NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Septemba 30, 2022
Ndincoma ngokunyanisekileyo nangentshiseko incwadi yamva nje ka-Andrew Bacevich, Ekuchitheni Ixesha Elidala, phantse wonke umntu. Ndineengcamango zesibini kuphela ekukhuthazeni amaphepha e-350 okugxeka ukufudumala kwabo sele bephambi kwayo kwaye baye baqonda isidingo sokuphelisa iimfazwe kunye nemfazwe ngaphambi kokuba ezo zinto zisiphelise.
I-Bacevich ayibizanga imfazwe enye echaphazelekayo kumhla wangoku ayixhasayo okanye ayithetheleleyo. Uxhasa ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuvumelana kweBlob yase-US kwi-WWII kodwa ufumanisa ukuba ayisebenzi kwihlabathi eliguqulwe kakhulu-kwaye kufanelekile. Incwadi yam, Ukushiya iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, zombini i-debunks iintsomi kwaye inquma ukuba i-WWII ayibalulekanga ekugcinweni komkhosi namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, i-Bacevich igxininisa ukuba ungayithethelela imfazwe "xa zonke ezinye iindlela zokufikelela kwiinjongo eziyimfuneko ziye zaphelelwa okanye azifumaneki. Isizwe kufuneka siye emfazweni kuphela xa kufuneka-kwaye emva koko, ukuphelisa impixano ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kufuneka kube yimfuneko. ”
Kumaphepha angama-350 akrelekrele, anolwazi ngokwembali agxeka imfazwe ngamandla, iBacevich ayicinezeli ngegama elinye malunga nokuba yintoni "injongo ebaluleke ngokwenene", okanye nayiphi na inkcazo yendlela enokuthi ijongeke ngayo ithetha ukuba iphelelwe ngamandla, okanye nayiphi na ingcaciso malunga nokuba. Isigunyaziso sokuphelisa imfazwe ngokukhawuleza kufanele okanye akufanelekanga ukuba ikhokelele ekutshatyalalisweni kwenyukliya. Kananjalo uBacevich akakhe acinge nzulu okanye agxeke okanye azibandakanye nabaphi na ababhali abaninzi, kubandakanya nenkokeli yecawe yakhe, efuna ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwemfazwe. Asinikwa mzekelo wemfazwe ethethelelekayo okanye imeko ecingelwayo yokuba umntu unokuba yintoni na. Kwaye okwangoku, i-Bacevich ifuna ukuba umkhosi okhohlakeleyo wase-US ugxile kwizoyikiso zokwenyani kunye nezivelayo- kwaye, uqikelele, akukho ngcaciso yokuba zithini na ezo.
Ukwafuna ukuhlanjululwa kwawo onke amagosa aneenkwenkwezi ezintathu kunye nesine, "nomqathango wokuqala wokunyuselwa kwezo ndawo zivalelwe kwinkampu yokufundisa eqhutywa yi-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan abanqunyulwe imilenze, ngekharityhulamu eyilwe ngamaVeterans for Peace." Ukuba uninzi lwabantu abanqunyulwe imilenze abakaze baye e-United States kwaye bathethe isiNgesi esilinganiselweyo kwaye bengathandi ngokuzithandela ukuqeqesha amagosa omkhosi wase-US ayibalulekanga apha, kuba i-Bacevich - umntu unokuqiniseka ngokusekwe kwezinye iireferensi ezininzi zabantu abonzakeleyo - uthetha kuphela abantu base-US abanqunyulwa amalungu omzimba. Kodwa kukho ingxaki ekucebiseni ukuba iVeterans For Peace ingaqeqesha amagosa asemkhosini aseMelika. Amagqala oXolo asebenzela ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. Ayizukwamkela imali karhulumente wase-US kumaxhoba e-Agent Orange, ngenxa yenkxalabo yokuthembeka kombutho wayo njengomchasi womkhosi wase-US - yonke impi yase-US (kunye nawo wonke umntu ongomnye).
Yimpazamo eqondakalayo. Ndizamile ukucela abo baxhasa amapolisa ukuba axhase uqeqesho lokuthotywa kwamapolisa, ndaye ndaxelelwa ukuba loo nto yimali yamapolisa kwaye yingxaki ke leyo. Ndikhe ndacela ii-libertarians ukuba zixhase ukuhanjiswa kwenkxaso-mali yomkhosi kuzo zombini ukucuthwa kwerhafu kunye nenkxaso-mali yezinto ezilungileyo kwaye ndixelelwe ukuba ukuxhasa ngezimali iimfuno ezingxamisekileyo zoluntu nezendalo akukho nto ingcono kuneemfazwe zokuxhasa ngemali. Kodwa kufuneka sikwazi ukulindela ukuqonda okusisiseko kokupheliswa kwemfazwe, nokuba ungavumelani nayo kwaye nokuba uyaqhula. Ukuphawula kukaBacevich kunokuba lulwimi-esidleleni ihlaya. Kodwa u-Bacevich uthi: "Eli asiloxesha lemilinganiselo yesiqingatha" ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba umcimi wemfazwe, ukuqeqesha imikhosi yase-US yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yesiqingatha.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ndiyayifumana. U-Bacevich ubhalela uluntu oluphambana yimfazwe, lungazange lube nalizwi loxolo naphi na kumajelo eendaba. Umsebenzi wakhe kukuqhankqalaza into ayibiza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba yimeko eqhelekileyo yemfazwe. Usenokukrokrela ngasese ukuba ukupheliswa kuya kuba licebo elilungileyo. Kodwa bekuya kuzuza ntoni ukuthetha ngolo hlobo? Kungcono ukugungqisa izinto kwelo cala, kwaye uvumele umva ugqatso lwezixhobo kunye nokuqonda okuvelayo kunye nomfutho wenkqubela phambili yokwenza ukupheliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kubonakale kwamkelekile. . . uze uyixhase.
Ingxaki enye ngale ndlela, ndiyakholwa, ngabafundi abacingayo. Ndiyathetha, kuya kuba yintoni ngomfundi ofuna ukwazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kufuneka ibe njani imfazwe engaqhelekanga? Uphi umzekelo woluntu kwixesha elinomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kunye nofanelekileyo wemfazwe njengento engaqhelekanga ngokuchanekileyo? Emva kwemibuzo eyahlukahlukeneyo kaBacevich yezopolitiko ezigcina iimfazwe ezahlukahlukeneyo ziqhubeka emva kokuba "kubonakala ukuba imfazwe yimpazamo," yintoni enokuyenza ngomfundi obuza ukuba imfazwe engeyiyo impazamo ibonakala njani? Emva kokufunda ukugxeka okuphindaphindiweyo kukaBacevich kumkhosi wase-US ngokusilela ukuphumelela naziphi na iimfazwe, kuthekani ukuba umfundi uyabuza ukuba imfazwe ephumeleleyo ingajongeka njani kwaye (ukuba inkcazo enjalo yayinokwenzeka) ingaba yintoni elungileyo yokuphumelela imfazwe?
Nantsi ingxaki enzima ngakumbi. Ngokutsho kukaBacevich, loo malungu omkhosi waseUnited States aye afela kwiimfazwe zamashumi eminyaka akutshanje “afele kwinkonzo yelizwe lawo. Akukho mathandabuzo ngaloo nto. Nokuba bafa ukuqhubela phambili injongo yenkululeko okanye impilo-ntle yase-United States ngomnye umcimbi ngokupheleleyo. ” UBacevich uyaqhubeka ecebisa ukuba iimfazwe ziye zalwela "ioli, ulawulo, i-hubris," kunye nezinye izinto ezingathandekiyo. Ke, kutheni ndingavunyelwa ukuba ndithandabuze ukuba le ibe yinkonzo kwilizwe elithile? Ngapha koko, ndingakuphepha njani ukuthandabuza ukumosha iitriliyoni zeedola ezinokuthi ziguqule ngokuqinisekileyo iibhiliyoni zobomi, ukubandakanyeka ekubulaleni nasekwenzakalisayo nokwenza abantu bangabi namakhaya kwaye bengcungcuthekisa izigidi zabantu, besenza umonakalo omkhulu kubume bendalo kunye nokuzinza kwezopolitiko kunye nomthetho. yomthetho kunye nenkululeko yoluntu kunye ne-US kunye nenkcubeko yehlabathi - ndinganqanda njani ukuthandabuza ukuba le yinkonzo kwaphela?
U-Bacevich, ngokombono wam, unenye ingxaki enokuthi ihluke ngokuthe ngqo kwinkxaso yakhe yokugcina iziko lemfazwe. Njengama-libertarians akhankanywe ngasentla, uphepha nayiphi na ingcebiso yokuba urhulumente wase-US ahambise imali kuyo nayiphi na into eluncedo okanye enze nantoni na. Uyamangalisa into ekufuneka urhulumente waseMelika ayeke ukuyenza. Kodwa akukho ngxoxo yokutshintsha imfazwe ngentsebenziswano okanye umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. U-Bacevich ubeka "ityala" kwizintlu zakhe zeenkxalabo ezinkulu, kungekhona indlala, kungekhona intlupheko. Kodwa ukuba umntu unokucinga ngethiyori efanelekileyo yemfazwe esungulwe ngomso, ngaba inokwenza okulungileyo ngakumbi kunokuba yingozi malunga nokuthethelela iminyaka eyi-80 edlulileyo, kungekhona nje iimfazwe ezimbi, kwaye kungekhona nje ukugcinwa komngcipheko we-apocalypse yenyukliya, kodwa kunye nokuphambukiswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo kude kwiimfuno ezingxamisekileyo zoluntu eziye zalahleka ubomi obuninzi koko kubekwe phambili kuneemfazwe? Kwaye nokuba sinokuthelekelela, kwinkqubo yangoku yemithetho noorhulumente, imfazwe yobulungisa evuka phakathi kwamakhulu abantu abangekho sikweni, ngaba asinalo uxanduva lokusebenza kutshintsho lwesakhiwo oludala iindlela ezizezinye zemfazwe?
Ingxaki enkulu kumfundi ocingayo, ndiyakrokrela, yingqiqo yomkhosi. Kukho ingqiqo kuyo. Ukuba uyakholelwa ukuba kufuneka okanye kufuneka kubekho iimfazwe, ngoko kuyavakala ukufuna ukulungela ukuphumelela kuzo zonke, kwaye ufune ukuziqala kunokuba abanye baqale ngokuchasene nawe. Ewe asisoze sifike ekuphelisweni kwemfazwe ngaphandle kokunciphisa imfazwe ngezigaba. Kodwa ukuqonda ukuba siyayiphelisa imfazwe kwenza i-heck ingqiqo eninzi kunombono wokwenza imfazwe phakathi. Ewe siphila kwixesha apho izigidi zabantu zicinga ukuba uThixo neZulu ziyinyani ukanti zinganikeli ngalo lonke ixesha lokuvuka (eneneni ayiyongcamango edlulayo) kubo, njengoko ngokuqinisekileyo bendiya kwenza ukuba ndingenza ingqiqo yokukholelwa ngolo hlobo. izinto. Ubuvuvu kunye nokuchasana akusoloko kusithintelo kwimibutho yezopolitiko, kodwa - konke okunye kuyalingana - akufuneki sikuphephe?
Emva kokuba senze ityala lokuphelisa yonke imfazwe kunye nokudilizwa kwazo zonke izixhobo kwinani elingenakubalwa iincwadi kwaye amanqaku kwaye webinars, Andizukuphumelela apha, kodwa ndiya kubhekisa nabani na onomdla a website efuna ukunyelisa okuqhelekileyo izizathu ukuxhasa iziko lemfazwe, kunye nokubonelela a series yezizathu zokuphelisa imfazwe. Ingxelo apho ityala lisilela khona iyathakazelelwa kakhulu. Senze ezahlukeneyo zoluntu iingxoxo ngesihloko kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kwamkela ukubamba ingxoxo enobuhlobo kunye ne-Bacevich. Okwangoku, nazi iincwadi ezixhasa ukuphelisa yonke imfazwe. Ndicinga ukuba abameli bokunyusa umva ngokumangalisayo, kodwa ukugcina, umatshini wemfazwe kufuneka ubuncinci ubandakanyeke kwaye ubonise iimpazamo zezi ncwadi.
UKUBHALA KWEMPAHLA YOKUBHALA:
Ukuphelisa uBundlobongela basebuRhulumenteni: Ihlabathi eliNgaphaya kweebhombu, imida, kunye neeCages nguRay Acheson, ngo-2022.
Ngokuchasene neMfazwe: Ukwakha iNkcubeko yoXolo nguPopu Francis, 2022.
Ukuziphatha, uKhuseleko, kunye noMtshini weMfazwe: Iindleko eziyiNyaniso zoMkhosi nguNed Dobos, 2020.
Ukuqonda iMveliso yeMfazwe nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Akukho Mfazwe nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
Ukomelela ngoXolo: Indlela iDemilitarization eyakhokelela ngayo kuXolo kunye noLonwabo eCosta Rica, kunye nento enokufundwa lihlabathi liphela kwiSizwe esiNcinci seTropiki, nguJudith Eve Lipton kunye noDavid P. Barash, ngo-2019.
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Ukuthintela iMfazwe nokukhuthaza uxolo: Isikhokelo sabasebenzi bezeMpilo luhlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
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Imfazwe ayisoze yaphela nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Icandelo elinamandla malunga neMfazwe: Yiyiphi iMelika elahlekile kwiklasi ye-US History kunye nento thina (sonke) esinokuyenza ngoku nguKathy Beckwith, 2015.
Imfazwe: Ulwaphulo-mthetho loLuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Ukubuyiselwa kwamaKatolika kunye nokuPhelelwa kweMfazwe nguDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Imfazwe kunye nokuxhamla: Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Ukuqala kweMfazwe, ukuphela kweMfazwe nguJudith Hand, 2013.
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