NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Februwari 7, 2022
Ndongeze incwadi kuluhlu lwam olukhulayo lokufunda oluphambili lokupheliswa kwemfazwe, esezantsi kweli nqaku. Ndiyibekile incwadi Amakhwenkwe aya kuba ngamakhwenkwe ezantsi kanye kolu luhlu, hayi ngenxa yokuba ilolona lutsha lungabalulekanga kangako, kodwa ngenxa yokuba lolona luqalayo, lupapashwe kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kwayo nayiphi na enye. Ikwayincwadi leyo-mhlawumbi kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezininzi-ezinempembelelo enkulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwi-ajenda esibone eyona nkqubela phambili ngayo. Olunye uhlaziyo lwenkcubeko eyiphakamisayo kufuneka kwinqanaba elithile liphunyeziwe - abanye hayi kakhulu.
Amakhwenkwe aya kuba ngamakhwenkwe: Ukuqhawula ikhonkco phakathi koBudoda kunye noBundlobongela nguMyriam Miedzian (1991) uqala ngengqwalasela yokuba ubundlobongela obubodwa bungalingani kakhulu bobudoda, kunye nokuqonda ukuba iingxelo zezifundiswa kunye neembali zoluntu ziye zaphatha indoda kunye nomntu njengento etshintshanayo. UMedzian wayekholelwa ukuba oku kwenza kube lula kubasetyhini ukuba babuze "i-mystique yabasetyhini" (ukuba abafazi baneziphene, kutheni ungabuzi into eqhelekileyo kwaye ucinge ukuyitshintsha?) Nani na ukuba nigwetywe? Kwaye ukuba awukwazi ukugxeka njengendoda ngokugqithiseleyo into eyindoda kakhulu, unokuba nobunzima bokujongana nengxaki yobundlobongela. (Ngendoda ngokuqinisekileyo ndithetha amadoda enkcubeko ethile, kodwa ukugxeka inkcubeko yaseNtshona ngokuthelekisa nezinye iinkcubeko akuzange kudume kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona.)
Le seti yeepateni zenkolelo ithetha into eyahlukileyo kwiminyaka ukususela ngo-1991. Kuthethe ukuba sinokutshintsha ekujongeni ukuthatha inxaxheba emkhosini wabasetyhini njengento engaqhelekanga ukuyijonga njengento eqhelekileyo, nencomekayo, ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa iota enye nayiphi na intsomi. ingcamango "yendalo yomntu." Ngapha koko, ihleli (ubuncinci kubafundi be-pro-war) ayinakuphepheka "indalo yomntu" ukuba bathathe inxaxheba emfazweni nokuba ngaba abafazi bayenzile okanye hayi (kwaye ngandlel 'ithile ingeyongxaki ukuba uninzi lwamadoda alukwenzi nokuba). Inyani yokuba "indalo yomntu obhinqileyo" inokucingelwa ukuba itshintshe ekuyekeni imfazwe ukuya ekuthatheni inxaxheba emfazweni ayiphakamisi into yokuba "indalo yomntu" inokutshintsha ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba ukuya ekuzikhwebuleni - kuba akukho nto ifana "nomntu oyindoda". indalo” - nantoni na eyenzeka kubantu abathile okwangoku "yindalo yomntu" equka konke.
Kodwa masithi siyavuma, njengoko abantu abaninzi besenza ngoku kunamashumi amathathu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ukuba amanqanaba obundlobongela ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, ukuba abanye baye kwaye bebenalo kwaye bebenalo kwaye bebenalo kakhulu kunoluntu lwethu, ukuba abanye abadlwengulwanga okanye babulala kakhulu. imfazwe encinci, ukuba kuluntu lwethu uninzi lobundlobongela ngamadoda, kwaye eyona nto inkulu kule nto iphantse ibe yinkuthazo yenkcubeko yokujonga ubundlobongela njengobudoda obumangalisayo, yintoni - ukuba kukho nantoni na - ngaba oku kusixelela ngemfazwe, malunga nezopolitiko okanye izixhobo. abenzi benzuzo okanye iipundits zosasazo ezikhuthaza imfazwe (abasetyhini babonakala ngathi bathanda imfazwe njengamadoda kwinkqubo esekwe emfazweni), okanye malunga nabasetyhini abathatha inxaxheba kumkhosi ngokuthe ngqo (abo bazibandakanyayo benza le nto bayixelelwayo ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi. njengamadoda)?
Ewe, ayisixeleli ukuba ukugaya kunye nokukhetha abafazi kuluntu apho inkxaso yemfazwe iphinde yahlaziywa ukusuka kwindoda encomekayo ukuya kwi-American encomekayo iyakunciphisa impi. Ayinakuze isixelele loo nto. Isixelela ukuba ukuze abafazi bathathe ulawulo eWashington, DC, kufuneka bavuyise abanini majelo eendaba abafanayo, bathengisele abanyoba bephulo elifanayo, basebenze ngamatanki anukayo afanayo, kwaye bahambelane neenkqubo ezifanayo ezimiselwe amadoda. UMedzian ucaphule kwincwadi yakhe isifundo esafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwamagqala emfazwe yaseVietnam babona ukuphila ngephupha likaJohn Wayne njengeyona nto ikhuthazayo, kunye nophononongo lwamadoda aphakamileyo ePentagon, iSenate, kunye neWhite House abavuma ukuba xa zombini i-US kunye ne-United States. I-USSR yayinee-nukes zokutshabalalisa iplanethi kaninzi phezu kwayo yayingenamsebenzi ukuba nguwuphi na urhulumente onamandla kunomnye kodwa owavumayo ukuba ubenze bazive bengcono kakhulu ukuba babe ngaphezulu. Loo mvakalelo isenokuba yavela kwindlela amakhwenkwe akhuliswa ngayo, oko abaqeqeshi babo bebhola ekhatywayo abavuza ngako, oko bakubonayo kufanekiselwa bona yiHollywood, njl. njl. namantombazana. Ukuba bekungengenxa yeenkolelo zamandulo zokwabelana ngesondo phakathi kwamaLungu eNkongolo yeRiphabhlikhi, iiDemokhrasi ngebesele zongeze abafazi kubhaliso olusisinyanzelo.
Ke, ewe, inkolelo yakho kwisidingo sokuma kuVladimir Putin ngokusongela imfazwe kwilizwe elikude elizele ngamadoda, abafazi, nabantwana, lityala kakhulu imbono eyityhefu yobudoda abathi abafazi bayithenga kakhulu njengentsha. ubufazi ngokunjalo. Sidinga ukuqonda okungcono. Sidinga isakhono sokuchitha iRule Based Order njengomdlalo wamakhwenkwe amancinci kwaye sifune urhulumente othobela imithetho endaweni yoko.
Kodwa senze inkqubela kwizinto ezithile. Imilo yamanqindi isezantsi kakhulu. Ubundlobongela obubodwa bujongelwa phantsi kakhulu, kwaye abukhuthazwa kubasetyhini okanye emadodeni. Kwaye "i-wimp" yokugxekwa kwabezopolitiko abangonelanga bemikhosi ababesemoyeni xa uMedzian wayebhala, ndicinga ukuba ezantsi. Njengomthetheleli ochasene neemfazwe zase-US, andizange ndibizwe ngokuba yi-wimp okanye ibhinqa, njl., kuphela umngcatshi, utshaba, okanye i-idiot engenangqondo. Ewe kunjalo sisonyusa kakhulu iminyaka yeeSenators kunye nooMongameli, kwaye izigxeko abanokuthi bajongane nazo kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo zinokuhlala zibalulekile kubo.
UMedzian ubonelela ngezisombululo ezininzi. Abanye siye senza inkqubela ecacileyo (hayi impumelelo ezukileyo yokugqibela, kodwa inkqubela), ubuncinane kumacandelo athile oluntu, kubandakanywa ootata abakhathalela abantwana ngakumbi, ukoyisa uloyiko olukhulu lobufanasini, ukucinezela ukuxhatshazwa, ukugxeka ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa, nokufundisa amakhwenkwe ukukhathalela abantwana abancinci neentsana. Isikolo abafunda kuso abantwana bam sasisoloko sineeklasi zokunceda abantu abaselula. (Andiyi kuqamba igama lesikolo ukuba ndiyidumise ngenxa yokuba inkcaso yemfazwe ayisekho ndawo isondele njengokwamkelekileyo njengezinye zezi zinto.)
Uninzi lwezinto ezibhalwa nguMiedzian malunga nemfazwe zisasebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye zinokubhalwa namhlanje. Kutheni, uyazibuza, ngaba kulungile ukunika abantwana iincwadi ezibizwa ngokuba "Amadabi adumileyo eMbali yeHlabathi" ngelixa singenakuze senze okufanayo "ngokutshiswa kwamagqwirha adumileyo kwiMbali yehlabathi" okanye "Ukuxhoma koLuntu oludumileyo"? Kutheni enye incwadi yembali ingazange ikhe ithi abafana babelahlekisiwe kunokuba babe ngamagorha kumngcelele wokufa bebulala abantu abangazange badibane nabo? UMedzian wabhala wathi: “Inkoliso yabantu iyakwazi ukuzeyisa ngendlela ebalaseleyo ngokuphathelele izenzo ezigqalwa njengelihlazo nezilihlazo. Siyakwazi ukulawula imisebenzi yethu yemizimba, nangona icinezela kangakanani, kuba siya kuba buhlungu ukuba asizange senze njalo. Ukuba abantu baza kusinda kwixesha lenyukliya, ukwenza izenzo zogonyamelo ekugqibeleni kusenokufuneka kube ziintloni njengokuba kunjalo ngokuchama okanye ukuzikhulula esidlangalaleni.”
ISahluko 8 esingundoqo sikaMiedzian, esigxile “Ekukhupheni Uzuko Emfazweni Nokungafundeki Ubukrakra,” yeyona nto isafuneka kakhulu. Ufuna, kwezinye izahluko, ukuba akhuphe ubundlobongela kwimiboniso bhanyabhanya nomculo nakumabonakude nakwimidlalo nezinto zokudlala, namaqumrhu anoburhalarhume kubomi babantwana. Andizange ndivume ngakumbi. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba into esiyifundayo kule minyaka idlulileyo kulo mzabalazo kukuba okukhona sithe ngqo kwaye singqale sinokuba ngcono. Ukuba ufuna uluntu olujonga imfazwe njengengamkelekanga, musa ukugxila kuyo yonke into kwi-triple bankshot eqala ngokuguqula ubunini bukamabonakude woluntu. Ngandlela zonke yenza oko. Kodwa gxila kakhulu ekufundiseni abantu ngayo nayiphi na indlela onokuthi ngayo ukuba imfazwe ayamkelekanga. Nantso into World BEYOND War isebenza kwi.
Ndineempazamo ezimbalwa ngale ncwadi ukusuka ngo-1991 kuneencwadi ezininzi ezichasene nemfazwe ezipapashwe ukusukela ngo-2020, kodwa ndinqwenela ukuba into yobhengezo yaseMunich ibingekho apho. Oko isifundo esilahlekileyo usenokusibulala sonke.
UKUBHALA KWEMPAHLA YOKUBHALA:
Ukuqonda iMveliso yeMfazwe nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Akukho Mfazwe nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
UKhuseleko loLuntu nguJørgen Johansen kunye noBrian Martin, 2019.
Ukuxhatshazwa okubandakanya: Incwadi yesiBini: Ixesha leNtshonkotha yeMelika nguMumia Abu Jamal noStephen Vittoria, i-2018.
Abenzi beendlela zoxolo: Abasindileyo bakaHiroshima nabakwaNagasaki bathetha ngu Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Ukuthintela iMfazwe nokukhuthaza uxolo: Isikhokelo sabasebenzi bezeMpilo luhlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
Isicwangciso soShishino soxolo: Ukwakha ihlabathi ngaphandle kwemfazwe nguScilla Elworthy, 2017.
Imfazwe ayisoze yaphela nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Icandelo elinamandla malunga neMfazwe: Yiyiphi iMelika elahlekile kwiklasi ye-US History kunye nento thina (sonke) esinokuyenza ngoku nguKathy Beckwith, 2015.
Imfazwe: Ulwaphulo-mthetho loLuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Ukubuyiselwa kwamaKatolika kunye nokuPhelelwa kweMfazwe nguDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Imfazwe kunye nokuxhamla: Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Ukuqala kweMfazwe, ukuphela kweMfazwe nguJudith Hand, 2013.
Akukho Mfazwe: I-Case for Abolition nguDavid Swanson, 2013.
Isiphelo War nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Utshintsho kuxolo nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ukususela kwiMfazwe kuya kuXolo: Isikhokelo KuMinyaka Eminyaka Ezayo nguKent Shifferd, 2011.
Imfazwe Lixoki nguDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ngaphaya kweMfazwe: Ubungakanani Bokuba Ubuntu Bokuthula nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwemfazwe nguWinslow Myers, 2009.
Ukuchithwa kwegazi eligcweleyo: Izixazululo ezili-101 zoBundlobongela, uloyiko, kunye neMfazwe nguMary-Wynne Ashford noGuy Dauncey, ka-2006.
Isijikelezi-langa soMhlaba: Isixhobo semfazwe sakutshanje nguRosalie Bertell, 2001.
Amakhwenkwe aya kuba ngamakhwenkwe: Ukwaphula ikhonkco phakathi koBudoda kunye Ubundlobongela nguMyriam Miedzian, ngo-1991.
