Imfazwe Yebini Yeyona Yayiyiyo Imfazwe Yodwa

NguDavid Swanson

Ukugqitywa kwincwadi ekhutshwe nje Imfazwe ayisoze yaphela.

Imfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe elungileyo," kwaye ibisoloko isenzeka emfazweni e-US eVietnam. IMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi iphembelela kakhulu i-US kwaye ke ngoko ulonwabo kunye nemfundo yaseNtshona, kangangokuba "ukulunga" kuhlala kuthetha into engaphezulu kokuthi "ulungile." Ophumeleleyo kukhuphiswano lobuhle luka "Miss Italy" ebutsheni balo nyaka wazifaka kwihlazo ngokubhengeza ukuba angathanda ukuhlala kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Ngelixa wayegculelwa, ngokucacileyo wayengeyedwa. Uninzi lungathanda ukuba yinxalenye yento ebonakaliswe ngokubanzi njengezukileyo, ubuqhawe, kunye nenomdla. Ukuba ngenene banokufumana umatshini wexesha, ndincoma ukuba bafunde iingxelo zabanye amagqala eWWII kunye nabasindileyo ngaphambi kokuba babuyele ukujoyina ulonwabo.[i] Nangona kunjalo, ngenjongo yale ncwadi, ke, ndiza kujonga kuphela kwibango lokuba i-WWII ilungile.

Nokuba uneminyaka emingaphi umntu ebhala iincwadi, esenza udliwanondlebe, epapasha iikholamu, kwaye ethetha kwiminyhadala, kuhlala kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuyenza umnyango wesiganeko eUnited States apho ukhuthaze ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kungekho mntu ukubethileyo. umbuzo malunga nemfazwe. Le nkolelo yokuba bekukho imfazwe elungileyo kwiminyaka engama-75 eyadlulayo yinxalenye enkulu yento ebangela ukuba uluntu lwase-US lunyamezele ukulahla i-trillion zeedola ngonyaka ukulungiselela ukuba kunokwenzeka kubekho umlo olungileyo kunyaka olandelayo,[ii] nkqu ebusweni beemfazwe ezininzi ngexesha leminyaka edlulileyo ye-70 apho kukho ukuvumelana ngokubanzi ukuba ayilunganga. Ngaphandle kobutyebi obusisityebi, obusekwe kakuhle malunga neMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, ipropaganda yangoku malunga neRussia okanye iSyria okanye i-Iraq okanye i-China ingavakala iphambene kuninzi lwabantu njengoko kuvakala kum. Ewe kunjalo, inkxaso-mali eveliswe lilivo leMfazwe elungileyo ikhokelela kwiimfazwe ezimbi ngakumbi, kunokuba uzithintele. Ndibhalile ngesi sihloko kubude obukhulu kumanqaku amaninzi nakwiincwadi, ngakumbi Imfazwe Lixoki.[iii] Kodwa ndiza kunika apha amanqaku aphambili ekufuneka okungenani abeke iimbewu ezimbalwa zokuthandabuza ezingqondweni zabaxhasi abaninzi baseMelika beWWII njengeMfazwe eyiyo.

UMark Allman kunye noTobbias Winright, ababhali “beMfazwe nje” abaxoxwe kwizahluko ezidlulileyo, abekho kuluhlu lweeMfazwe nje, kodwa bayathetha ngokudlulisa izinto ezininzi ezingekho sikweni kwindima ye-US kwi-WWII, kubandakanya ne-US ne-UK imizamo. Sula abantu bezixeko zaseJamani[iv] kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokunikezela ngokungenamthetho.[v] Nangona kunjalo, bacebisa ukuba banokholo lokuba le nto imfazwe yenzeke ngokufanelekileyo, iqhutywe ngokungafanelekanga, kwaye ilandelwe ngokuchanekileyo ngokusebenzisa iSicwangciso seMarshall, njl.[vi] Andiqinisekanga ngendima yaseJamani njengombutho wemikhosi yase-US, izixhobo, kunye nezikhululo zonxibelelwano, kwaye njengomdibaniseli kwiimfazwe zase-US ezingekho sikweni kule minyaka idityanisiweyo kubalo.

Nazi izinto endizicingayo njengezona zizathu ziphambili ze-12 Imfazwe elungileyo eyayingalunganga / elungileyo.

1. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayengenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngaphandle kobudenge bokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kunye nokuba yinkinga yokuphelisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyabangela abaninzi abantu abazilumko ukuba baxelele iMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwindawo okanye ngaphandle kwe-Wall Street. yamaJamani amaNazi iminyaka emininzi (njengenqununu kumakhomanisi), okanye ngaphandle kohlanga lwengalo kunye nezigqibo ezininzi ezimbi ezingafuneki ukuphindaphinda kwixesha elizayo.

2. Urhulumente wase-US khange abethwe ngohlaselo olungalindelekanga. UMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wathembisa uChurchill ethe cwaka ukuba i-United States izakusebenza nzima ukukhuthaza iJapan ukuba ihlasele. I-FDR yazi ukuba uhlaselo luza, kwaye ekuqaleni yayila isibhengezo semfazwe ngokuchasene neJamani neJapan ngorhatya lwePearl Harbour. Phambi kwePearl Harbour, i-FDR yayakhe iziseko e-US nakwiilwandle ezininzi, zathengisa izixhobo kwi-Brits yeziseko, yaqala uyilo, yenza uluhlu lwabo bonke abantu base-Japan baseMelika elizweni, babonelela ngeenqwelomoya, abaqeqeshi, kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuya e China , Wabeka isohlwayo esiqatha eJapan, kwaye wacebisa umkhosi wase-US ukuba imfazwe neJapan iyaqala. Uxelele abacebisi bakhe abaphezulu ukuba ulindele uhlaselo nge-1 Disemba, eyayiziintsuku ezintandathu zokuphumla. Nanku ungeno kwidayari kaNobhala Wezomkhosi uHenry Stimson emva kwentlanganiso kaNovemba 25, 1941, yeWhite House: “UMongameli wathi amaJapan ayedume ngokwenza uhlaselo ngaphandle kwesixwayiso kwaye wathi sinokuhlaselwa, yithi ngoMvulo olandelayo, umzekelo. ”

3. Imfazwe yayingekho yoluntu kwaye yayingathengiswa ngolu hlobo de emva kokuba iphelile. Kwakungabikho poster ekucela ukuba uncede uMalume Sam ugcine amaYuda. Inqanawa yababaleki bamaYuda esuka eJamani yaxoshwa eMiami ngabaLondolozi baseNxweme. I-US kunye nezinye iintlanga zenqwenela ukuwamkela ababaleki bamaYuda, kwaye uninzi lwabantu base-US beluxhaswa eso sikhundla. Amaqela oxolo ababuza uNdunankulu uWinston Churchill kunye nobhala wakhe wangaphandle malunga nokuthumela amaYuda avela eJamani ukuba bawasindise baxelelwa ukuba, ngoxa uHitler angavumelana kakhulu nesicwangciso, kuya kuba yinkathazo enkulu kwaye ifuna iinqanawa ezininzi. I-US ayifumananga nomsebenzi wamapolisa okanye umkhosi ukugcina amaxhoba kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo zamaNazi. U-Anne Frank wayenqatshelwe i-visa yase-US. Nangona le ngongoma ayinanto enxulumene nesiganeko esibalulekileyo sengxelo ye-WWII njengemfazwe eyiyo nje, yinto ephambili kwiintetho ze-US ukuba ndiya kubandakanya apha isicatshulwa esivela kuNicholson Baker:

"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala ongaphandle waseBrithani, owayesetyenzwe nguChurchill ngokuphendula imibuzo malunga nababaleki, wathandana ngokugqithiseleyo ngenye yeendwendwe ezibalulekileyo, esithi yonke into eyenza ukukhululwa kwamaYuda esuka eHitler yayingenakwenzeka. Uhambo oluya eUnited States, i-Eden yatsho ngokucacileyo ukuba uCordell Hull, unobhala wombuso, ukuba ubunzima bokubuza uHitler kumaYuda kukuba 'uHitler unokusithatha naluphi na umnikelo, kwaye akukho nje kunye neendlela zokuthutha ehlabathini ukuze ziphathe. ' Churchill wavuma. Wabhala ngokuphendula kwincwadi enye ecela ukuba, 'Nangona sasifumana imvume yokurhoxisa onke amaYuda,' izithuthi zodwa zibonisa ingxaki eyoba nzima ukuyicombulula. ' Ukuthunyelwa okwaneleyo nokuthutha? Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, iBritish yayishiye amadoda angama-340,000 ukusuka kumabhantshi aseDunkirk ngeentsuku ezilisithoba. I-Air Air yase-US yayineenkulungwane ezininzi zeeplani ezintsha. Ngethuba nakwi-armistice emfutshane, ii-Allies zange zenze i-airlift kwaye zithumele ababaleki kumanani amaninzi ukusuka kwiJamani. "[vii]

Mhlawumbi iya kumbuzo othi "Injongo eyiyo" ukuba icala "elilungileyo" lemfazwe alikhange linikezele ngento eza kuba ngumzekelo ophambili wobubi becala "elibi" lemfazwe.

4. Imfazwe yayingazikhuseli. I-FDR ixoke ukuba inemephu yezinhlelo zamaNazi zokucwangcisa iNingizimu Melika, ukuba wayenomcebo weNazi wokuqeda unqulo, ukuba iinqanawa zase-US (ngokuncedisa iindiza zemfazwe yaseBrithani) zahlaselwa ngamaNazi, ukuba iJamani yayisongela iUnited States.[viii] Icala lingenziwa ukuba i-US imele ifake imfazwe eYurophu ukukhusela ezinye iintlanga, ezazingenelela ukukhusela ezinye iintlanga, kodwa iimeko ezinokuthi zenziwe ukuba i-US ikhulise ukujoliswa kweentlanga, yandisa imfazwe, kwaye yenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokuba kwenzeke, ukuba i-US ayenzi nto, izame ukudibanisa, okanye ityala imali yokungabi nonyango. Ukubamba ukuba ubukhosi bamaNazi bube bukhule kancinci ngenye imini kubandakanya umsebenzi waseUnited States ungagqithwa ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye awunakuzaliswa yiphina imimiselo yangaphambili okanye emva kweminye imfazwe.

5. Ngoku siyazi ngokubanzi kwaye kunye nedatha eninzi yokuba ukunganyaniseki kokusebenza kunye nokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabi nabulungisa kusenokwenzeka ukuba uphumelele-kwaye loo mpu melelo iyakwazi ukuhlala-ngaphezu kokuchasana nobudlova. Ngale lwazi, sinokubukela emva kweempumelelo ezintle zezenzo ezingabonakaliyo ezinxamnye namaNazi ezingazange zihlelwe kakuhle okanye zakhiwe ngaphaya kwempumelelo yazo yokuqala.[ix]

6. Imfazwe elungileyo yayingalunganga kwimikhosi. Bengenalo uqeqesho olunzima lwangoku kunye nesimo sengqondo sokulungiselela amajoni ukuba abandakanyeke kwisenzo esingaqhelekanga sokubulala, malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zase-US kunye namanye amajoni kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II akazange adubule izixhobo zabo "kwiintshaba."[X] Inyaniso yokuba ama-veterans of WWII ayaphathwa ngcono emva kwemfazwe kunamanye amasosha ngaphambi okanye ukususela, kwaba ngumphumo woxinzelelo olwenziwa yi-Bonus Army emva kwemfazwe yangaphambili. Ezi zikhulile zanikwa ikholeji yamahhala, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kunye neempesheni kwakungekho ngenxa yokufaneleka kwemfazwe okanye ngenye indlela ngenxa yemfazwe. Ngaphandle kwemfazwe, wonke umntu unikwe iikholeji yamahhala iminyaka emininzi. Ukuba sinike iikholeji yamahhala kuwo wonke umntu namhlanje, kuya kufuneka ibe ngaphezu kwe-Hollywoodized World War II yamabali ukufumana abantu abaninzi kwizikhululo zokuqeshisa ezempi.

7. Amaxesha amaninzi inani labantu babulawa kwiikampu zaseJamani babulawa ngaphandle kwabo kwimfazwe. Uninzi lwabantu babengabantu abahlali. Isikali sokubulala, ukulimaza, nokutshabalalisa kwenziwe iWWII into eyona nto eyona nto yenzeke kuyo ngokwayo ngexesha elifutshane. Siyicinga ukuba ama-allies "aphikisana" nokubulawa kwabantu abangaphantsi kweenkampu. Kodwa oko akunako ukuthethelela ukuba unyango olubi ngaphezu kwesifo.

8. Ukunyuka kwemfazwe ukubandakanya ukutshabalaliswa kwabantu bonke kunye nezixeko, ekugqibeleni kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingenakulungelelaniswa kwezixeko zithatha iWWII ngaphandle kweeprojekthi ezinokukhusela abantu abaninzi abaye balwela ukuqaliswa kwayo-kwaye kufanelekile. Ukufuna ukuzinikezela ngokungenamthetho kwaye ukufuna ukwandisa ukufa nokuhlupheka kwakwenza umonakalo omkhulu kwaye washiya ilifa elibi kunye neliso.

9. Ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu kucingelwa ukuba likhuselekile kwicala "elilungileyo" emfazweni, kodwa hayi kwicala "elibi". Ukwahlula phakathi kwezi zimbini akukaze kube yinto emangazayo. I-United States yayinembali ende njengombuso wobandlululo. Izithethe zase-US zokucinezela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, ukubulala abantu baseMelika ngoku, kwaye ngoku amaJapan aseMelika angenelelayo, kwaveza iinkqubo ezithile ezazikhuthaza amaNazi aseJamani-ezi ke zazibandakanya iinkampu zabantu baseMelika, kunye neenkqubo ze-eugenics kunye nolingo lwabantu olwalukho ngaphambili, ngexesha, kunye emva kwemfazwe. Enye yezi nkqubo yayiquka ukunika igcushuwa kubantu baseGuatemala kwangaxeshanye kuvavanywa iimvavanyo zaseNuremberg.[xi] Umkhosi waseMelika uqeshe amaNazi aphezulu phezulu ekupheleni kwemfazwe; bafanelwe ngqo.[xii] I-US ijolise umbuso wehlabathi jikelele, ngaphambi kwemfazwe, ngexesha layo, kwaye ukususela ngelo xesha. I-neo-Nazis yaseJamani namhlanje, engavunyelwe ukutshintsha ifulegi yamaNazi, ngamanye amaxesha igxininisa iflegi ye-Confederate States of America endaweni yoko.

10. Icala "elilungileyo" le "mfazwe elungileyo," iqela elabulala kakhulu lafela icala eliphumelelayo, yayiliKomanisi iSoviet Union. Ayiyenzi imfazwe ibe yimpumelelo yobukomanisi, kodwa iyangcolisa amabali aseWashington nawaseHollywood ophumelele "idemokhrasi."[xiii]

11. Imfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ayikapheli. Abantu abaqhelekileyo eUnited States babengenayo irhafu yengeniso de kwaba yiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kwaye ayizange ime. Yayifanele ukuba yeyethutyana.[xiv] Iziseko zexesha le-WWII ezakhiwe ngeenxa zonke kwihlabathi azizange zivaliwe. Amabutho ase-US awazange ashiye eJamani okanye eJapan.[xv] Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 US kunye neBritani ibhomu ehlala phantsi eJamani, isele ibulale.[xvi]

12. Ukubuyela kwiminyaka eyi-75 kwilizwe le-nyukliya elingenasikhulu, leenkoloni zezinto ezihluke ngokupheleleyo, imithetho kunye nemikhwa yokubonisa ukuba yintoni eyona yindleko enkulu e-United States nganye kwiminyaka ukususela kuba yinto ephawulekayo yokuzikhohlisa t uzame kwi-justified of any enterprise. Ngicinga ukuba ndinemibolo ye-1 nge-11 engalunganga ngokupheleleyo, kwaye usacacisa ukuba isiganeko esivela kwii-1940 zakuqala sichaza ukulahla iidola eziyi-2017 kwimali yemfazwe eyayingasetyenziselwa ukondla, ukugqoka, ukunyanga, kunye nendawo yokuhlala izigidi zabantu, kunye nokukhusela umhlaba.

AMANQAKU

[i] Studs Terkel, Imfazwe Efanelekileyo: Imbali Yomlomo WeMfazwe Yehlabathi II (I-New Press: 1997).

[ii] Chris Hellman, TomDispatch, "I-1.2 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola yoKhuseleko lweLizwe," nge-Matshi 1, 2011, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175361

[iii] UDavid Swanson, Imfazwe Lixoki, Uhlobo lweSibini (iCharlottesville: Iincwadi zeNcwadi zeHlabathi, i-2016).

[iv] UMark J. Allman kunye noTobias L.Winright, Emva kokuba uMsiyi uhlambulule: Imveli yokulwa kweMfazwe kunye nezoPhulo lweMfazwe (Maryknoll, NY: Iincwadi ze-Orbis, i-2010) p. 46.

[v] UMark J. Allman kunye noTobias L.Winright, Emva kokuba uMsiyi uhlambulule: Imveli yokulwa kweMfazwe kunye nezoPhulo lweMfazwe (Maryknoll, NY: Iincwadi ze-Orbis, i-2010) p. 14.

[vi] UMark J. Allman kunye noTobias L.Winright, Emva kokuba uMsiyi uhlambulule: Imveli yokulwa kweMfazwe kunye nezoPhulo lweMfazwe (Maryknoll, NY: Iincwadi ze-Orbis, i-2010) p. 97.

[vii] Ayikho Imfazwe: Amakhulu eminyaka ama-American Antiwar kunye nokuThola uxolo, ehleliwe nguLawrence Rosendwald.

[viii] UDavid Swanson, Imfazwe Lixoki, Uhlobo lweSibini (iCharlottesville: Iincwadi zeNcwadi zeHlabathi, i-2016).

[ix] Incwadi kunye neFilimu: Amandla Angamandla, http://aforcemorepowerful.org

[X] UDave Grossman, Ekubulaweni: Iindleko zeengqondo zokufunda ukubulala kwiMfazwe kunye neMbutho (Amabhuku e-Back Bay: i-1996).

[xi] UDonald G. McNeil Jr., The New York Times, "I-US ixolisa kwiimvavanyo ze-Syphilis eGuatemala," Oktobha 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/ealth/research/02infect.html

[xii] UAnnie Jacobsen, I-Operation Paperclip: Inkqubo Yobunkokheli Bokufihlakeleyo eyenza iNzululwazi zamaNazi eMelika (Omncinci, uBrown kunye neNkampani, i-2014).

[xiii] UOliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engekhoyo ye-United States (Iincwadi zeGalari, i-2013).

[xiv] USteven A. Bank, uKirk J. Stark, noJoseph J. Thorndike, IMfazwe kunye neNtlawulo (Urban Institute Press, 2008).

[xv] RootsAction.org, "Suka kude kwiMfazwe engeyiyo. Vala iRamstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254

[xvi] UDavid Swanson, "I-United States iBhombu yaseJamani nje," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134