Okukodwa: Ukugubungela iMfazwe entsha yeCold, iNew York Times iphulukene neendaba zayo zobuntatheli, isebenza njengendawo yokusasaza ubuxoki epapasha amabango achasene neRussia anokuthi awele umgca abe nobuqhophololo, unika ingxelo uRobert Parry.
NguRobert Parry, ConsortiumNews
Kwihlazo elitsha leThe New York Times, ingcali yezobuchwephesha yokufota iye yachaza uhlalutyo olutsha lwe-amateurish, oluchasene neRussia lweefoto zesathelayithi ezinxulumene nokudutyulwa kwe-Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 ngasempuma ye-Ukraine ngo-2014, ibhala umsebenzi “njengobuqhophololo. .”
NgoMgqibelo ophelileyo, ngobusuku besikhumbuzo sesibini sentlekele eyasuba imiphefumlo engama-298, i-Times ikhuphe uhlalutyo lwe-amateur isithi urhulumente waseRussia uye wakhohlisa iifoto ezimbini zesatellite ezityhila imijukujelwa ye-Ukraine echasene nenqwelomoya kwimpuma yeUkraine ngexesha lokudubula. -phantsi.
Intsingiselo ecacileyo ye inqaku ngu-Andrew E. Kramer yayikukuba amaRashiya ayegquma ukubandakanyeka kwawo ekudubuleni inqwelo-moya yasekuhlaleni ngokutyholwa ngokuba neefoto zobugqirha ukuze babeke ityala kumkhosi wase-Ukraine. Ngaphandle kokucaphula olu hlahlelo yi-armscontrolwonk.com, uKramer uqaphele ukuba "iintatheli zabemi" eBellingcat zifikelele kwisigqibo esifanayo ngaphambili.
Kodwa i-Kramer kunye ne-Times ishiye ukuba uhlalutyo lwe-Bellingcat lwangaphambili lwakrazulwa ngokucokisekileyo ziingcali ze-photo-forensic kubandakanya uGqr. Neal Krawetz, umseki weFotoForensics isixhobo sokuhlalutya umfanekiso wedijithali esasetyenziswa nguBellingcat. Kule veki iphelileyo, iBellingcat ibityhala ngamandla uhlalutyo olutsha lwe-armscontrolwonk.com, apho iBellingcat inobudlelwane obusondeleyo.
Kule veki iphelileyo, uKrawetz kunye nezinye iingcaphephe zasenkundleni baqale ukuvavanya uhlalutyo olutsha kwaye bagqiba kwelokuba behlelwe ziimpazamo ezisisiseko ezifanayo nohlalutyo lwangaphambili, nangona besebenzisa isixhobo sohlalutyo esahlukileyo. Ngenxa yokukhuthazwa kukaBellingcat kolu hlahlelo lwesibini liqela elinamakhonkco eBellingcat kunye nomseki walo u-Eliot Higgins, uKrawetz ujonge uhlalutyo olubini njengoluvela kwindawo enye, iBellingcat.
"Ukutsibela kwisigqibo esingalunganga ngexesha elinye kunokuba ngenxa yokungazi," utshilo uKrawetz kwiposti yebhlog. “Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisa isixhobo esahlukileyo kwidatha efanayo evelisa iziphumo ezifanayo, kunye nangoku ukutsibela kwisigqibo esifanayo esiphosakeleyo kukuthetha kakubi ngabom nokukhohlisa. Bubuqhophololo.”
Umzekelo Wemposiso
UKrawetz kunye nezinye iingcali zafumanisa ukuba utshintsho olungenabungozi kwiifoto, ezinjengokufaka ibhokisi yegama kunye nokugcina imifanekiso kwiifomathi ezahlukeneyo, ziyakuchaza izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezifunyenwe nguBellingcat kunye nabahlobo bakhe kwi-armscontrolwonk.com. Leyo yayiyimpazamo ephambili eyabonwa nguKrawetz kulo nyaka uphelileyo ekucazululeni uhlalutyo oluphosakeleyo lukaBellingcat.
UKrawetz wabhala: “Kunyaka ophelileyo, iqela elibizwa ngokuba yi-'Bellingcat' laphuma nengxelo ngenqwelo-moya iMH17, eyadutyulwa kufutshane nomda weUkraine/Rashiya. Kwingxelo yabo, basebenzise iFotoForensics ukuthethelela amabango abo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko mna yalatha kwiblogi yam yokungena, bayisebenzise kakubi. Iingxaki ezinkulu kwiingxelo zabo:
"- -Ukungahoyi umgangatho. Bahlola imifanekiso kwimithombo ethandabuzekayo. Le yayiyimifanekiso ekumgangatho ophantsi ebiye yahlelwa, yanqunyulwa, kunye namanqakwana.
"-Ukubona izinto. Nangona isiphumo esivela kwizixhobo zokuhlalutya, baxhuma kwizigqibo ezingaxhaswanga yidatha.
“-Batha kwaye utshintshe. Ingxelo yabo ibange into enye, emva koko bazama ukuyithethelela ngohlalutyo olubonisa into eyahlukileyo.
“UBellingcat kutshanje uphume ne ingxelo yesibini. Inxalenye yohlalutyo lwemifanekiso yengxelo yabo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Tungstène'. … Ngendlela yenzululwazi, akukhathaliseki nokuba usebenzisa isixhobo sini na. Isiphelo kufuneka siphindaphindwe nangona izixhobo ezininzi kunye ne-algorithms ezininzi.
"Omnye wemifanekiso ababeyibaleka nangona iTungstène yayingumfanekiso welifu ofanayo ababewusebenzisa nge-ELA [uhlalutyo lwenqanaba lempazamo]. Kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ivelise iziphumo ezifanayo - iziphumo ezifanele zitolikwe njengomgangatho ophantsi kunye nokugcinwa okuninzi. … Ezi ziphumo zibonisa umfanekiso okumgangatho ophantsi kunye nogcino oluninzi, kwaye ayilotshintsho lwangabom njengoko iBellingcat iqukumbele.
“Njengonyaka ophelileyo, iBellingcat yabanga ukuba iTungstène iqaqambise izalathiso zotshintsho kwezo ndawo bathi babona utshintsho kwiziphumo zeELA. UBellingcat usebenzise idatha ekumgangatho ophantsi efanayo kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kwaye watsibela kwisigqibo esingachanekanga. ”
Nangona u-Krawetz ethumele ulwahlulo lwakhe lohlalutyo olutsha ngoLwesine, waqala ukuvakalisa inkxalabo yakhe kamsinya nje emva kokuvela kwenqaku le-Times. Loo nto yabangela ukuba uHiggins kunye neqela laseBellingcat baqalise iphulo likaTwitter lokunyelisa uKrawetz kunye nam (nangoku. echaza iingxaki kunye nenqaku le-Times kunye nohlalutyo).
Xa omnye wamaqabane kaHiggins khankanyiweyo ibali lam lokuqala kuhlalutyo oluyingxaki lweefoto, uKrawetz waqaphela ukuba uqwalaselo lwam luxhasa isikhundla sakhe sokuba uBellingcat wayeluphethe kakubi uhlalutyo (nangona ngelo xesha ndandingazi ngokugxekwa kukaKrawetz).
U-Higgins uphendule uKrawetz, "yena [uParry] akaqondi ukuba uliqhenqa. Mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba naye uliqhenqa.”
Ethuka ngakumbi uKrawetz, uHiggins wahlekisa ngophononongo lwakhe lwefoto ehlalutywa ngu umbhalo: "into anayo 'ngokuba nditsho', umlomo wonke awunabhulukhwe."
Umoshwe nguDumisa
Kuyabonakala ukuba, u-Higgins, osebenza eLeicester, eNgilani, ukhule esonakaliswa kuko konke ukudunyiswa kwakhe yiThe New York Times, iWashington Post, iThe Guardian kunye nolunye upapasho oluqhelekileyo nangona irekhodi likaBellingcat lichanekileyo. .
Ngokomzekelo, kwi-splash yakhe yokuqala enkulu, u-Higgins wachaza i-propaganda yase-US eSiriya malunga no-Aug. iingcali zomoya zityhiliwe ukuba umjukujelwa ophethe i-sarin unoluhlu olumalunga neekhilomitha ezimbini kuphela, mfutshane kakhulu kunokuba u-Higgins wayeqikelele ekubekeni ityala ngohlaselo lwemikhosi karhulumente waseSyria. (Ngaphandle kwaloo mpazamo iphambili, u-Higgins waqhubeka ebanga ukuba urhulumente waseSyria unetyala.)
U-Higgins ukwanike inkqubo yase-Australia "iMizuzu engama-60" indawo esempuma ye-Ukraine apho ibhetri "yokubalekela" iBuk yomjukujelwa kwakucingelwa ukuba yenziwe ngevidiyo kwindlela ebuyela eRashiya, ngaphandle kokuba xa abasebenzi beendaba befika apho iimpawu zomhlaba azizange zihambelane, zibangela ukuba Inkqubo kufuneka ixhomekeke kuhlelo olukhohlisayo lokukhohlisa ababukeli bayo.
Xa ndiphawula ukungangqinelani kwaye ndathumela i-screenshots kwiprogram ye-"60 Minutes" ukubonisa ubuxoki, "imizuzu engama-60" yaqalisa iphulo lokundithuka kunye Bhenela ku ngakumbi ividiyo tricks kunye ubuqhophololo bobuntatheli obucacileyo ekukhuseleni ulwazi olungalunganga lukaHiggins.
Lo mzekelo wamabango obuxoki kunye nobuqhetseba bokukhuthaza la mabali awuzange umise amaphephandaba aseNtshona ukusuka ekuthululeni iiHiggins kunye neBellingcat ngendumiso. Ayibuhlungu into yokuba "izinto ezibhengezwayo" zikaBellingcat zihlala zinxibelelana nemixholo yepropaganda evela koorhulumente baseNtshona.
Kwakhona kuvela ukuba zombini i-Higgins kunye ne "armscontrolwonk.com" ine-crossover kubasebenzi, njengoMelissa Hanham, umbhali-mbhali wengxelo ye-MH-17 ebhalela i-Bellingcat, njengo-Aaron Stein, bajoyine ukwazisa Umsebenzi kaHiggins kwi "armscontrolwonk.com."
La maqela mabini anamakhonkco kwitanki yokucinga ye-NATO, i-Atlantic Council, ebiphambili ekutyhaleni iMfazwe entsha ye-NATO neRussia. I-Higgins ngoku idwelisiwe "njengomntu omdala ongahlaliyo kwi-Atlantic Council's Future Europe Initiative" kunye ne-armscontrolwonk.com uchaza uStein njengomntu ongahlaliyo kwiZiko le-Atlantiki leRafik Hariri kuMbindi Mpuma.
I-Armscontrolwonk.com iqhutywa ziingcaphephe zokwandisa inyukliya ezisuka kwiZiko le-Middlebury leZifundo zaMazwe ngaMazwe eMonterey, kodwa babonakala bengenabo ubuchwephesha obukhethekileyo kwi-forensics yokufota.
Ingxaki Enzulu
Kodwa ingxaki inzulu ngakumbi kuneewebhusayithi ezimbalwa kunye neebhlogi eziyifumana iphakamisa ngokufanelekileyo ukubethelela imixholo ye-propaganda evela kwi-NATO kunye neminye imidla yaseNtshona. Ingozi enkulu yindima edlalwe ngamajelo eendaba aphambili ekudaleni igumbi le-echo ukukhulisa ulwazi lwe-disinformation oluvela kwaba bangabafundi.
Kanye njengokuba iThe New York Times, iWashington Post kunye nezinye iivenkile ezinkulu zaginya amabali abubuxoki malunga ne-Iraq's WMD ngo-2002-2003, baye batya ngolonwabo ngendlela efanayo ethandabuzekayo malunga neSyria, iUkraine neRussia.
Kwaye kanye njengentlekele yase-Iraq, xa abo kuthi bacele umngeni kwi-WMD "iqela" bacinga ukuba bagxothwa "njengabathetheleli baseSaddam," ngoku sibizwa ngokuba "ngabathetheleli baka-Assad" okanye "abathetheleli bakaPutin" okanye "ii-hacks" ezithi " umlomo wonke, akukho bhulukhwe” – nokuba kuthetha ukuthini oko.
Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2013 malunga neSiriya, i-Times yaqhuba ibali lephepha elingaphambili isebenzisa "uhlalutyo lwe-vector" ukulandelela uhlaselo lwe-sarin lubuyela kwisiseko somkhosi waseSiriya malunga neekhilomitha ezilithoba, kodwa ukufunyanwa komjukujelwa we-sarin omfutshane kakhulu kunyanzeliso Amaxesha ukuya hlamba ibali layo, elalihambelana noko uHiggins wayebhala.
Ke, ngokulangazelela ukuhambisa ipropaganda echasene neRussia malunga neUkraine ngo-2014, iTimes yade yabuyela kwintatheli kwiintsuku zayo zobuxoki zase-Iraq. UMichael R. Gordon, owabhala inqaku elidume kakubi elithi "iityhubhu zealuminiyam" ngo-2002 elatyhala ibango elingumgunyathi lokuba i-Iraq iphinda iqulunqe inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya, yamkelwa.ulwazi olutsha lwe-disinformation oluvela kwiSebe likaRhulumente ukuba ku khankanywe Iifoto ekucingelwa ukuba zibonisa amajoni aseRashiya eRashiya zaza zaphinda zavela eUkraine.
Nayiphi na intatheli enobuzaza ngeyiyibonile imingxunya esebalini kuba bekungacacanga ukuba iifoto zithathwe phi okanye nokuba imifanekiso engacacanga yayingabantu abafanayo na, kodwa loo nto ayizange inike iTimes ikhefu. Eli nqaku lalikhokela kwiphepha lokuqala.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kweentsuku ezimbini kuphela, i-scoop imoshiwe xa kwafumaniseka ukuba ifoto ephambili ekucingelwa ukuba ibonisa iqela lamajoni eRashiya, eyaphinda yavela empuma Ukraine, yathathwa eUkraine, itshabalalisa isiseko sebali lonke.
Kodwa ezi ntloni azikhange ziyithobe inzondelelo yeTimes yokukhupha ipropaganda echasene neRussia nanini na kunokwenzeka. Ukanti, enye into entsha ejijwayo kukuba iTimes ayithathi nje amabango obuxoki ngokuthe ngqo kurhulumente wase-US; iphinda itsale kwiiwebhusayithi ze-hip "zobuntatheli babemi" njengeBellingcat.
Kwihlabathi apho kungekho mntu ukukholelwayo oko oorhulumente bathi indlela entsha ekrelekrele yokusasaza ubuxoki kungo “bangaphandle” abanjalo.
Ke, iTimes 'Kramer ngokuqinisekileyo yayichulumancile kukufumana ibali elitsha kwiWebhu elibanga ukuba amaRussia afumene iifoto zesathelayithi zeBuk yaseUkraine echasene neenqwelomoya ezijulwayo empuma yeUkraine ngaphambi nje kokudubula kweMH-17.
Endaweni yokubuza ubuchwephesha befoto-forensic yezi ngcaphephe zokwanda kwenyukliya kwi-armscontrolwonk.com, uKramer uvele wabeka iziphumo zabo njengoqinisekiso olungakumbi lwamabango angaphambili kaBellingcat. UKramer uphinde wahlekisa ngabantu baseRussia ngokuzama ukugubungela umkhondo wabo “ngethiyori yeyelenqe.”
Ukungahoyi Ubungqina Basemthethweni
Kodwa kukho obunye ubungqina obuphambili bokuba i-Times yayizifihle kubafundi bayo: ubungqina obubhaliweyo obuvela kubukrelekrele baseNtshona bokuba umkhosi wase-Ukraine wawunebhetri enamandla yokulwa nenqwelomoya empuma ye-Ukraine ngoJulayi 17, 2014, nokuba abavukeli baseRussia babengenalo. 't
Kwi umbiko ekhutshwe ngo-Okthobha ophelileyo, i-Netherlands 'Military Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) yathi ngokusekelwe kulwazi "lwemfihlo yelizwe", kwaziwa ukuba i-Ukraine inezinto ezindala kodwa "ezinamandla zokulwa neenqwelo-moya" kwaye "inani lezi nkqubo zazifumaneka. kummandla osempuma welizwe.” I-MIVD yongeze ukuba abavukeli babengenaso isikhundla:
"Ngaphambi kwengozi, i-MIVD yayisazi ukuba, ukongeza kwiinqwelo-moya ezilula, iiSeparatist nazo zineenkqubo zokukhusela umoya eziphathwayo ezithatha ixesha elifutshane (iinkqubo zokhuselo lomoya eziphathwa ngumntu; MANPADS) kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba babenezithuthi zomgama omfutshane- iinkqubo zokhuselo lomoya. Zombini ezi ntlobo zeenkqubo zijongwa njengemijukujelwa engaphezulu ukuya emoyeni (SAMs). Ngenxa yoluhlu lwazo olulinganiselweyo azibi yingozi kwinqwelomoya kwinqwelomoya ekuphakameni ngenqanawa. ”
Kuba ubukrelekrele baseDatshi buyinxalenye yezixhobo zobuntlola ze-NATO, le ngxelo ithetha ukuba i-NATO kunye nobukrelekrele base-US babelana ngembono efanayo. Ngaloo ndlela, amaRashiya aya kuba nesizathu esincinci sokukhohlisa iifoto zabo zesathelayithi ezibonisa iibhetri ze-missile zase-Ukraine ezichasene neenqwelo moya kwimpuma ye-Ukraine ukuba iifoto zesathelayithi zaseNtshona zibonakalisa into efanayo.
Kodwa kukho isizathu sokuba i-Times kunye nezinye iimpapasho eziphambili zilutyeshele olu xwebhu lusemthethweni lukarhulumente waseDatshi - kuba ukuba lichanekile, oko kuthetha ukuba abantu kuphela ababenokuthi badubule i-MH-17 bangabemikhosi yase-Ukraine. Oko kuya kuguqula ibali elifunwayo lityhola abantu baseRussia.
Nangona kunjalo, loo mnyama wengxelo yaseDatshi ithetha ukuba i-Times kunye nezinye iindawo zaseNtshona ziye zashiya uxanduva lwazo lweendaba ukuze zibonise bonke ubungqina obufanelekileyo kumcimbi obaluleke kakhulu - ukuzisa ubulungisa ababulali be-298 abantu abangenatyala. Kunokuba “zonke iindaba zifanele ukushicilelwa,” iTimes ibeka ityala ngokushiya ubungqina obusiya “kwicala elingafanelekanga.”
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kunokubakho inkcazo malunga nokuba i-NATO kunye ne-intelligence yaseRashiya inokufika njani kwisigqibo esifanayo "esiphosakeleyo" sokuba umkhosi wase-Ukraine kuphela unokudutyula i-MH-17, kodwa i-Times kunye namanye amajelo aseNtshona aseNtshona. t ngokuziphatha wenze ngathi abukho ubungqina.
Ngaphandle kokuba, ewe, eyona njongo yakho kukusasaza ipropaganda, hayi ukuvelisa ubuntatheli. Ke, ndicinga ukuba indlela yokuziphatha kweTimes, ezinye iimpapasho ze-MSM kwaye, ewe, iBellingcat iyavakala.
[Ukufumana okungakumbi ngesi sihloko, bona i-Consortiumnews.com's “I-MH-17: Iminyaka emibini yePropaganda echasene neRashiya"Kwaye"I-NYT Ilahlekile kwiPropaganda yayo yaseUkraine. ”]
