseNyakatho-mpuma yeAsia — ukukhanya kokukhanya okunika ithemba kubantu abathanda uxolo. kwihlabathi liphela ngolunye usuku, mhlawumbi nakulo nyaka, uxolo kwiPeninsula lunokufezekiswa.
Ukudutyulwa ngabanqolobi kwesi sakhiwo kuphakamisa ubundlobongela bexesha elizayo kunye nelahleko yobomi baseKorea abamsulwa-ubomi babemi baseKorea abakude neKorea, abanye babo ngamaJapan ngokwesiko nabazali babo bazalelwa kwaye bakhulela eJapan. Hayi indlela olwaluligwala ngayo olo hlaselo — ukudubula umpu kwindawo yokuhlanganisana engenabundlobongela yabantu abathobela umthetho kwiqela elincinci, uninzi lwabo oluyinzala yabantu ababethinjwe bubukhosi baseJapan. Ngayo yonke le nto engqondweni-ukudubula ngokucacileyo kujolise ekuphazamiseni uxolo abantu baseKorea nabantu abathanda uxolo kwihlabathi liphela abalulangazelelayo nabaluzabalazelayo-kubuhlungu ngokwenene ukuba iingxelo zosasazo, ngesiNgesi naseJapan, ngesi siganeko sibalulekileyo ngokucothayo ukuza kancinci kwaye bambalwa ngenani.
Amakhulu amawaka amaKorea eze kuhlala eJapan
Abemi baseKorea eJapan bahlala bebizwa ngokuba UZainichi Kankoku Chosenjin ngesiJapan, okanye UZainichi ngamafutshane, kwaye maxa wambi ngesiNgesi kuthiwa “Zainichi Koreans.” Uqikelelo olulondolozayo lwenani lilonke lamaZainichi Koreans kwi2016 yayiyi-330,537 (299,488 baseKorea baseKorea kunye nama-31,049 amaKorea angenakubalwa). Phakathi kowe-1952 nowama-2016, amaKorea angama-365,530 afumana ubumi baseJapan, nokuba kungokwemvelo okanye ngomgaqo jus sanguinis okanye "ilungelo legazi," okt, ngokuba nomzali omnye ngokusemthethweni-waseJapan. Nokuba banabemi baseJapan, abaseMzantsi Korea, okanye abemi baseNyakatho Korea, okanye ngenene abanakubalwa, inani lilonke lamaKorea ahlala eJapan limalunga ne-700,000.
Uluntu lwaseZainichi lwaseKorea namhlanje belungacingeki ngaphandle kobundlobongela base-Japan (1868-1947). IJapan yathatha ulawulo lweKorea isuka eChina kwimfazwe yokuqala ye-Sino-Japan (1894-95). Kwi-1910 yathimba ngokupheleleyo iKorea. Ekugqibeleni yajika ilizwe laba yikholoni apho yakhupha khona ubutyebi obukhulu. AmaKorea amaninzi eza eJapan ngokuthe ngqo njengesiphumo sobukhosi baseKorea; ezinye zeza njengesiphumo esingathanga ngqo kuyo. Inani elibalulekileyo kwasekuqaleni lafika ngokuzithandela ukuzalisekisa iimfuno zaseJapan ezikhawulezayo zabasebenzi, kodwa emva kwesigameko seManchurian sowe-1931, inani elikhulu lamaKorea kwanyanzeleka ukuba basebenze eJapan njengabasebenzi ababhalisiweyo kwimveliso, ekwakheni nasezimayini. (Jonga u-Youngmi Lim "Amacala amabini oPhulo lwaseKorea lwaseJapan")
Ngexesha lokoyiswa kobukhosi kwi-1945, bekukho izigidi ezibini zaseKorea eJapan. Uninzi lwabo babenyanzelwe ukuba basebenze eJapan kwaye ngandlela thile bakwazile ukusinda kubunzima babuyela eKorea, kodwa abantu abangama-600,000 bakhetha ukuhlala. Ngaphandle kwesiphoso sabo, ilizwe labo lalikwingxwabangxwaba, lingazinzanga, kwaye ukwenziwa kwemfazwe yamakhaya eyingozi kwabonakala. Kwakuloo nyaka, i-1945, indawo esemazantsi ePeninsula yaseKorea yayiphantsi komkhosi wase-United States, kwaye umntla wawulawulwa ngu-Kim Il-sung (1912-1994), omnye weenjengele ezazikhokelene nokuchasa amaJapan. iikholoniyali emfazweni onamandla wabanqolobi kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu.
Iikholoniyali zaseJapan zavula ilizwe labo laseManchukuo eManchuria ngoMatshi 1, 1932-benolwazi olupheleleyo ngentsingiselo kaMatshi 1 kumaKorea kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo nangona kunjalo. Ngelo xesha, umbutho wenkululeko wawubizwa ngokuba yi "Matshi 1 Movement" (Sam-il ngesiKorea. Igama elithi “Sam” lithetha “abathathu” yaye “il” lithetha “inye.” San-ichi ngesiJapan). Olu suku lukhutshwe amatyeli amaninzi kwimbali. Umzekelo, Inkulumbuso yaseJapan uShinzo Abe wakhetha uMatshi 1, 2007 ukuba enze ibango lakhe elihlazo nelibubudenge lokuba "akukho bungqina" bokuba abafazi baseKorea "babanjwa ngenkani" njengamabhinqa athuthuzelayo, okt, amakhoboka ezesondo emkhosini waseJapan. Ngexesha leMfazwe. (Jonga iSahluko 2 seBruce Cumings ' Imfazwe yaseKorea: Imbali).
Kanye njengokuba inkcaso yaseFrance (okt, "iLaesesistance") yayikukulwa iJamani namaNazi eJamani kunye neqela elalisebenzisana nayo, ubundlobongela baseKorea yayikukulwa nabakholoniyali baseJapan kunye nabo babesebenzisana nabo. Kodwa ngelixa ubundlobongela baseFrance bubhiyozelwe eNtshona, ukunganyaniseki kwaseKorea kuye kwahoywa.
Ngethuba leminyaka yokuthwalwa kwamazantsi e-United States emkhosini wase-Korea (USAMGIK, 1945 - 1948), urhulumente omtsha wasemantla wayenandipha inkxaso enkulu phakathi kwamaKorea kwilizwe liphela ukusukela oko wayekhokelwa nguzwilakhe owayethembise ngesidima kunye nekamva elinobuntu kuluntu olungenahlelo, nolulinganayo. Ngelishwa, yaxhaswa yiSoviet Union kunye noJoseph Stalin (1878-1953), uzwilakhe okhohlakeleyo. I-US yayihlala eJapan naseMzantsi Korea, kodwa yiJapan kuphela eyayikhululekile. Idemokhrasi encinci yayivunyelwe ukuba ingcambu apho. EMzantsi Korea, kwelinye icala, i-US yakha uzwilakhe u-Syngman Rhee kwaye yaqinisekisa ukuba iyabuphumelela ubumongameli ngonyulo olwaluqhutywa ngo-1948. Wayedumile kubantu abaninzi abakumgangatho ophezulu, uninzi lwabo lwalusebenzisana Ubukhosi baseJapan, kodwa wayecatshukelwa kwaye engathembekanga sisininzi samaKorea. (Kwimeko yaseJapan, ulawulo lwelizwe aluzange lubuyiselwe ezandleni zaseJapan de kwaba ngo-1952, kodwa oku kwakungekho simahla. Urhulumente omtsha waseJapan kwafuneka aginye ipilisi ekrakra. Kwakufuneka bavumelane "noxolo olwahlukileyo" IWashington yamisa, "uxolo" apho iJapan yathintelwa ekusayineni izivumelwano zoxolo noMzantsi Korea ne China. IJapan ayikhange ilungelelanise ubudlelwane noMzantsi Korea kude kube ngo-1965.)
I-US ivimbe uxolo phakathi kwe-South Korea ne-Japan, ikhokele emfazweni ukuxhasa ubuzwilakhe obubi e-South Korea, kwaye yaqhubeka nokuxhasa uthotho lozwilakhe kangangeshumi leminyaka de ama-Korea ase Korea abuya nolawulo kweli lizwe ngohlaziyo lwentando yesininzi. ISouth Korea ibilawulwa yiWashington kangangeminyaka engama-73 ngoku, kwaye ulawulo lwangaphandle luthintele uxolo kwiPeninsula yaseKorea. Yiyo loo nto umntu enokuthi uZainichi Koreans eJapan namhlanje ubukhulu becala ngamaxhoba esiqingatha senkulungwane sobukoloniyali baseJapan kunye neminyaka engama-73 yolawulo lwaseMelika. Ngamanye amaxesha ulawulo belugqithile, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha belusemva-kwezibuko, kodwa belusoloko lukhona, luthintela isisombululo semfazwe yamakhaya. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba abantu baseMelika kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba kwingxaki yamaZainichi Koreans.
Ukukhunjulwa kwentshukumo yo-Matshi 1
NgoMgqibelo, nge-24 kaFebruwari, eTokyo, ndaya kumnyhadala wokufundisa ngorhatya kukhunjulwa isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-99 yentshukumo kaMatshi woku-1. Kwakukho iintetho ezimbini-enye yintatheli kwaye enye yintshatsheli yase-Korea yase-Korea-malunga nemeko e-South Korea namhlanje. (Ulwazi malunga nalo msitho luyafumaneka Apha ngesiJapan).
Kwigumbi elihlala i-150, bekukho abantu abangama-200 abakhoyo. UHanda Shigeru, intatheli yaseJapan ebhale inani leencwadi ngesiJapan malunga nokomelela eJapan, kubandakanya nelinye elinelungelo Ngaba iJapan iya kuba neMfazwe? Ilungelo lokuzikhusela ngokudibeneyo kunye noMkhosi woKhuselo (Nihon wa senso wo suru no ka: shudanteki jiei ken to jieitai, Iwanami, 2014) uthethe kuqala. Isifundo sakhe sasijolise ikakhulu kwindlela urhulumente waseJapan awakha ngayo umkhosi onamandla kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo, egqibezela ngezixhobo zobuchwephesha zakutshanje, kubandakanya inqwelomoya ezine zeAWACS, iiF2s, iinqwelomoya zomkhosi osprey, kunye neelori zemithwalo ze-M35. Ezi ziindidi zezixhobo ezihlaselayo ezinokusetyenziselwa ukuhlasela amanye amazwe. Ngokukhawuleza iJapan iya kuthi, ngokuka Mnu. Handa, iinqwelo moya ezibalekayo kunye ne Aegis abonakalisi. Oku ngakumbi ngabatshabalalisi be-Aegis kunalo naliphi na ilizwe ngaphandle kwe-US.
I-Japan ine-Patriot PAC-3 yeenkqubo zokhuselo lomoya, kodwa uHanda ucacisile ukuba ezi nkqubo azinakukhusela ngokufanelekileyo iJapan kwimijukujelwa engenayo kuba ifakwe kwiindawo ezili-14 kulo lonke elaseJapan kwaye inkqubo nganye ilayishwe ngemijukujelwa eyi-16. Nje ukuba loo mijukujelwa isetyenzisiwe, akusekho khuselo kuloo ndawo. Wachaza ukuba iNorth Korea ivelise i-nukes kuphela ukuzikhusela, ngokulandela imfundiso ye-MAD (ukutshatyalaliswa ngokuqinisekileyo) -imbono yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ngumbuso ohlaselayo kuya kubangela ukutshabalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kombuso ohlaselayo kunye Ukhusela ilizwe- ngamanye amagama, "ungandibulala, kodwa ukuba uyakwenza oko, uza kufa,".
Esinye isifundo sanikwa itshantliziyo laseMzantsi Korea, uHan Chung-mok. Uphuma kwi-Korea Alliance ye-Progressive Movements (KAPM), umanyano lwamaqela angama-220 aqhubela phambili eMzantsi Korea, kubandakanya abasebenzi, amafama, abasetyhini kunye nabafundi, abafuna uxolo kwiPeninsula yaseKorea.
I-KAPM inyanzelise ukuphela kwayo yonke imikhosi yokulwa eyothusayo yokudambisa uxinzelelo kwiPeninsula kunye nabameli base-US-North Korea kunye nengxoxo yase-North-South.
U-Han uchaze ukubaluleka kwe UkuKhanya kweKhandlela oko kwakhokelela ekususweni komongameli owayengathandwa kunyaka ophelileyo. Kwi magama kaMongameli waseMzantsi Korea uMoon Jae-in, "Iintlanganiso ezinkulu ezithathe inxaxheba kubantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-17 azenzanga zenzo zobundlobongela okanye ukubamba kwasekuqaleni ukuya esiphelweni." Esi sisithathu esimangalisayo sabemi boMzantsi Korea. "I-Olimpiki yoXolo" eqhubayo ngoku ibingenakufezekiswa ngaphandle kokususwa kwePark Geun-hye, ngokwembono kaHan.
UHan ugxininise ukuba iNorth Korea lilizwe elincinci kakhulu-linabemi abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-25-kodwa ijikelezwe ngamazwe amakhulu anezomkhosi ezinamandla. (Ngokumalunga nenkcitho yokhuselo, i-China yiNombolo yesi-2, iRussia yiNombolo yesi-3, iJapan iliNombolo yesi-8, kwaye iSouth Korea iliNombolo ye-10 emhlabeni. Ngaba iNkokeli ePhakamileyo uTrump uya kuzibophelela kulwaphulo-mthetho oluPhezulu lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (Counterpunch.) Ngelixa i-North Korea ifumene i-nuky ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwayo, le nto ifunyenweyo ikhokelele kwisoyikiso, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuhlaselo lwaseMelika.
U-Han uchaze into awayibiza ngokuba yi "Peace Olympics." Ukrwelele umzuzu xa iinyembezi zizehlela kuKim Yong Nam, oneminyaka engama-90 ubudala oyintloko yelizwe lase-Korea, kunye nefuthe elinamandla elibe nalo kumaKorea.
Uye wathi abantu abaninzi abavela eNyakatho Korea babecula kwaye benenyembezi emehlweni abo ngelixa bevuya Umanyano iqela labafazi ice hockey. Amawaka ambalwa amaKorea athanda uxolo nabantu abavela kwihlabathi liphela bahlanganisene kwisakhiwo esikufutshane nebala lezemidlalo, bangana kwaye bavuya njengoko babebukele umdlalo ngevidiyo yevidiyo.
U-Han wathi i-Candlelight Revolution ivelise umzuzu okhethekileyo kwimbali ekufuneka "zikhanyise amakhandlela". Omnye wemibuzo ephambili yindlela yokoyisa ikholoniyutha efihlakeleyo yi-United States. AbaseMzantsi Korea nabaseJapan, utshilo, kufuneka bacinge malunga nendlela abafuna ukuyithatha: ukunamathela eMelika okanye ukuthatha enye indlela entsha. Ukusuka kwinani labantu abakhwankqisayo okanye abahleka phambi kokuba amazwi kaMnu Han atolikwe ngesiJapan, ndicinga ukuba abaphulaphuli bebengama-10 okanye ama-20 eepesenti iilwimi ezimbini uZainichi Koreans, kodwa uninzi lwalubonakala ngathi luthetha ulwimi olunye eJapan, uninzi okanye uninzi onokuba nelifa lemveli lookhokho baseKorea okanye inkcubeko.
Abaphembeleli boxolo baseMzantsi Korea baceba usuku olukhulu loqhanqalazo olunoxolo ngomhla we-15 ka-Agasti, umhla apho i-Korea yakhululeka kulawulo lwe-Japan ngo-1945. (Ngomhla woku-1 ku-Matshi kunyaka ozayo iyakuba sisikhumbuzo seminyaka elikhulu sentshukumo yo-Matshi 1).
U-Han uvale ngelithi, "Uxolo lwaseKorea luxolo lwe-Mpuma ye-Asiya. Idemokhrasi yaseJapan iya kunxibelelana nombutho woxolo eKorea. Ndijonge ukusokola kunye. ”
Uhambo lwe-Matshi 1 lwalukhona isikhumbuzo ngurhulumente waseMzantsi Korea okokuqala kwiHolo leMbali yaseJeleseemun eSeoul. Ngo-Matshi wokuqala, ngo-1919, iqela labaphembeleli baseKorea babhengeza esidlangalaleni inkululeko yelizwe-ngokungafaniyo neSibhengezo senkululeko saseMelika. Kwiinyanga ezilandela isibhengezo, umntu omnye kwabalishumi baseKorea uthathe inxaxheba kwi uthotho loqhankqalazo olungenabundlobongela ngokuchasene neJapan yobukoloniyali.
Kwisikhumbuzo, uMongameli uMoon wabhengeza umba wobukhoboka baseJapan babasetyhini baseKorea “kungekapheli,” ephikisana nalowo wamandulela iPark Geun-hye ngoDisemba ka-2015 isivumelwano kunye neTokyo ukusombulula "ingxaki ekugqibeleni". Esi sivumelwano senziwa ngaphandle kwegalelo lamaxhoba obukhoboka bezesondo eJapan eMzantsi Korea nangokuchasene neminqweno yesininzi sabantu. Ubukhosi baseJapan benziwa amakhoboka amashumi amawaka amabhinqa aseKorea kunye nabasetyhini abangama-400,000 kubo bonke uBukhosi "kwizikhululo zokuthuthuzela," apho badlwengulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo imihla ngemihla yimikhosi. (Jonga incwadi entsha kaQiu Peipei AbaseTshayina Abathuthuzela Abasetyhini: Ubungqina obuvela kumaKhoboka eSini aseJapan ase-Imperial, Oxford UP)
Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesibhozo kweyoKwindla eTokyo
Njengamanyathelo amaninzi okukhuthaza uxolo eMelika ngeveki ka Matshi 15-22, kuyakubakho isenzo esingxamisekileyo "soxolo" eTokyo ngeCawa, nge-18 ka-Matshi nge-2 PM phambi kweNdlu yoZakuzo yase-US. Ebizwa ngokuba "sisenzo esingxamisekileyo sokuchasa imikhosi edibeneyo yase-US-South Korea," icwangcisiwe ukubonisa inkcaso ngokuchasene:
- Imfazwe yase-US-South Korea yemfazwe kwiPeninsula
- Imidlalo yemfazwe yase-US-Japan, enje nge umthambo wokufika emanzini kunxweme olusemazantsi eCalifornia ngoFebruwari 7 kunye Ukujongana nokuzilolonga eMantla oko kwaqala ngoFebruwari 14 eGuam
- Nayiphi na imidlalo yemfazwe elungiselela uhlaselo lweNyakatho Korea;
- Ukwakhiwa kwesiseko esitsha eHenoko, eOkinawa;
- Ukwandiswa kuka-Abe kwe "Imikhosi yokuzikhusela" yaseJapan ngokuthetha "ngesoyikiso" esivela eNyakatho Korea; kwaye
- IJapan, i-US, kunye nezohlwayo zoMzantsi Korea kunye "noxinzelelo oluphezulu" kwiNyakatho Korea.
Intshukumo iya kufuna kwakhona:
- Iintetho ngqo phakathi kwe-US ne North Korea;
- Ukutyikitywa kwesivumelwano soxolo sokuphelisa iMfazwe yaseKorea;
- Ingxoxo yaseMantla-Mzantsi kunye nokudibana kwakhona okuzimeleyo kunye noxolo; kwaye
- Ukuqheleka kobudlelwane phakathi kweTokyo nePyongyang.
Iqela eliququzelelayo lizibiza ngokuba yi "Beikan godo gunji enshu hantai 3.18 kinkyu kodo jikko iinkai" (IKomiti eLawulayo yeZenzo eziNgxamisekileyo ngomhla we-18 kweyoKwindla ngokuchasene neMithambo yezoMkhosi eManyeneyo yase-US-South Korea). Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, bona Apha (NgesiJapan).
Ngaba okusesikweni Kokwenene Kuya Kulungiswa?
Nangona kungekho mntu wonzakeleyo ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa yokudubula ngoFebruwari 23 kwikomkhulu laseChongryon, isiganeko ngalo mzuzu kubudlelwane base-US-North Korea- xa uxolo kwiPeninsula lwalusondele kwikona kwaye embindini we "Olimpiki zoxolo. ”Kunye neveki phambi kwesikhumbuzo soMbutho we-Matshi 1 - sisisongelo sobundlobongela obujoliswe kubantu abaqhelekileyo, abanoxolo baseZainichi Koreans, abajamelene nocalucalulo olunzima eJapan. Isisongelo sobundlobongela obujoliswe kumaKorea kuyo yonke indawo. Ngale ndlela, ayisiyonyani ukubiza isenzo "sobunqolobi". Ngokuqinisekileyo kufanele ukuba yabetha uloyiko ezintliziyweni zabantu abaninzi, kwanamaJapan amaninzi, ahlala kwilizwe apho ukudubula kunqabile kakhulu.
Amapolisa aseJapan awusingatha njani lo msitho uza kuba neziphumo kwikamva lokhuseleko loluntu eJapan kunye nobudlelwane bamanye amazwe e-Northeast Asia. Ngaba baya kwenza umboniso wobuxoki xa bejonga i-vigilantes becinga ukoyikisa uZainichi Koreans ukuba angenise cwaka? Okanye ngaba baya kuzisa ubulungisa bokwenyani, bafune aba bantu bahamba nabo, babhence amacebo abo obundlobongela, kwaye bathumele umyalezo kwihlabathi ukuba uluntu lwaseJapan lubambe uxolo lwasekhaya kwaye amalungelo abantu abambalwa aya kuhlonitshwa? Masingahlali silinde impendulo phambi koomabonakude kunye nezikrini zekhompyuter kodwa endaweni yoko sakhe uxinzelelo lwamazwe aphesheya ngokuchasene nolo hlaselo ukuze abagrogrisi bangomso bacinge kabini malunga nokubhenela kugonyamelo lwezixhobo ukunqanda abenzi boxolo ukuba benze uxolo.
Ndiyabulela kakhulu kuStephen Brivati ngezimvo, iziphakamiso kunye nokuhlela.
Joseph Essertier Unjingalwazi onxulumene naye kwiNagoya Institute of Technology uphando lwayo lujolise kuncwadi lwaseJapan nakwimbali. Iminyaka emininzi ebesebenza nemibutho yoxolo yaseJapan kwaye ekubhaleni kwakhe kutshanje kugxile kwimpumelelo yemibutho kunye nemfuno yokusebenzisana kwilizwe liphela ekusombululeni ukungavisisani kwengingqi ye-East Asia.
