Yintoni uMbandela weSayensi?

NguDavid Swanson, uApril 15, 2020

Yintoni ingxaki ngesayensi? Ngale nto, ndiyathetha, kutheni singaphambuki kwezopolitiko ezonakeleyo nakwinkolo kwaye silandele indlela yesayensi? Okanye ndiyathetha, kutheni sivumele isayensi ukuba yonakalise iipolitiki zethu nenkcubeko yethu? Ndiyathetha, kunjalo, zombini.

Asidingi i-jackass engafundanga exelela abantu ngendlela yokulawula ubhubhane wentsholongwane kuba ungumongameli. Kwangelo xesha, asidingi zindawo zokuthengisa, zenzuzo, kunye neendaba ezingazi nto zisebenzisa isayensi enekratshi yemodeli zekhompyuter ukuxela ikhosi ngobhubhane ngendlela engavisisaniyo nento esele yenzekile kwihlabathi kanye lo bhubhani, ndingasathethi ke ezidlulileyo.

Asidingi abapolitiki abathengiweyo bahlawulelwa iinkampani zeoyile ezisixelela ukuba imeko yomhlaba ihamba kakuhle. Kodwa, ewe, iinkampani zeoyile zithengile kwaye zahlawulela izazinzulu (kunye namasebe eyunivesithi) ngaphambi kokuba zithengge kwaye zihlawulele abezopolitiko. Izazinzulu zixelela uluntu ukuba amandla enyukliya ayimpendulo, ukuba imfazwe ilungile kubo, ukuba bafudukele kwenye iplanethi kunokwenzeka, kwaye isisombululo sesayensi malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu siza kuba lapha kungekudala, singayithethi ke into yokuba kutshabalalisa umhlaba nawo wonke umhlaba. Iindidi zoomatshini eziveliswe zizazinzulu azingekhe zithandabuzwe.

I-Rhuluneli yaseNew York ayinazo iziqinisekiso zokuthatha isigqibo sokuba abantu mabaziphathe njani ukusindisa ubomi ngexesha lesibetho. Kodwa iingcali zezibalo e-RAND azinabinamashishini ngokupheleleyo ezixelela oosopolitiki ukuba mabaseke kwimigaqo-nkqubo yabo yangaphandle kuthintelo lwenyukliya, ukufihla kunye nokunganyaniseki.

Ke, ngaba impendulo isayensi okanye ayisiyo isayensi? Ngaba awuyibeki nje kwi-tweet, uthixo?

Impendulo ikukuba izigqibo zikawonkewonke kufuneka zenziwe ngesiseko sokuziphatha, inkululeko kwinkululeko, ulwazi oluphezulu kunye nemfundo, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu lwentando yesininzi, kwaye isixhobo esinye ekufumaneni ulwazi masibe sesayensi-okuthetha ukuba ayisiyiyo nje into enamanani okanye inzululwazi. isigama okanye umthombo wesayensi, kodwa ngokuzimeleyo ubungqina obunokuqinisekiswa bokungena kwiindawo ezikhethwe ngesiseko sokuziphatha, inkululeko kwinkohliso, ulwazi oluphezulu kunye nemfundo, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu lwentando yesininzi.

Incwadi entsha kaClifford Conner, Intlekele yezeNzululwazi yaseMelika: Ukusuka kuTruman ukuya kuTrump, kusithatha kutyelelo lokuba yintoni ingxaki ngesayensi. Utyhola ububi obuziintloko ezibini: ubumbano kunye nomkhosi. Ubadibanisa ngokokulandelelana kwabo, edala ukuba abantu abambalwa ababengakulungelanga ukubuza imibuzo yomkhosi uya kuba ngexesha abafikelela ngalo embindini wencwadi-izele yimizekelo emangalisayo kunye nokuqonda izihloko ezitsha neziqhelekileyo.

Ikhontrakthi isithatha kwiakhawunti ezininzi zenkohlakalo yesayensi. ICoca-Cola kunye nabanye iswekile abaxhasa isayensi ekhokelele urhulumente wase-US ukuba agxothe abantu kumanqatha, kodwa hayi kude neswekile, kwaye ngqo kwiikhabhohayidrethi - nto leyo eyenze ukuba i-US idibane esidlangalaleni. Inzululwazi yayingengobobuxoki nje, kodwa yayilula kakhulu ukuba sisiseko sokhokelo kwisihloko esikhoyo.

Izazinzulu ziphuhlise iintlobo ezintsha zengqolowa, irayisi kunye nommbila. Kwaye ayikuko ukuba abakhange basebenze. Kodwa bafuna izixa ezikhulu zesichumisi kunye nesibulala izitshabalalisi, nto leyo abantu abangenanto bangakwaziyo ukuyifumana. Oku kunetyhefu emhlabeni ngelixa kugxilwe kakhulu kwezolimo. Abalimi abaninzi baba sokola xa kuveliswa ukutya okuninzi, nto leyo eyonakalisa amaxabiso. Kwaye abantu baqhubeka belamba kuba eyona ngxaki ibisoloko ikukuhlwempuzeka, hayi uhlobo lwengqolowa etyaliweyo.

Oosonzululwazi baphuhlise izityalo ze-GMO zifuna isichumiso esincinci kunye nokubulala izitshabalalisi, kunye nokunyamezelwa kokusetyenziswa kwemichiza yokubulala ukhula esetyenziselwa ukhula, ngokwenza njalo benze iingxaki ezintsha ngelixa kusonjululwa iingxaki ezizezabo, kwaye bangaze bajongane neengxaki eziphambili ezifuna isisombululo. Izazinzulu ziye zahlawulelwa kwangaxeshanye ukuba zibanga ukuba izityalo ze-GMO zikhuselekile ekusetyenzisweni komntu kwaye zivelise ukutya okuthe kratya, ngaphandle kokubonelela ubungqina bokubango. Ngeli xesha oorhulumente abathinjiweyo bathintela uluntu ekubeni lukwazi ukuba ukutya okuzivenkileni kunee-GMO okanye hayi - intshukumo enokubangela ukurhanela ipetroli.

Kuba isayensi yindawo yengcali efikelela kuluntu eyaziyo ukuba izazinzulu ziye zaxoka ngecuba, ukutya, ungcoliseko, imeko-bume, ubuhlanga, indalo, njalo njalo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba isifikelela kwiiarhente zikarhulumente ezingathembekanga kakhulu , kwaye ngenxa yokuba kusoloko kukho ukuthengisa okukhulu kwamabango angenasiseko, imilingo, imfihlakalo, kunye nethemba, kunjalo, intembelo yesayensi ixhaphakile. Oko kungathembani kuhlala kuphosakele kwaye kuhlala kulungile, kodwa kusoloko kubekek 'ityala ngakwicala lezinto zenkunkuma abantu beziswa njengenzululwazi.

Icuba libali esicinga ukuba sonke sele silazi. Kodwa bangaphi abayaziyo imvelaphi yobuxoki obukhulu becuba kwiprojekti yeManhattan yenyukliya? Kwaye bangaphi abayaziyo ukuba ukusweleka kwabantu abangama-480,000 ngonyaka eUnited States kusabangelwa kukutshaya, okanye ilizwe liphela lisisigidi ezisi-8 kwaye liyenyuka, okanye ukuba ishishini lecuba lisabhatala abaphandi bakhe besayensi izihlandlo ezingama-20 ukuba yintoni uMbutho woMhlaza waseMelika kunye neMelika Lung Umbutho odibeneyo uchithe imali yabo? Oku kuyinto eqhelekileyo yezizathu ezininzi zokufunda Intlekele yezeNzululwazi yaseMelika.

Imbono yam, kunjalo, kukuba xa usenza isayensi yaseMelika isilele. Kufuneka umntu abe nethuba. I-American Expecialism ayisiyo nje inxenye yokuqikelela ubhubhane wesifo kwiimodeli zekhompyuter kunokuba kwenye i-96% yabantu. Kukwayinxalenye yokwala ukubakho kwempumelelo yokugubungela impilo okanye amalungelo okufumana emsebenzini okanye ikhefu lokugula okanye ukusasazwa kobutyebi. Logama nje into engazange isebenze e-United States, iSayensi yaseMelika inokuphika ukuba semthethweni, nokuba lilonke ilizwe liyifumana iphumelele.

I-Conner ikwafumana inzuzo yenzuzo yamayeza echaza inzuzo ngenxa yengxaki ye-opioid, singasathethi ke ngokusilela ukwenza okuhle kwihlabathi elinokuba lenziwe ukuba uphando belubhekiswe kwenye indawo. Olunye ukhetho kwisayensi yintoni ekufuneka luyenzile. IMelanoma kunye ne-cystic fibrosis kunye nomhlaza we-ovarian zifumana inkxaso-mali, ngelixa i-anemia-cell anemia ingasebenzi. Ezona mpembelelo zichaphazela abamhlophe, kamva zimnyama. Ngokunjalo, iintsholongwane ezibulalayo ezichaphazela kuphela amanye amazwe aziyiyo nto iphambili-kude zisongele abantu ababalulekileyo.

Ngaphandle kwemali enkulu ekuthatheni izigqibo malunga namayeza aphambili, i-Conner ibalisa uluhlu lweendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ukwenza isayensi efunekayo. Oku kubandakanya ukuvavanywa kokuvavanywa kwembewu (izilingo zefonimenti ezijolise ekwaziseni ichiza kogqirha), umyalezo oqinisekileyo ngonyango, amajenali angokutya, kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo. Ukuthengisa iziyobisi kwahlukile e-United States naseNew Zealand, kwaye kuyinxalenye yokudalwa kwezifo ukuze kulingane iziyobisi, ngokuchaseneyo nokuphuhliswa kwamachiza ukuze kulunge izifo.

Onke amabali ayisiqingatha sebali. Elinye icala lenze imfazwe. Ikhontraktha ilandelela ubungqangi benzululwazi obuvela kwii-Atoms zoXolo kuqala ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkcitho kurhulumente wase-US kuphando lwezenzululwazi kule minyaka ingama-50 idlulileyo besemfazweni, kubandakanya uphando kwizixhobo zenyukliya, izixhobo zekhemikhali, izixhobo zebhayoloji, izixhobo "ezixhaphakileyo", iidroni, iindlela zokuthuthumbisa, kwanezixhobo zokucinga (enje ngo "kukhusela imikhosi" okanye "ukuhlamba ingqondo").

Ngelixa isiXeko saseNew York sibandezeleka ngenxa ye-coronavirus, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba egameni lezenzululwazi ngo-1966, urhulumente wase-US wakhupha iintsholongwane kwiindlela eziphantsi kweNew York. Intsholongwane ekhutshiweyo ibangelwa rhoqo yityhefu yokutya kwaye inokubulala.

Yintoni esiyifunayo endaweni yemicimbi yangoku?

I-Conner iphakamisa i-100% yenkxaso-mali yoluntu kunye nolawulo lwalo lonke uphando lwenzululwazi, kunye neearhente ezinje nge-EPA, FDA, kunye ne-CDC engenabuqhetseba yorhwaphilizo. Ukwabonakala ekuthanda ukwabelana ngokuvulekileyo kophando lwehlabathi, olunokuba lithemba lethu ngokuchasene ne-coronavirus nokunye okuninzi.

Ukwabeka isipikili kubuhlanya bukaGorg Norquist ngale nto:

Andifuni kuphelisa umzi-mveliso wezomkhosi. Ndifuna ukuyiphungula ukuze ikhulule indawo endinokuyihudula kwigumbi lokuhlambela kwaye ndiyiphose kwigumbi lokuhlambela. ”

Andazi ukuba i-100% yenkxaso-mali yoluntu inokwenzeka na. Andivumelani nesimangalo sokuhambisa izixhobo zamakhemikhali kusetyenziswa iSyria ngaphandle kokubonelela ubungqina. Andiqinisekanga ukuba ilungile into yokuba ukuyeka nokubuyisa ubushushu behlabathi kungalinyathelo eliya kuba lula ukuba sifumana isayensi ezandleni zomkhosi. Kwaye ndinzulu umbuzo malunga nokuthatha kwakhe kwinkcitho yomkhosi.

Kodwa ndiyayincoma le ncwadi kunye nokuthathelwa ingqalelo kwento endiyithathayo ukuba ibe ngumyalezo wayo ophambili: isayensi ibinokusebenza imimangaliso ukuba isetyenziswe kakuhle (kwaye ukuba ibhajethi yezomkhosi ichithwe kwinto eluncedo) kwaye mhlawumbi isenakho.