NguMedea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, nge-15 kaDisemba ngo-2020
UJoe Biden uyakuthatha umthetho we-White House ngexesha apho uluntu lwaseMelika luxhalabile ngokulwa ne-coronavirus kunokulwa iimfazwe zaphesheya. Kodwa iimfazwe zaseMelika zivutha kungakhathalelwanga, kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo wobundlobongela obuseburhulumenteni u-Biden uxhase ngaphambili-ngokusekwe kwi-airstrikes, imisebenzi ekhethekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yommeli-yiyo kanye into egcina ezi ngxabano ziqhubeka.
E-Afghanistan, uBiden waphikisana no-Obama wama-2009, kwaye emva kokuba ukuhluleka kwahluleka, u-Obama wabuyela kumgaqo-nkqubo UBiden uyathandwa ukuqala, eyaba luphawu lomgaqo-nkqubo wabo wemfazwe nakwamanye amazwe. Kwizangqa zangaphakathi, oku kwakubhekiswa kuko njengokulwa "nobundlobongela" ngokuchasene "nokulwa izinto."
E-Afghanistan, oko kwakuthetha ukushiya ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwemikhosi yase-US, kwaye kuxhomekeke kuyo ukubetha komoya, uqhankqalazo lwedrone kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo “bulala okanye ubambe”Kugqogqwa, ngelixa kugaywa kwaye kuqeqeshwa Imikhosi yase-Afghan ukwenza phantse wonke umhlaba usilwa kwaye ubambe indawo.
Ungenelelo lwaseLibya ngo-2011, umanyano lwe-NATO-Arab monarchist lwangena Amakhulu amaQatar imisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokusebenza kunye Amabutho aseNtshona nabavukeli baseLibya ukubiza kwi-airstrikes yase-NATO kunye nokuqeqesha amajoni asekhaya, kubandakanya Amaqela amaSilamsi ngekhonkco kwiAl Qaeda. Imikhosi abayikhuphileyo isalwa nangoku malunga nempango kwiminyaka esithoba kamva.
Ngelixa uJoe Biden ngoku ethatha ityala phikisa Ungenelelo oluyintlekele eLibya, ngela xesha wakhawuleza wayincoma impumelelo yayo ekhohlisayo yexeshana elifutshane kunye nokubulawa ngokumasikizi kukaColonel Gaddafi. "I-NATO ilungile," uBiden watsho ngentetho e-Plymouth State College ngo-Okthobha u-2011 kwangalo mhla uMongameli u-Obama wabhengeza ukusweleka kuka Gaddafi. “Kule meko, iMelika ichithe i-2 yezigidigidi zeedola kwaye ayilahlekanga nobomi. Lo ngowona myalelo wendlela yokujongana nehlabathi njengoko sisiya phambili kunangaphambili. ”
Ngelixa uBiden sele ehlamba izandla kwi-Libya, loo msebenzi wawungumfuziselo wemfazwe yokufihla neyokuxhasa exhaswa zii-airstrikes awayezixhasa, nekusafuneka engazichasanga. U-Biden usathi uyayixhasa imisebenzi "yokulwa nobunqolobi", kodwa wonyulwa njengo-Mongameli engaphendulanga esidlangalaleni umbuzo ocacileyo malunga nenkxaso yakhe ekusebenziseni okukhulu I-airstrikes kunye ne-drone strike ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yaloo mfundiso.
Kwiphulo lokulwa ne-Islamic State e-Iraq nase-Syria, imikhosi ekhokelwa yi-US yehlile phezu kwe118,000 iibhombu kunye nemijukujelwa, ukunciphisa izixeko ezikhulu ezinjengeMosul kunye neRaqqa ukuba zitshabalalise kwaye zibulale amashumi amawaka yabantu. Xa uBiden wathi iMelika "ayilahlekanga nobomi obunye" eLibya, ngokucacileyo wayethetha "ubomi baseMelika." Ukuba "ubomi" buthetha ubomi, imfazwe yaseLibya ngokucacileyo ixabise ubomi obungenakubalwa, yaze yahlekisa ngesigqibo se-UN Security Council esivume ukusetyenziswa komkhosi wamajoni kuphela khusela abantu.
NjengoRob Hewson, umhleli wephephandaba lezorhwebo ngezixhobo zikaJane eziQalisiweyo zoMoya, uxelele iAP Njengokuba i-US yaphosa i-bomb ne-Iraq ngo-2003, “Kwimfazwe ebisilwelwa ukuxhamla abantu base-Iraq, ngekhe ubenako ukubabulala. Kodwa awungekhe ulahle iibhombu kwaye ungabulali abantu. Yonke into iyinyani. ” Oku kuyacaca nakubantu baseLibya, eAfghanistan, eSyria, eYemen, ePalestine naphina apho iibhombu zaseMelika bezisoloko ziwela khona iminyaka eyi-20.
Njengoko u-Obama no-Trump bobabini bazama ukwenza ipivot ukusilela "emfazweni jikelele wobunqolobi" ukuya kwinto ebizwa nguTrump "ukhuphiswano olukhulu lwamandla, ”Okanye ukubuyela umva kweMfazwe Yomlomo, imfazwe yoloyiko iye yenqaba ngenkani ukuphuma kwinqanaba. IAl Qaeda kunye neLizwe lamaSilamsi ziye zaqhutywa kwiindawo ii-US ezibhombise kuzo okanye zahlasela, kodwa zigcine ziphinda zivela kumazwe amatsha nakwimimandla. I-Islamic State ngoku ihlala kumantla Mozambikh, kwaye ikwathathe ingcambu eAfghanistan. Amanye amahlakani eAl Qaeda ayasebenza kwiAfrika iphela, ukusuka ISomalia neKenya eMpuma Afrika ukuya amazwe alishumi elinanye eNtshona Afrika.
Emva kweminyaka engama-20 "yemfazwe yoloyiko," ngoku kukho iqela elikhulu lophando malunga nokuqhuba kwabantu ukuba bajoyine amaqela amaSilamsi axhobileyo alwa nemikhosi yaseburhulumenteni okanye abahlaseli baseNtshona. Ngelixa abezopolitiko baseMelika besasaza izandla zabo ngenxa yeentshukumisa ezijijekileyo ezinokubangela isimilo esingenakuqondakala, kuvela ukuba ayisiyonto inzima kangako. Uninzi lwabalweli alushukunyiswa zizimvo zamaSilamsi nangokunqwenela ukuzikhusela, iintsapho zabo okanye uluntu lwabo kwimikhosi yezomkhosi, njengoko kubhaliwe kule ngxelo liZiko labahlali kwiNgxabano.
Olunye uphando, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives and the Tipping Point for Recruitment, ifumanise ukuba indawo yokuncamathisela okanye "umququ wokugqibela" oqhuba ngaphezulu kwama-70% amajoni ukuba ajoyine amaqela axhobileyo kukubulawa okanye ukugcinwa kwelungu losapho ngokuthi "Ukulwa nobunqolobi" okanye "ukhuseleko". Olu phononongo lubhengeza uphawu lwase-US lokulwa ubunqolobi njengomgaqo-nkqubo wokuzizalisekisa owenza ukuba umjikelo wobundlobongela ungenzeki ngokuvelisa nangokuzalisa iphuli "eyandayo" njengoko itshabalalisa iintsapho, uluntu kunye namazwe.
Umzekelo, i-US yasungula iTrans-Sahara yokulwa nobuNqolobi kunye namazwe ali-11 aseNtshona Afrika ngo-2005 kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uye watshona ngewaka lesigidi seedola kuwo. Kwi ingxelo yakutshanje Ukusuka eBurkina Faso, uNick Turse ucaphule iingxelo zikarhulumente wase-US ezingqina ukuba iminyaka eli-15 ekhokelwa ngu-US "yokulwa nobunqolobi" ikwenze njani ukuba nje kuqhambuke ubugrogrisi kulo lonke elaseNtshona Afrika.
IPentagon's Africa Centre for Strategic Study inika ingxelo yokuba i-1,000 yezehlo ezinobundlobongela ezibandakanya amaqela amaSilamsi aseBurkina Faso, eMali naseNiger kunyaka ophelileyo ziba ukwanda kasixhenxe ukusukela ngo-2017, ngelixa inani elincinci eliqinisekisiweyo labantu ababuleweyo lenyukile ukusuka kwi-1,538 ngo-2017 ukuya kuma-4,404 ngo-2020.
U-Heni Nsaibia, umphandi omkhulu e-ACLED (Idatha yezeMicimbi yeNdawo eSixubeneyo), uxelele iTurse ukuba, “Ukujolisa kwiingcinga zaseNtshona zokulwa ubugrogrisi nokwamkela imodeli engqongqo yomkhosi ibeyimpazamo enkulu. Ukutyeshela abaqhubi bezomlo, njengobuhlwempu kunye nokungabikho kokuhamba-hamba ekuhlaleni, kunye nokusilela ukunciphisa iimeko ezikhuthaza ukungazinzi, njengokuxhaphazwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngokubanzi yimikhosi yezokhuseleko, kubangele ingozi engenakulungiseka. ”
Ewe, kwaneNew York Times iqinisekisile ukuba imikhosi "yokulwa ubunqolobi" eBurkina Faso iyabulala njengabemi abaninzi njengo “banqolobi” ekufanele ukuba bayalwa. Ingxelo yelizwe laseMelika ngo-2019 malunga neBurkina Faso yabhala izityholo “zokubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho sikweni njengenxalenye yeqhinga labo lokulwa ubunqolobi,” ingakumbi ukubulala abantu besizwe samaFulani.
USouaibou Diallo, umongameli wombutho wengingqi wabaphengululi bamaSilamsi, uxelele iTurse ukuba ezi mpatho-mbi zezona zinto zibangela ukuba amaFulani ajoyine amaqela omlo. "Iipesenti ezisibhozo zabo bazibandakanya namaqela abanqolobi basixelele ukuba ayingoba baxhasa i-jihadism, kungenxa yokuba utata okanye umama okanye umntakwabo ubulewe yimikhosi," utshilo uDiallo. Baninzi abantu ababuleweyo — babulawa — kodwa akubangakho mthetho. ”
Ukusukela oko kwaqalwa iMfazwe yeHlabathi e-Terror, omabini la macala asebenzise ubundlobongela beentshaba zabo ukuzithethelela ngobundlobongela babo, bebhebhethekisa isiphithiphithi esibonakala singenasiphelo esisasazeka ukusuka kwilizwe ukuya kwilizwe kunye nommandla ukuya kwingingqi kwihlabathi liphela.
Kodwa iingcambu zaseMelika zalo lonke olu dushe kunye nesiphithiphithi zibaleka nzulu kunale. Zombini i-Al Qaeda kunye ne-Islamic State zavela kumaqela afunyenwe ekuqaleni, aqeqeshwa, axhobile kwaye axhaswa yi-CIA ukubhukuqa oorhulumente bamanye amazwe: IAl Qaeda eAfghanistan ngo1980s, kunye neNusra Front kunye neLizwe lamaSilamsi eSyria ukusukela ngo-2011.
Ukuba ulawulo lweBiden ngenene lufuna ukuyeka ukubhebhethekisa ubundlongondlongo kunye nobunqolobi kwihlabathi, kufuneka liguqule i-CIA, nendima yayo ekuzinziseni amazwe, exhasa ubugrogrisi, ukusasaza isiphithiphithi kunye nokudala Iingqinisiso zobuxoki zemfazwe Ubundlobongela buye babhalwa kakuhle ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970s nguColonel Fletcher Prouty, uWilliam Blum, uGareth Porter nabanye.
I-United States ayinakuze ibe nenjongo, inkqubo yezobuntlola yesizwe, okanye ke ngoko isiseko sokwenyani, esisekwe kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, ide ikhuphe lo moya kumatshini. U-Biden ukhethe u-Avril Haines, ngubani yenziwe Imfihlelo esisiseko semithetho yenkqubo ye-drone ka-Obama kunye nabathuthumbisi be-CIA, ukuba abe nguMlawuli wakhe wezoBuntlola beLizwe. Ngaba iHaines ikumsebenzi wokuguqula ezi arhente zobundlobongela kunye neziphithiphithi zibe sisemthethweni, nesebenzayo inkqubo yobukrelekrele? Oko kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, ukanti kubalulekile.
Ulawulo olutsha lweBiden kufuneka luthathe inkangeleko entsha yokwenyani kulo lonke uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo etshabalalisayo i-United States eyenzileyo kwihlabathi liphela amashumi eminyaka, kunye nendima ekhohlakeleyo eye yadlalwa yi-CIA kuninzi lwazo.
Siyathemba ukuba uBiden uya kuthi ekugqibeleni alahle imigaqo-nkqubo yomkhosi, etshabalalisa imiphakathi kwaye ichithe ubomi babantu ngenxa yeenjongo ezingafikelelekiyo, kwaye endaweni yoko uza kutyala imali kuluntu kunye noqoqosho olunceda abantu ukuba baphile ubomi obunoxolo nobonwabisayo.
Siyathemba ukuba uBiden uza kuguqula i-pivot kaTrump ayibuyisele kwiMfazwe ebandayo kwaye athintele ukuphambukiswa kwezixhobo zelizwe lethu kugqatso olungenamsebenzi noluyingozi neChina neRussia.
Sineengxaki zokwenyani zokujongana nale nkulungwane- iingxaki ezikhoyo ezinokusonjululwa kuphela ngentsebenziswano yokwenyani yamazwe aphesheya. Asinakukwazi ukubingelela ngekamva lethu kwisibingelelo seMfazwe yeHlabathi kwiNkqonkqoza, iMfazwe eNtsha yeCold, iPax Americana okanye ezinye iingcinga zama impiriyali.
UMedea uBenjamin ungumcebisi CODEPINK yoxolo, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanya Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran. Ulilungu leqela lababhali eliHlanganisiweyo20. UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimeleyo, umphandi kunye noCODEPINK kunye nombhali Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq.
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