Kutheni uMfazwe ka-Drone weMfazwe ebonisa ukuba ufuna ukuTshatshela kweMelika

NguPeter Harris, ngoDisemba 1, 2019

ukusuka Umdla weSizwe

Ngelixa uDonald Trump esebenzise ixesha lakhe kwiOfisi ye-Oval ukucutha ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-US kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokubuyisela umva umva wokukhululeka kwezorhwebo, nangona kunjalo unomdla wokugcina eyona nto ibiza kakhulu, ebonakalayo, kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo kwihlabathi laseMelika. indima: ubukho bayo bomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo komkhosi obulalayo.

UMark Esper une i-euphemism kwiimfazwe zaseMelika kuMbindi Mpuma: “ukucheba ingca.” Unobhala wezoKhuselo wasebenzisa eli gama ukuchaza izenzo zomkhosi wase-US eLibya, apho imikhosi yomoya yase-US kuthiwa ibulale ikhulu labalweli beqela le-ISIS ngoSeptemba kuphela. Kodwa ukuthelekisa imfazwe engapheliyo kunye nokucheba ingca, ukutsho nje kancinci, isikweko esingafanelekanga nesilahlekisayo. Ukujonga iinkcazo ezidluleyo ezimsulwa malunga nokunyuka kweenyawo zasemkhosini zaseMelika kufanele ukuba ibe ngumsebenzi ongxamisekileyo kwabo banomdla wokuguqula umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle ongaphumeleliyo nowenza mandundu.

Phantse iminyaka emithathu emva kokuba enyulwe njengoMongameli, umbono wokuba uDonald Trump uzibophelele kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wokuzibamba, ukudendwa, okanye ukuzihlukanisa unokubekwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Kuba ngelixa uTrump esebenzise ixesha lakhe kwiOfisi ye-Oval ukucutha ukuthatha inxaxheba kwe-US kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokubuyisela umva umsinga worhwebo lwenkululeko, nangona kunjalo uye wafuna kakhulu ukugcina eyona nto ibiza kakhulu, ebonakalayo, kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo kwihlabathi laseMelika. indima: ubukho bayo bomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo komkhosi obulalayo. Kunjalo ke nabacebisi abafana noEsper.

UTrump uhlala ethanda ukuvakala ngathi uzinikele kumsebenzi wokuzisa imikhosi yase-US ekhaya, ngakumbi isuka kuMbindi Mpuma. Njengoko yena wathi ekukhuseleni isigqibo sakhe sokuphinda athumele abasebenzi base-US kude kumantla eSyria, "umsebenzi womkhosi wethu ayingowokupolisa umhlaba." Kodwa akukho mongameli othumela amawaka amathathu emikhosi eyongezelelweyo Afghanistani  kunye namanye amawaka ukuya ISaudi Arabia kunokugqalwa njengento enzulu ngokuyeka uMbindi Mpuma. Kwaye akukho mongameli oyalela umkhosi ukuba "yokuvikela” iindawo yeoli yangaphandle, igunyazisa uhlaselo lwenqwelomoya oluchasene “Mthetho” iirhulumente kwaye iphakamisa ngokuphandle ukuba nokwenzeka kwezinto ezintsha (kwaye ezingacelwanga) izivumelwano zokukhuselana unokubanga ngokuthembekileyo isambatho sokuchasa ungenelelo.

Mhlawumbi obona bungqina bubambekayo bolawulo lukaTrump oluthuthuzelayo ngemfazwe engapheliyo, nangona kunjalo, inokufumaneka ekwamkeleni kwayo imfazwe yedrone. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, uphando intatheli kunye nezemfundo Iingcali ngokufanayo benze isixa esikhulu semihlakulo ukufumanisa ubungakanani bokuthembela kukaTrump kwiidrones-kodwa umba usaqhubeka nokungahoywa njengebali eliphambili lomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wolu lawulo. Le yimpazamo.

Ukusukela oko waba nguMongameli, uTrump uthathe amanyathelo amaninzi okwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweedrones yimikhosi exhobileyo yaseMelika kunye neenkonzo zayo zobuntlola. Wakhetha ukwenza njalo bu yisela Igunya leCIA lokwenza uqhankqalazo lwedrone ngaphandle kwePentagon (into ebikade ikhona yekile ngasekupheleni kolawulo luka-Obama); ubuyise umva imithetho ejoliswe ukwandisa ukungafihli okungqonge iingxwelerha zabemi ukusuka kugwayimbo lwedrone; kwaye yongamele ukwandiswa kwe-airbase yase-US Nayija, ukusuka apho zombini i-CIA kunye nomkhosi oqhelekileyo wase-US unokuthumela uhlaselo olubulalayo lwe-drone kuMntla Afrika.

Ezi zizenzo zangabom zomongameli ofuna ukubona ugwayimbo oluninzi lwedrone kwiindawo ezininzi. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo, inani lohlaselo lwe-drone olwenziwe yimikhosi yase-US liye lanyuka kwiwotshi kaTrump. Ngokutsho kwe I-Bureau of Journalism yophando, kukho ubuncinci be-4,582 ugwayimbo lwedrone e-Afghanistan ukusukela ngoJanuwari 2017, okukhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangama-2,500. Abanye abantu abangama-900 babulewe lugwayimbo olumalunga nama-270 eYemen, eSomalia nasePakistan. Xa kuthatyathwe kunye, oku kuthetha ukuba i-United States yenze, ngokomndilili, ngaphezulu kogwayimbo lwe-drone ezine ngosuku ukusukela oko uTrump wathatha isikhundla. Ngamanye amazwi, iUnited States yenze iphulo elingaguqukiyo lokujongana nomkhosi obulalayo kwiindawo ezininzi zemfazwe.

Ewe kunjalo, uTrump akanguye uvulindlela wemfazwe yedrone. Ulawulo lukaGeorge W. Bush lwasebenzisa iidrones ngokubanzi njengenxalenye yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBunqolobi-kungekhona nje e-Afghanistan nasePakistan, kodwa nakubanqolobi abaziwayo baseYemen naseSomalia. Ekuqaleni, iidrones zazixabiswa njengesixhobo esikhethekileyo sokwenza ukubulala okujoliswe kuko kwiindawo apho imikhosi yase-US yayingabekwanga ngaphambili okanye ngebebenobunzima bokusebenza ngomhlaba okanye emoyeni.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imfazwe yedrone yanda kakhulu. Umongameli u-Obama wathembela kakhulu kumlo okude wokulwa ubunqolobi kuMbindi Mpuma ngaphandle kokulwa iimfazwe zomhlaba ezibonakalayo, ezibizayo, nezinempikiswano kulo mmandla. I-Drones ibonakala inika u-Obama-umongameli owabalekela isikhundla kwi-2008 ngesithembiso sokuphelisa iMfazwe yase-Iraq kunye nokunciphisa ezinye izibophelelo zangaphandle-amandla okwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokulwa nabanqolobi ngaphandle kokujongana nokuhlolwa okubalulekileyo kwekhaya ngezenzo zakhe. Njengentatheli Peter Sanger ukubeka, usukelo “yayikukujongana” ukanti “ukufihla.” NgoMeyi 2013, u-Obama ngokuthandabuza vu nyelwene ukwazisa izikhokelo ezitsha zokulawula ukusetyenziswa kogwayimbo lwe-drone kwiindawo zongquzulwano, nokuba unyanzelise ukugcina uxwebhu olupheleleyo lwesikhokelo. eyimfihlo iminyaka emithathu yonke.

Kunyaka wakhe wokuqala e-ofisini, uTrump sahlukana elo xesha lika-Obama lilawula kwimfazwe ye-drone. Oku kungenxa yokuba uTrump akakholelwa ekunyanzeliseni umkhosi (okanye iCIA) kwaye ngokuyinxenye kuba, ngokungafaniyo no-Obama, ujongene nenkcaso encinci evela kubenzi bomthetho. Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha ezijikeleze ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kweedrones zisenokuba ziye zaphela kwingcinga yoluntu. Kodwa nokuba ithini na ingcaciso, uMongameli uTrump ngokungathandabuzekiyo ebezama ukwenza iidrones zibe yinto ehlaziyiweyo neyandisiweyo yeemfazwe zaseMelika ezingapheliyo (“ngonaphakade”) ngokuchasene nobunqolobi bamazwe ngamazwe.

Kuthetha ntoni konke oku kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseMelika phantsi kukaTrump? Okokuqala, kuthetha ukuba iUnited States izibophelele ekugcineni ubukho bayo obukhulu phesheya kolwandle kwikamva elibonakalayo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iidrones zithetha i-airbases-kwaye ii-airbases zithetha iinkampu zomkhosi kunye nobudlelwane bokhuseleko kunye namazwe abambeleyo kwihlabathi liphela. Ukusuka eNiger eNtshona Afrika ukuya e-Afghanistan kwi-Asia Ephakathi, umkhosi wase-US uzinzile ixesha elide; ayizukuba "iza ekhaya" okoko nje imikhosi ethunyelwe phambili ifuneka ukuze kuliwe imfazwe yedrone.

Okwesibini, kuthetha ukuba uMongameli uTrump-ngaphandle kokuqhankqalaza ngokuchaseneyo-unyanisile, uzibophelele ekwenzeni "izenzo zamapolisa" kwihlabathi liphela. Kuba nokuba banokunceda ukunciphisa inani lemikhosi yase-US efunekayo ukuqhubela phambili iinjongo zokhuseleko lwelizwe, ugwayimbo lwedrone lusabalwa njengongenelelo lomkhosi waphesheya. Phantsi kukaTrump, i-United States iye yazibandakanya nemfazwe ethe gqolo uMongameli ebenokuyinciphisa kodwa endaweni yoko wakhetha ukwenza nzulu, banzi, kunye nokuziqhelanisa.

Ukujonga kwilensi yemfazwe yedrone kutyhila ubunyani bomgaqo-nkqubo kaTrump wangaphandle kunye nomkhosi. Akazinikelanga ekudendeni, okanye ekuthinteleni. Ngokuchaseneyo noko, utshatile ngokubonakalayo ukuba utshatile kumbono wobungangamsha bomkhosi wehlabathi-wokugcina isandla sasimahla ukuze i-United States ingenelele emkhosini naphi na apho ibona kufanelekile. Uzinikele kwimfazwe esisigxina njengemeko eqhelekileyo yemicimbi. Iimbekiselo ze-Glib kukhathalelo lwengca akufuneki zenze nto ukuyifihla le nyaniso.

UPeter Harris ngunjingalwazi oncedisayo kwisayensi yezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseColorado State. Ungamlandela kuTwitter: @ipeterharris.