Uqhankqalazo eWestwood, eCalifornia 2002. Ifoto: UCarolyn Cole / Los Angeles Times ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso kaGetty
NguMedea Benjamin noNicolas JS Davies, CODEPINK, Agasti 21, 2021
Imithombo yeendaba yaseMelika iyangxola ngokuhlaziswa komkhosi wase-US e-Afghanistan. Kodwa kuncinci ukugxekwa okuya kwingcambu yengxaki, yayisisigqibo sokuqala sokuhlasela emkhosini kwaye sihlale e-Afghanistan kwasekuqaleni.
Eso sigqibo sabeka umjikelo wobundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi ekungekho mgaqo-nkqubo wase-US okanye isicwangciso-qhinga somkhosi esinokusombulula kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo, eAfghanistan, eIraq okanye nakweliphi na elinye ilizwe elikhutshiweyo kwiimfazwe zaseMelika zasemva kwe-9/11.
Ngelixa abantu baseMelika babothukile yimifanekiso yeenqwelomoya ezazitshayisa izakhiwo ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, uNobhala Wezomkhosi uRumsfeld wabamba intlanganiso kwinxalenye yePentagon. Ngaphantsi koonobhala Amanqaku kaCambone Ukusuka kuloo ntlanganiso kuchaza ukuba amagosa ase-US akhawuleze kangakanani kwaye azimfamekisile ukulutshonisa ilizwe lethu kumangcwaba ombuso e-Afghanistan, Iraq nangaphaya.
UCambone ubhale ukuba iRumsfeld ifuna, ”… lolona lwazi lukhawulezayo. Gweba ukuba ulunge ngokwaneleyo ukubetha u-SH (Saddam Hussein) ngaxeshanye- hayi i-UBL kuphela (Usama Bin Laden)… Yiya kakhulu. Yitshayele yonke. Izinto ezinxulumene noko hayi. ”
Ke kwiiyure ezimbalwa zolu lwaphulo-mthetho lubi e-United States, owona mbuzo uphambili kumagosa aphezulu ase-US wawungeyonto yokuphanda kwaye ubambe abenzi bobubi baphendule, kodwa indlela yokusebenzisa eli xesha "Pearl Harbour" ukuthethelela iimfazwe, utshintsho kulawulo kunye nokulwa kumhlaba wonke.
Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva, iCongress yapasisa umthetho oyilwayo ogunyazisa umongameli ukuba Sebenzisa umkhosi "… Ngokuchasene nezo ntlanga, imibutho, okanye abantu abona ukuba bacwangcisile, bagunyazisile, bazibophelela, okanye bancedisa uhlaselo lwabanqolobi olwenzeka ngo-Septemba 11, 2001, okanye babamba abantu okanye imibutho enjalo"
Ngo-2016, i-Congressional Research Service umbiko ukuba olu Ugunyaziso loSetyenziso loMkhosi waseMkhosini (i-AUMF) lwalukhankanyiwe ukuba luthethelele imisebenzi engama-37 yasemkhosini eyahlukileyo kumazwe ali-14 naselwandle. Uninzi lwabantu ababuleweyo, abakhubazekileyo okanye abagxothiweyo kule misebenzi alunanto yakwenza nolwaphulo-mthetho lwangoSeptemba 11. Abaphathi abalandelayo baye abalihoya elona gama lesigunyaziso, eligunyazisa kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwabo babandakanyeka ngandlela thile. kuhlaselo lwe-9/11.
Elona lungu leCongress elinobulumko kunye nesibindi sokuvota ngokuchasene ne-2001 AUMF yayinguBarbara Lee wase-Oakland. U-Lee wayifanisa nesisombululo se-Gulf yaseTonkin yowe-1964 kwaye walumkisa oogxa bakhe ukuba iyakusetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo necacileyo. Amazwi akhe okugqibela intetho yomgangatho phinda ubonise ixesha leminyaka engama-20 yobundlobongela, isiphithiphithi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe olwenzileyo, "Njengokuba sisebenza, masingabi bobubi esibathandayo."
Kwintlanganiso eyayiseCamp David kwimpelaveki, uSekela Nobhala uWolfowitz waphikisana ngokuhlasela i-Iraq, kwanangaphambi kweAfghanistan. UBush wanyanzelisa ukuba i-Afghanistan kufuneka ize kuqala, kodwa ngasese thembiso Usihlalo weBhodi yoMgaqo-nkqubo wezoKhuselo uRichard Perle ukuba i-Iraq iya kuba yinto ekujoliswe kuyo elandelayo.
Kwiintsuku ezisemva kukaSeptemba 11, amajelo eendaba e-US alandela ukukhokelwa ngu-Bush, kwaye uluntu luva kuphela amazwi anqabileyo, odwa abuza ukuba ingaba imfazwe ibiyimpendulo echanekileyo na kulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziweyo.
Kodwa owayesakuba ngumtshutshisi wolwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni uBen Ferencz Uthethe neNPR (IRadiyo yeSizwe yoLuntu) kwiveki emva komhla we-9/11, kwaye wachaza ukuba ukuhlasela i-Afghanistan yayingengobulumko kuphela kwaye iyingozi, kodwa yayingeyompendulo esemthethweni kolu lwaphulo-mthetho. U-Katy Clark we-NPR uzabalaze ukuqonda ukuba uthini:
"UClark:
… Ucinga ukuba intetho yokuziphindezela ayisiyo mpendulo ifanelekileyo ekufeni kwabantu abangama-5,000 XNUMX (sic)?
UFerencz:
Ayisoze ibe yimpendulo esemthethweni ukohlwaya abantu abangabekek 'ityala ngobubi obenziweyo.
UClark:
Akukho mntu uthi siza kohlwaya abo bangenatyala.
UFerencz:
Kufuneka senze umahluko phakathi ukohlwaya abo banetyala nokohlwaya abanye. Ukuba nje uziphindezela ngobuninzi ngokuqhushumisa i-Afghanistan, masithi, okanye iTaliban, uyakubulala abantu abaninzi abangakholelwayo kwinto eyenzekileyo, abangayamkeliyo into eyenzekileyo.
UClark:
Ke uthi awuboni ndima ifanelekileyo yomkhosi kule.
UFerencz:
Andizukuthi akukho ndima ifanelekileyo, kodwa indima kufuneka ihambelane neenjongo zethu. Asifanelanga ukubavumela babulale imigaqo-nkqubo yethu ngaxeshanye bebulala abantu bethu. Kwaye imigaqo yethu yintlonipho yolawulo lomthetho. Singabizi ngokungaboni kwaye sibulale abantu kuba simfanyekiswe ziinyembezi zethu nomsindo. ”
Ingoma yemfazwe yatyhutyha amaza omoya, yajija i-9/11 ibe yingxelo enamandla yepropaganda ukuze ibethe uloyiko lobunqolobi kwaye ithethelele umlo oya emfazweni. Kodwa abantu abaninzi baseMelika babelana ngokubhukisha kukaMmeli.UBarbara Lee kunye noBen Ferencz, beqonda ngokwaneleyo ngembali yelizwe labo ukuba baqonde ukuba le ntlekele ye-9/11 yayixhwilwa sisakhiwo esinye semikhosi-mveliso esivelise isiphithiphithi eVietnam kwaye siqhubeka siziphinda sizenzele emva kwesizukulwana ukuxhasa kunye inzuzo evela Iimfazwe zaseMelika, ukubhukuqa kunye nokulwa.
Nge-28 kaSeptemba ngo-2001, i Umsebenzi wezeNtlalontle iwebhusayithi ipapashiwe ingxelo ngababhali abali-15 kunye namatshantliziyo phantsi kwesihloko esithi, "Kutheni sisithi hayi emfazweni nakwinzondo." Babandakanya uNoam Chomsky, uMbutho woQhushululu wabafazi base-Afghanistan kunye nam (iMedea). Iingxelo zethu zazijolise kuhlaselo lolawulo lukaBush kwinkululeko yoluntu ekhaya nakumazwe aphesheya, kunye nezicwangciso zemfazwe e-Afghanistan.
Umfundi ongasekhoyo kunye nombhali uChalmers Johnson ubhale ukuba i-9/11 yayingekuko ukuhlasela i-United States kodwa yayikukuhlasela umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US. UEdward Herman uxele kwangaphambili ukuba “kuya kubakho iingozi ezinkulu ebantwini.” Matt Rothschild, umhleli we Inkqubela wabhala, "Wonke umntu omsulwa uBush ubulala kule mfazwe, kuza kuvela abagrogrisi abahlanu okanye abalishumi." Mna (iMedea) ndibhale ukuba "impendulo yomkhosi izakwenza kuphela intiyo nxamnye ne-US eyadala obu bunqolobi kwasekuqaleni."
Uhlalutyo lwethu lwaluchanekile kwaye iingqikelelo zethu zazisaziwa. Ngokuzithoba sithumela ukuba amajelo eendaba kunye nezopolitiko kufuneka baqale ukumamela amazwi oxolo kunye nokucoceka endaweni yokuxoka, abakhohlisi abakhohlakeleyo.
Oko kukhokelela kwintlekele njengemfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan asikokungabikho kwamazwi aqinisekileyo okulwa imfazwe kodwa iinkqubo zethu zopolitiko kunye neendaba zihlala zijongela phantsi kwaye zingawahoyi amazwi afana nalawo kaBarbara Lee, uBen Ferencz nathi.
Oko akubangelwa kukuba siphosakele kwaye amazwi abo omlo abaphulaphulayo alungile. Basijongela ecaleni ngokuchanekileyo kuba silungile kwaye bayaphazama, kwaye ngenxa yokuba iingxoxo ezinzulu, ezinengqiqo malunga nemfazwe, uxolo kunye nenkcitho yomkhosi zinokubeka emngciphekweni ezinye zezona zinamandla kwaye zikhohlakele. umdla onikwe ezilawula nezilawula ezopolitiko zase-US ngakwicala lokudibana.
Kuzo zonke iingxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, ubukho bomkhosi wethu omkhulu wokutshabalalisa kunye neentsomi ezikhuthazwa ziinkokeli zethu ukuyithethelela ukuba ziguquke kwimikhwa yokuzenzela izinto kunye noxinzelelo lwezepolitiki ukunqanda uloyiko lwethu nokwenza ngathi kukho "izisombululo" zomkhosi kubo.
Ukuphulukana neMfazwe yaseVietnam yayikukujonga okwenyani kwimida yamandla omkhosi wase-US. Njengokuba amagosa amancinci alwa eVietnam enyuka esiba ziinkokheli zomkhosi waseMelika, basebenza ngononophelo nangokwenyani kule minyaka ingama-20 izayo. Kodwa ukuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo kwavula ucango kwisizukulwana esitsha esinamabhongo ashushu awayezimisele ukwenza imali kwi-US-Cold War “Isahlulo samandla.”
UMadeleine Albright wathetha ngolu hlobo lutsha luvelayo lweemfazwe xa wadibana no-General Colin Powell ngo-1992 kunye umbuzo wakhe, "Iyintoni injongo yokuba nomkhosi obalaseleyo uhlala uthetha ngawo ukuba asikwazi ukuwusebenzisa?"
NjengoNobhala Welizwe kwikota yesibini ka-Clinton, uAlbright wayila kuqala kuthotho Uhlaselo olungekho mthethweni lwase-US lokukrola iKosovo ezimeleyo kwintsalela yaseYugoslavia. Xa uNobhala Wezangaphandle wase-UK uRobin Cook emxelela ukuba urhulumente wakhe "unengxaki namagqwetha ethu" malunga nokungekho semthethweni kwesicwangciso semfazwe se-NATO, u-Albright uthe kufanele nje "fumana amagqwetha amatsha. "
Ngama-1990, ii-neocons kunye nabangeneleli benkululeko bayigxotha kwaye bayigxeka imbono yokuba iindlela ezingezizo ezomkhosi, ezingenanyanzeliso zinokusombulula ngokukuko iingxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle ngaphandle kwemfazwe okanye izoyikiso ezibulalayo. izigwebo. Indawo yokulwa iimfazwe ezi-bipartisan emva koko yaxhaphaza uhlaselo lwe-9/11 ukudibanisa kunye nokwandisa ulawulo lwabo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US.
Kodwa emva kokuchitha amawaka ezigidi zeedola kwaye ebulala izigidi zabantu, irekhodi elibi le-US yokwenza imfazwe ukusukela ngeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ihlala iyinto embi yokusilela kunye noloyiso, nangokwayo. Ekuphela kweemfazwe i-United States ephumeleleyo ukusukela ngo-1945 ibe neemfazwe ezinqamlezileyo ukubuyisa izithuba ezincinci ze-neo-colonial eGrenada, Panama nase Kuwait.
Ngalo lonke ixesha i-United States iye yandisa umnqweno wayo wokuhlasela okanye wokuhlasela amazwe amakhulu okanye azimeleyo, iziphumo ziye zaba yintlekele kwindalo iphela.
Ilizwe lethu ke alinangqondo utyalo-mali I-66% yenkcitho yemali ehlanganisiweyo kwezixhobo ezonakalisayo, kunye nokugaya nokuqeqesha abantu abancinci baseMelika ukuba bazisebenzise, akusenzi sikhuseleke kodwa kukhuthaza kuphela iinkokheli zethu ukuba zenze ubundlobongela obungenantsingiselo kunye nesiphithiphithi kubamelwane bethu kwihlabathi liphela.
Uninzi lwabamelwane bethu sele beyiqondile ngoku le mikhosi kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko yase-US engasebenziyo ebagcina benesoyikiso soxolo nakwiminqweno yabo idemokhrasi. Bambalwa abantu kwamanye amazwe abafuna nayiphi na inxenye Iimfazwe zaseMelika, okanye iMfazwe Yomlomo ehlaziyiweyo nxamnye neChina neRussia, kwaye ezi zinto zibonakala kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe aseMelika amandulo aseYurophu nakwiyadi yayo yangasemva "eCanada naseLatin America.
Ngo-Oktobha 19, 2001, uDonald URumsfeld ulungisiwe B-2 abasebenzi bebhombu e-Whiteman AFB eMissouri njengoko babelungiselela ukuthatha uhambo kwihlabathi liphela ngenjongo yokuphindezela ngendlela engeyiyo kubantu abanyamezelayo e-Afghanistan. Ubaxelele, "Sinezinto ezimbini esinokukhetha kuzo. Nokuba siyayitshintsha indlela esiphila ngayo, okanye kufuneka siyitshintshe indlela abaphila ngayo. Sikhetha eyokugqibela. Kwaye nguwe oya kunceda ukufezekisa loo njongo. ”
Ngoku ukulahla phezu kwe80,000 iibhombu nemijukujelwa yabantu base-Afghanistan iminyaka engama-20 isilele ukutshintsha indlela abaphila ngayo, ngaphandle kokubulala amakhulu amawaka abo kunye nokuchitha amakhaya abo, endaweni yoko, njengoko watsho uRumsfeld, masitshintshe indlela esiphila ngayo.
Kuya kufuneka siqale ngokumamela uBarbara Lee. Okokuqala, kufuneka sidlulise ityala lakhe lokurhoxisa ii-AUMFs zangemva kwe-9/11 ezamisela i-fiasco yeminyaka engama-20 e-Afghanistan kunye nezinye iimfazwe e-Iraq, eSyria, eLibya, eSomalia nase-Yemen.
Emva koko kuya kufuneka sidlulise ityala lakhe ukuze silithumele kwakhona $ 350 billion ngonyaka kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi wase-US (phantse i-50% esikiweyo) ukuya "ukwandisa amandla ethu oonozakuzaku kunye neenkqubo zasekhaya ezigcina iSizwe nabantu bethu bekhuselekile."
Okokugqibela ukuphinda ulawule emkhosini waseMelika ongalawulekiyo kunokuba yimpendulo enobulumko nefanelekileyo kukoyiswa kwawo e-Afghanistan, ngaphambi kokuba loo mdla ukhohlakeleyo usitsalele kwiimfazwe eziyingozi ngakumbi kwiintshaba ezoyikekayo kuneTaliban.
UMedea uBenjamin ungumcebisi CODEPINK yoxolo, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanya Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran.
UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimeleyo, umphandi nge-CODEPINK kunye nombhali we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq.
